从零开始学翻译.doc

从零开始学翻译（1）省略2006-7-5 21:38 【大 中 小】【打印】【我要纠错】【加入收藏】翻译的最终目的是为了让读者了解原作的意思。翻译有两种形式：笔译和口译。翻译的过程是一个由理解到表达的过程。翻译的根本宗旨是翻译意思，而不是再现原文的语言外壳。在翻译过程中，通常的做法是能直译的地方尽量直译，不能直译的地方就采用意译。换言之，能直译尽量直译。做到“忠实”与“通顺”，就可以说达到了翻译的标准。省略 OMISSION1.代词的省略The average American changes his or her job nine or ten times during his or her working life.普通美国人一生中换九到十次工作。2.连词的省略显然，下面两句话里的“and”和“or”都没有必要译出来。They have courage and do not give in easily.他们有勇气，不轻易屈服。Foreigners sometimes complain， however， that they have little interest in or knowledge of the outside world.然而，外国人却有时报怨说，他们对外部世界漠不关心，一无所知。3.冠词的省略英语有冠词，汉语没有。在英译汉过程中，不定冠词（a， an）除了表示“一”这个数量概念时需要译出之外，其他情况下往往省略不译。They have a wide knowledge of everyday things， and a keen interest in their particular city and state.他们对日常事情所知甚广，对所在的城市和州深为关切。定冠词 the 在英译汉时，如果名词前不加“这、该、那个”就能清楚地表达意思，那么，the就可以省略不译。The individual American is generous， but the American nation is hard.美国人作为个人是慷慨的，但美国人作为一个民族则是吝啬的。4.介词的省略有些表示时间的介词不必译出。In 1988， Mikhai Gorbachev gave and important speech to the U.N. General Assembly.1988年，米哈伊尔 戈尔巴乔夫在联大作了一次重要演讲。有些表示地点的介词可以省译。Smoking is prohibited in public places.公共场所不准吸烟。练习1. They pride themselves on their independence， their right to make up their own minds.2. He is a big eater and a good sleeper.3. Ever since radio first came to life， there has been a terrible decline in amateur singing throughout the world.4.Many office buildings have been put up in Pudong Area.从零开始学翻译（2）词类转化2006-7-5 21:38 【大 中 小】【打印】【我要纠错】【加入收藏】词类转译是表达的需要，转译得当可以摆脱原句的束缚，使译文自然顺畅。一、名词的词类转化（一）名词译成动词英语中具有动作意义或动词转化而来的名词可转译成汉语动词。1. The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing.看到我们的喷气式飞机，听见隆隆的声音，令我特别神往。2. It is man who plays the leading role in the application of electronic computers.在使用电子计算机时，起主要作用的是人。3. Coco is a good singer.Coco歌唱得很好。（二）名词译成形容词1. Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study.独立思考对学习是绝对必需的。2. That plane is a success.那项计划是成功的。（三）名词译成副词1. It is our pleasure to note that China has made great progess in economy.我们高兴地看到，中国的经济已经有了很大的发展。二、动词的词类转化动词译成名词英语中有些动词的概念很难直接用汉语的动词来表达，这时可将这类动词转译成名词。1. Neutrons act differently from protons.中子的作用不同于质子。2. He presonified the evil that was in the world.他是世上一切邪恶的化身。3. We can house you if the hotels are full.如果旅馆都客满了，我们可以给你提供住处。三、形容词的词类转化（一）形容词译成名词1. He was eloquent and elegant.他有口才，有风度。2. Ice is not as dense as water.冰的密度比水小。试比较：冰不如水稠密。（二）形容词译成动词可译成汉语动词的英语形容词大多是表达知觉、情感和欲望的形容词。1. I am sure they will win the basketball game.我相信他们将打赢这场篮球赛。2. The couple is fond of modern music.这对夫妇喜欢现代音乐。3. When metals are cut， the shining surface is visible， but it turns grey almost immediately.切割金属时，可以看到光亮的表面，但是立刻就变成了灰色。试比较：切割金属时，光亮的表面是可见的，但是立刻就变成了灰色。三、副词的词类转化（一）副词译成名词He is physically weak but mentally sound.他身体虽弱，但智力正常。（二）副词译成动词可译成汉语动词的英语副词大多是跟随在系动词后作表语用的副词，以及复合宾语补足语用的副词。1. The meeting was over and they all went home.会议结束后，他们都回家了。Open the door and let me in， please.请开门让我进来。I must be away， the time is up.我该离开了，时间已经到了。（三）副词译成形容词On this question， people of different age groups think differently.关于这个问题，不同年龄组的人有不同的想法。The film impressed me deeply.这部电影给我留下了深刻的印象。四、介词的词类转化介词译成动词可转译成汉语动词的英语介词一般以含有动作意义的介词为多。1. She is against smoking and drinking.她反对抽烟和喝酒。2. You cant imagine how angry he was at the news.你想像不出他听到这个消息时是多么生气。练习1. In spite of the growth of other kinds of transport， railroads continue to be the backbone of the transportation industry.2.The earth on which we live is shaped like a ball.3.Neither gold nor stone are soluble in water.4.They went out after new mineral resources.x从零开始学翻译（3）选择正确的词义2006-7-5 21:38 【大 中 小】【打印】【我要纠错】【加入收藏】英语中，一个单词有多种意义是普遍的现象，也是翻译的难点。