全国外语翻译笔译课件整理.doc

Arranged by Sam1-1.Analysis of the SL text I had not known you a month before I felt that you were the last man in the world whom I could ever be prevailed on to marry. (Pride and Prejudice)我认识你还不到一个月的时候，就觉得哪怕我一辈子找不到男人，也休想让我嫁给你。1-2.Understanding the meaning of diction in the context1. It is an order from President Bush. I dont care if it is from bush, tree, or grass.这是布什总统的命令，管他什么布什，布头儿，布片儿，我才不在乎呢。2. If we dont hang together, they shall hang us separately.我们必须共赴沙场，否则就得分赴刑场。2-1.Expressing Express the content and in the meantime keep the original form mainly including structure arrangement, image, and figure of speeches.我从乡下跑到城里来，一转眼已经六年了。Six years have passed by in a flash/ in a twinkle since I came to the city from the countryside. Keep the original content, sacrificing the form. 有个农村叫张家庄，张家庄有个张木匠，张木匠有个好老婆，外号叫“小飞蛾”， “小飞蛾”生了个女儿叫艾艾。 There was a village called Zhangjia Village, where lived Carpenter Zhang, who had a good wife, nicknamed little Moth, who gave birth to a girl called Ai ai. Creation 不爱红装爱武装。 Prefer to face the powder, rather than powder the face. 生当为人杰，死亦为鬼雄。 Be man of men, be soul of souls. 无边落木萧萧下 boundless forest sheds leaves shower by shower2-2.Re-expressing 1.Improving Chinese readability Cotton fells soft. 棉花使人感到柔软。 棉花摸上去柔软。 Even if you go there, there wouldnt be any result. 即使你去了，也不会有什么结果。 你去了也是白去。 2. Getting rid of the bound of original words I have no opinion of him. 我觉得他不怎么样。 Their panic was their only punishment. 他们只是受了一场虚惊。（有惊无险） Do you have a family? 你有老婆和孩子吗？PPT 1-2 He was then bright in the eye. 那时他眼里放出了光芒。 此时他已（喝得）酩酊大醉。 Calculation never makes a hero. 计算界从来没有造出英雄。 举棋不定永远成不了英雄。 He is easily the best student in the class. 他很容易地成了班上最好的学生。 他绝对/无疑是班上最好的学生。（他比班上别的学生要好得多。） The stranger robbed his wife. 那个陌生人抢了他的妻子。 那个陌生人抢了他妻子的钱（东西）。 I cant agree more. 我不能同意更多了。 我完全同意。（我举双手赞成。） Her mother died of difficult labor. 她母亲劳累而死。 她母亲死于难产。 I wont do it to save my life. 为了救自己的命，我不会干。 我（宁）死也不干。 I dare say he is honest. 我敢说他是诚实的。 我认为/我看/我觉得他是诚实的。 They gave the boy the lie. 他们对男孩说谎。 他们指责男孩说谎。（他们指责男孩编造的这个谎言。） This is a very good price. 这是一个非常好的价钱。 真便宜。 She sighed for her mother. 她为她母亲叹了一口气。 他很怀念母亲。（她渴望见到母亲。）1-2.Understanding the meaning of diction in the context1. The old man informed us that his wife had had thirteen children, one in every month of the year and one over besides.老人风趣地告诉我们，他的妻子生了13个孩子，如果用一年十二个月的名字给他们取名的话，还多出来一个。 2. when he was a young fellow in the sixties.当他还是个60多岁的年轻小伙子时。3. Last night I heard him driving his pigs to market.昨晚我听到他把猪赶到市场上去。昨晚我听到他鼾声如雷，声音就象把猪赶到市场一样。3. General Smith and my father are on first name basis. 史密斯将军和我的父亲都是在第一名的基础上。 史密斯将军和我的父亲是直呼名字的知交。 中国学者及翻译家的学说 钱钟书先生的“化境”说 傅雷的“神似”说 矛盾先生的“忠实”、“通顺”准则 林语堂的“忠实标准、通顺标准、美好标准” 刘重德先生的“信、达、切”三字标准(faithfulness, expressiveness and closeness) 许渊冲的 “三美”说 严复“信、达、雅” 林语堂“忠、顺、美” 梁实秋、赵景琛“宁错务顺” 鲁迅“宁信不顺” 瞿秋白“信顺统一” 傅雷“形似神似” 钱钟书“入化境界” “等值论”：以前苏联的费道罗夫为代表的：“等值翻译就是表达的原文思想内容完全准确并在修辞上、作用上与原文完全一致。” “等效论”：奈达先生的“动态对等”(dynamic equivalence) 及“功能对等”(functional equivalence)学说，强调读者反应，即译文读者对译文所产生的反应与原文读者对原文所作出的反应基本一致。PPT 3 Differences between English and Chinese形合vs.意合 谦虚使人进步,骄傲使人落后。Modesty helps one go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind. The isolation of the rural world, because of distance and the lack of transport facilities, is compounded by the paucity of the information media.由于距离远，又缺乏交通工具，使农村社会与外界隔绝，而这种隔绝，又由于通讯工具不足而变得更加严重。 由于距离远，又缺乏交通工具，使农村社会与外界隔绝，而这种隔绝，又由于通讯工具不足而变得更加严重。Because there is a great distance and there are not enough transport facilities, the rural world is isolated. This isolation has become more serious because there are not enough information media.Subject vs. Topic Do you see the glass as half full rather than half empty?盛有半杯水的杯子，你是否只考虑它有水的一半，而不管那没水的一半？ So far, fears that genetically modified, pest-resistant crops might kill good insects as well as bad appear unfounded. 到目前为止，我们所担心的是转基因抗虫害作物不仅杀死那些益虫还会杀死那些未被发现的害虫。 到目前为止，那种对转基因抗虫害作物不仅杀死害虫还会杀死益虫的担忧看来并无事实根据。 到目前为止，人们担心转基因抗虫害作物不仅杀死害虫还会杀死益虫，但这些担心看来并无事实根据。 有人担心转基因抗虫害作物在杀死害虫的同时也可能杀死益虫，到目前为止，这种担心似乎没什么确实的根据。Static vs. Dynamic Carlisle Street runs westward , across a great black bridge, down a hill and up again, by little shops and meat markets, past single-storied homes, until suddenly it stops against a wide green lawn. 卡莱尔大街往西伸展，越过一座黑色大桥，爬下山岗又爬上去，经过许多小铺和肉市，又经过一些平房，然后突然朝着大片绿色草地中止了。 此句属于主谓结构，句中只有一个谓语动词“runs”,但通过七个不同的介词，把六个名词串起来使句子扩展开来。1. 他深信，只有对历史加以透彻研究，才能真正学到知识。 He is in the full conviction that real knowledge is the end product of a thorough study of the history. 2.火箭已经用来探索宇宙。 Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe. 3.你得喝几口水，把药丸吞下去。 You have to wash the pill down with sips of water.4.那个家伙老是滔滔不绝讲个不停。 That fellow is very talkative. Exercise 1. A second aspect of technology transfer concentrate on US high technology exports. China has correctly complained in the past that the US was unnecessarily restrictive in limiting technology sales to China. Recently some liberalization has taken place and1 major increases in technology transfers have taken place as the result. However2, some items continue to be subject to restrictions and unnecessary delay, in part because3 the US Government submits many items to COCOM for approval. There is significant room for improvement with the US bureaucracy and COCOM. 技术转让的第二个方面集中在美国的高技术出口方面。过去中国曾经抱怨说，美国不必要限制对中国出售技术，这种抱怨是情有可原的。由于1近来限制有所放宽，技术转让大大增加，但是2，还有些项目继续限制出口或受到不必要的延误，其中部分原因是3；美国政府要把许多项目提交巴黎统筹委员会批准。美国的官僚主义和巴黎统筹委员会的做法都大有改进的余地。 2. All of us have read thrilling stories in which the hero had only a limited and specified time to live. Sometimes it was as long as a year; sometimes as short as twenty-four hours. But always we were interested in discovering just how the doomed man chose to spend his last days or his last hours. I speak, of course, of free men who have a choice, not condemned criminals whose sphere of activities is strictly delimited. 大家都读过扣人心弦的故事，故事中的主人公只能够活一段屈指可数的日子了。这段时间可能长达一年，可能短如24小时。我们常被这样的故事所吸引，特别想了解那个大限在即的人将如何度过他生命的最后时光。当然，我这里所说的是那些能够作出选择的自由人，而不是被判刑的囚犯。中英文化背景差异 骨瘦如柴 be as lean as a rake 对牛弹琴 to cast pearls before swine 滚石不生苔a rolling stone gathers no mass 众人拾柴火焰高many hands make light work. 竹篮打水一场空drawing water in a bamboo basket means drawing nothing. Hoist your sail when the wind is fair. 好风快扬帆 Still waters run deep.静水流深 In a calm sea, every man is a pilot. 海面平静，人人都可当舵手。 A small leak will sink a great ship. 小洞不堵要沉大船。 You are a lucky dog. 你是一个幸运儿。 Every dog has his day. 凡人皆有得意日。 Old dog will not learn new tricks. 老人学不了新东西。 sick as a dog dog-tired 天生有福 俄国人：“穿着衬衣生下来的” 英国人：“生来嘴里就含着一把银勺”（born with a silver spoon in ones mouth） 德国人：“梳好了头才出世的” “一箭双雕”或 “一举两得” 法语：“一块石头打两处” 英文：“一石打死二鸟”（to kill two birds with one stone) 俄语：“一枪打死两只免子” 德语：“一个拍子打两只苍蝇” 联想上的不同语言是表达思想的，而思想是客观的反映。由于受到客观条件的制约，不同的民族往往用不同的比喻表达同一思想。例如：汉语用“山中无老虎，猴子称霸王”，英语中类似的谚语有用“In the land of the blind, the one-eyed man is king ”（盲人圈中，独眼称雄）。汉语说“身壮如牛”，英语说“as strong as a horse ”; 汉语说“胆小如鼠”，英语说“as timid as a hare”。宗教信仰不同u 英语国家主要信仰基督教，有很多来自圣经里的人物、事件构成的具体特定内涵的u 词语。如：bear ones cross 背十字架；No coming to heaven with dry eyes 眼无泪水，难进天堂；The way to Heaven is by weeping loss 忏悔难得升天堂; forbidden fruit 禁果。u 而汉民族主要是信仰佛教和道教，因而有“临时抱佛脚”，“道高一尺，魔高一丈”，“放下屠刀，立地成佛”;“做一天和尚，撞一天钟”；“不看僧面看佛面”等;社交礼节上的不同(1) 你辛苦了 You must have had a tiring journey. You must be tired from a long trip? Well done! That was a hard job. Youve got a hard job.中英思维方式对比 您（先）请！ After you. 可是我们已说到故事的后面去了。 But we are getting ahead of the story. 前事不忘，后事之师。 Past experiences, if not forgotten, is a guide for the future. (Lessons learned from the past can serve as a guide in the future.)翻译方法 直译（1） Easy come, easy go. 来得容易，去得快 Strike while the iron is hot.趁热打铁 Practice makes perfect. 熟能生巧 Example is better than precept.身教胜于言传 All roads lead to Rome. 条条大道通罗马 雪中送炭to offer fuel in snowy weather 一人得道，鸡犬升天even the dog swaggers when its master wins favor “瓜田李下” “瓜田不纳履，李下不整冠” Neither adjust your shoe in a melon patch，nor your hat under a plum tree。意译（1） When in Rome，do as the Romans do. “入乡随俗” “到什么山，唱什么歌” 望子成龙to expect ones son to become an outstanding personage a cat on hot bricks 热锅上的蚂蚁 天有不测风云Something unexpected may happen any time. Achilles heel“阿克勒斯的脚后跟” (唯一致命的弱点”更恰当。) The dog that will fetch a bone will carry a bone.你说别人坏话，他也会说你的坏活。 We still love each other very much ，but we fight like cat and dog.“我们常吵吵闹闹，但仍很相爱。”PPT4 Word Translation第二章： 英汉词法翻译2.1 词义的选择v 2.1.1 根据词类确定词义(part of speech)v 英汉两种语言都有一词多类、一词多义的现象。如：v 1. Like charges repel; unlike charges attract.v 2. He likes mathematics more than physics.v 3. Like knows like.v 1.相同的电荷相斥，不同的电荷相吸。v 2. 他喜欢数学甚于喜欢物理。v 3. 英雄识英雄。2.1.2 根据语境确定词义一 . 上下文(verbal context)v 1. We hope Mr. White will not forget himself, gone are the days when a representative of a large country in UN. may do whatever he likes.v 我们希望怀特先生不要忘乎所以，在联合国里一个大国代表可以为所欲为的日子已经一去不复返了。v We hope that our most respected Secretary General will not forget himself, his poor health is known to everybody.v 我们希望最可敬的秘书长先生不要过于操劳，要多多保重,他的健康状况欠佳是众所周知的。二. 地点( place )v 语境中的地点是话语所产生的地点。 同一词语出现在不同的地点，其含义往往不同。如：v 1. The boy is drawing a cart.v 那男孩正在画一辆大车。v 那男孩正在拉一辆大车。v 2. Its time to go aboard.v 该上车了。/ 该上飞机了。/ 该上船了。三. 时间( time )v His daughter went to London last autumn.v 他的女儿是今年秋天去的伦敦。v 他的女儿是去年秋天去的伦敦。四. 话题 ( topic )v 话题即交际双方所谈及的内容。 同一词语在不同的话题中具有语义上的专门化。如：v messenger: 信使； 一种传递信息的化学物质（遗传工程学）v carrier: 携带者； 带菌体（医学、生物学）v shuttle: 梭子； 航天飞机（航天） base: v In business: 本金v In painting: 底涂v In military science: 根据地五. 交际方式（ medium )v 交际方式即语言传播的方式和媒介，有口头和书面之分，文白之差别。因而要确定原文的文体和风格后再选择恰当的词义。v 1. He wrote a letter to his friend.v 2. Premier Wen wrote a letter to American President.v 3. Mary received a love letter.v a suicide letterv a thank-you letterv a letter to condolencev a Dear John letterv a get-well letterv a political “ Dear John”绝命信感谢信唁函(女孩写给男孩的）绝交信(祝病人康复的）慰问信政治上的绝交信2.1.3 根据汉语习惯搭配确定词义 英语中有些词在同一词类中、具有相同意义的情况下，和不同的词搭配，译成汉语时还要根据与它搭配的词而选择最符合汉语习惯的词义。v 1.He has great ears and eyes.2. He has great wisdom, experience and knowledge.v 他耳聪目明。v 他有无穷的智慧，丰富的经验和渊博的知识。Everybodys business is nobodys business. 三个和尚没水吃.v He proved to be a good listener.v 1. 他在课上注意听讲。v 2. 他是个遵守公共秩序的观众。v 3. 他善于听取群众的意见。1. He is a good chess player.2. It is a good dinner.3. She speaks good English.4. I have done a good days work.5. It was a girl with good manners.6. The young brother wants to have the good half of the bread.v 1.他棋艺高超。v 2. 那是一顿丰盛的晚餐。v 3. 她英语讲得很流利。v 4. 我干了整整一天的活儿。v 5. 这是一位举止得体的姑娘。v 6. 小弟弟要那一大半面包。v 1. Soft pillowv 2. Soft musicv 3. Soft cushionv 4. Soft woodv 5. Soft moneyv 6. Soft drinkv 7. Soft breezev 8. Soft lightv 9. Soft voicev 10. Soft firev 11. Soft hat v 12. Soft wordsv 13. Soft answerv 14. Soft goodsv 15. Soft heartv 16. Soft waterv 1. 软枕v 2.轻柔的音乐v 3.靠垫v 4.软木v 5.纸币v 6.不含酒精的饮料v 7.和风v 8.柔光v 9.低声v 10.文火v 11.呢帽v 12.和蔼的话v 13.委婉的回答v 14.毛织品v 15.慈心v 16.软水v Enjoy free medical carev Enjoy advantages v Enjoy national protection v Enjoy mass supportv Enjoy access to Internetv Enjoy prosperityv Enjoy a double-digit growthv Enjoy a revivalv Enjoy an economical honey-moonv Enjoy a fine dayv Enjoy constant attention v 享受公费医疗v 具备优越条件v 受到国家保护v 得到广大群众支持v 有机会进入国际互联网v 处于繁荣时期v 以两位数的百分比增长v 重振雄风v 在经济上打得火热v 天气晴朗v 一直为人们所关注2.2 词义的具体化、概括化和褒贬色彩1. 词义的具体化具体化是指在译文中，用所指意义较窄的词或词组替换原文中所指意义较广的词或词组。如：1. The Great Wall is a must for most foreign visitors to Beijing.2. Two years working is a must to the people who want to take up graduated examination.1. 长城是任何一个外国游客必不可少的参观游览项目。2. 对于参加研究生考试的人来说，两年的工龄是必备条件。3. The Vietnam War was his enter to the new Administration, his third incarnation as a foreign policy consultant.4. But I suspected that if I tried to release the wolf, she would turn aggressive and try to tear me to pieces.3. 越南战争成了他进入新政府的敲门砖。他担任政府的对外政策顾问，那是第三次了。4. 可是我想，要是我放了这只狼，她会凶狠地扑过来， 要把我撕成碎片的。二. 词义的概括化v 概括化是指在译文中用含义较广的单位替换原文中含义较窄的单位。如：v 1. Every life has its roses and thorns. 每个人的生活都有甜和苦。v 2. The girl will get killed, because shes always speeding.这女孩会送命，因为她总是违反交通规则。v 3. The matter was finally settled under the table. 事情终于私下解决了。v 4. He earns scarcely enough to keep body and soul together. 他挣的钱几乎难以维持生活。v 5. If you dare to play the fox with me ,Ill shoot you at once.你要是敢和我耍滑头， 我马上毙了你。v 6. George likes to work with his hand; when it comes to books, hes square peg in a round hole. 乔治喜欢干手工活，对念书可是格格不入。三：词义的褒贬色彩v 语言本身没有阶级性，但为了忠实于原文的思想内容，翻译是必须正确理解原作者的基本政治立场和观点，然后选用适当的语言手段来加以表达。如：v 1. Mr. Brown felt greatly flattered when he received the invitation to deliver a lecture.v 2. Hans was too obviously flattering the gentleman by saying he was the most courageous man he had ever seen.v 3. Youre flattering me by saying that.v 1.布朗先生接到作演讲的邀请时，感到非常荣幸。v 2.汉斯说，这位先生是他所见过的最有胆识的人，这种阿谀奉承未免过于露骨。v 3.你那么说，就过奖了。v 1. She knows Peter is industrious and clever.v 2. He is too clever for us.v 1. 她知道彼得既勤奋又聪明。v 2. 他太狡猾了。There is no rule that has no exception. 任何规则都有例外。Translate the following sentences:v 1. The invention of machinery had brought into the world a new erathe Industrial Age. Money had become King.v 2. Because they know where theyve come from, they know where theyre at, and they know where theyre going.v 3.John was an aggressive salesman who did his job quite well.v 1.机器的发明使世界进入了一个新纪元即工业时代，金钱成了主宰一切的权威。v 2.因为他们知道自己的起点，自己的处境，也知道自己的目标。v 3.约翰是个积极肯干的推销员，他的工作干得很出色。v 4. Hitler pursued an aggressive policy after he seized power.v 5. Im afraid shes too far from the cradle for you.v 6. I was not one to let my heart rule my head.v 4.希特勒夺取了政权之后就推行侵略政策。v 5.恐怕他对你来说岁数太大了。v 6.我不是那种让感情统治理智的人。v 1. It was not that he had plenty of money. 那并不是因为他很有钱v 2. There is no living in the island. 那岛上不能居住v 3. He wanted to go to sea. 他要去当水手v 4. Dont tell him home truth. 不要对他讲逆耳的事实v 5. This failure was the making of him. 这次失败实为他成功的基础v 6. The boy cried because his schoolfellows called him names. 那孩子哭了，因为他的同学骂了他。PPT 5 Translation Techniques (1) Conversion, Amplification, Omission 一、词类转译 Conversion在翻译过程中， 如果绝对地按照原语的词性进行翻译，有时译文会显得晦涩或不符合译语的表达习惯。这时， 我们可以对原语的词性进行转换翻译。英译汉中常见的词性转换有以下几个方面。1.1 名词转译为动词 A) 一些习语中的主体名词可以转成动词1. We wouldnt have any idea when the boy was born. 我们 不可能知道这孩子是什么时候出生的。2. I will not only forgive your infidelity to me but will do you all the service I can. 我不但原谅你对我的不忠实，还要尽力为你效劳。3. As the man leaned over, the driver caught his first good look at the small cat-like face.那个人弯下腰来， 司机才第一次看清那张小小的猫儿脸。1.2 由动词派生出来的名词可转译成动词1. The government called for the establishment of more schools. 政府号召建立更多的学校。2. There has been a tremendous expansion of kindergartens in both towns and villages. 城市和农村的幼儿园都在大量发展。3. The new situation requires the formation of a new strategy. 新形势要求制定新战略。1.3 含有动作意味的名词可转译成动词1. Vietnamese War is a drain on American resources. 越南战争不断地消耗美国的资源。2. In fact, the abuse of drugs has become one of Americas most serious social problems. 事实上，滥用毒品已经成为美国最为严重的社会问题之一。3. The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing. 看到我们的喷气式飞机，听到隆隆的机声，令我特别神往。1.4 由动词+er构成的名词可转译成动词1. His father is a non-smoker, but he is a chain-smoker. 他父亲根本不抽烟，他抽起烟来却一根接一根。2. I am an amateur actor. He is a better player than I . 我是个业余演员，他演得比我好。3. Talking with his son, the old man was the forgiver of the young mans past wrong doings. 在和儿子谈话时， 老人宽恕了年轻人过去所干的坏事。1.5. 介词转译成动词1. He went to the shop for a bottle of wine. 他去小店买了一瓶酒2. At noon, she came home for lunch. 中午，她回家吃午饭3. He came to my home for help. 他来到我家， 请求帮助4. He came to me with a luggage. 他拿着行李向我走来5. Up the street they went, past stores, across a broad square, and then entered a huge building. 他们沿着大街走去，经过一家家店铺，穿过一个宽阔的广场，然后走进一幢大楼6. It is our goal that the people in the undeveloped areas will be finally off poverty. . 我们的目标是使不发达地区的人民最终摆脱贫困。1.6.形容词可以转译成动词1. It was a very informative meeting. 会上透露了很多信息。2. The manager is grateful to the customers for their valuable suggestions. 经理感谢顾客们提出的宝贵意见。3. Animals become indifferent to their young as soon as their young can look after themselves. 一旦它们的后代能够自己照料自己，它们就不管了。4. Integrity means you do what you do because its right and not just fashionable or politically correct. 诚实意味着去做你认为对的事，而不仅仅是为了赶时髦或在政治上不出错5. Dont be afraid of those who might have a better idea or who might even be smarter than you are. 不要恐惧那些想法可能比你高明，或者那些可能比你更聪明的人6. Is Mr. Smith familiar with the performance of the laboratory equipment? 史密斯先生熟悉实验室设备的性能吗？1.7.连词转译成动词1. Eight and seven is fifteen.2. They will return in 60 days or two months. 他们60天后， 也就是2个月后回来。3. Winter is the fourth and last season in a year. 冬季是一年中第四个也是最后一个季节。4. The distance is four kilometers or 2.4856 miles. 距离是4公里，折合（即）2.4856里。1.8. 副词转译成动词1. Our holiday is three weeks away. 离我们的假期还有3个星期2. When will your mother be back? 你妈妈什么时候回来3. The boy told me that his father was out. 那个男孩告诉我他的父亲出去了4. That day he was up before sunrise. 那天他在日出前就起来了Translate the following sentences:1. His very appearance at any affair proclaims it a triumph.无论什么事，只要他一露面，就算成功了2. He was a regular visitor. 他经常来3. H