多多巫会不定期地把学习过程中遇到的具有典型意义的这类单词都整理出来，和大家分享，希望能对你有所帮助：）1. canIt can be pretty cold in shanghai， even in early spring.即使是早春，上海有时候仍然会相当冷。这里的“can”，不是“可以”、“能够”的意思，而是作“有时会”解，表示偶然发生的可能性。“can”的这种用法常与表示频率、时间的状语连用。2. companyDont yawn in company.别在客人面前打呵欠。“company”的意思是“社交场合”、“客人面前”。“company”还常作“伙伴”、“朋友”和“交往”解。Dont judge a man by the company he keeps.不要以其所交朋友断定其为人。I enyoy your company.我乐于与你交往。3. market“market”做动词时意思为“宣传”、“推销”、“出售”。Youve got to learn how to market yourself in this world.在这个世界上，你必须学会如何自我推销。4. reallyHe looks a fool， but he is really clever.他看上去呆头呆脑，实际上很聪明。5. represent“represent”用在绘画、塑像等艺术作品时，常作“描绘和表现形象”讲。The painting represents a storm at sea.这幅画描绘的是一场海上风暴。6. settle“settle”还有“支付，结算”的意思。We still have that telephone bill to settle.我们还有那笔电话费要付。7. manageThe ground crew of the airline regularly managed to lose luggage.这家航空公司的地勤人员老是做出丢失行李的事来。“manage”这里含有讽刺的意思，有“竟然会这么做”、“竟然做得出来”的内涵。8. trimThe government decided to trim its military budget.政府决定削减军事预算。“trim”在这里的意思是“削减、减少”。练习“stuff”这个词有许多意思，口语中用得很多，你都掌握了吗？1. He has got all the stuff ready for building his new house.2. Quite a lot of stuff has been stolen.3. My stuff is packed.4. What stuff he writes！从零开始学翻译（4）被动语态的翻译2006-7-5 21:38 【大 中 小】【打印】【我要纠错】【加入收藏】我们知道，有没有必要说出动作的发出者，或者不愿说出动作的发出者，或者没有办法说出动作的发出者时，英语就用被动语态来表示。相比之下，汉语虽然也有被动语态，但它的使用范围没有英语的广。我们在处理英语被动句时，必须根据汉语的表达习惯，尽最大可能译出原文的被动含义。下面是英语被动句的常见处理方式：一、译成被动句1. The unemployment rate in that country is expected to remain stable for 2000.该国2000年失业率可望保持稳定。2. His frequent absence from class must be dealt with immediately.他经常缺课的情况必须立即予以处理。3. The difference between a brain and a computer can be expressed in a single word： complexity.电脑与人脑的差异可以概括成一个词：复杂性。4. The spread of AIDS can be controlled through education.艾滋病的蔓延问题可以通过教育加以控制。5. If a computer can be made complex enough， it can be as creative as we.如果能把电脑造得足够复杂的话，那么电脑就能像人一样富于创造力。6. The brain is made up of cells in a certain arrangement.人脑是由细胞按一定的排列方式组成的。7. 30% of the food consumed in the world today is produced by horticulturists.全世界消费的食品中，30%是由园艺师生产的。总结：“可望”、“予以处理”、“播放”、“概括成”、“加以控制”等在汉语中都含有被动意义。“被”、“由”、“给”、“受”、“使”、“得到”、“是的”等，都是汉语中常用来表达被动意义的词。练习：Nowadays， her songs are so popular among the young people that they are played on the radio every Sunday.二、译成被动句英语中以“It is said that”之类结构开始的句子，翻译时常常改为主动句。具体翻译时，可以有不加主语的译法，也可以有加泛指性主语（如“人们”、“大家”等）的译法。（一）不加主语1. It is reported that five people died in the traffic accident.据报道说，有5人死于那次交通事故。2. It must be pointed out that mistakes of this kind should not be repeated.必须指出，这样的错误不能再犯。（二）加主语1. It is believed that more and more people in China will be moving out of the city to live in the country.人们相信，越来越多的中国人将离开城市搬到郊区去住。2. It is known to all that smoking does harm to our health.众所周知，抽烟对健康有害。练习1. It is said that the new president is going to pay a visit to the refugee camp.2. It is hoped that you will be back after you complete your Ph.D. in the U.S.A.从零开始学翻译（5）限制性定语从句的翻译2006-7-5 21:38 【大 中 小】【打印】【我要纠错】【加入收藏】定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。从形式上看，限制性定语从句与其先行词紧紧相连，没有逗号隔开。从意义上讲，限制性定语从句用以修饰先行词，两者密不可分。限制性定语从句的译法：限制性定语从句译成前置定语1.I am deeply touched by the warm and friendly words the President has just addressed to me.刚才主席对我所说的热情友好的话使我深受感动。2.She is the kind of student who will try to perfect her work before turning it in to professor.她是那种把作业尽可能做得完美再交给教授的学生。限制性定语从句译成后置的并列分句1.There was a law in the city of Athens which gave to its citizens the power of compelling their daughters to marry whomever they pleased.从前雅典有一条法律，规定该市市民高兴把自己的女儿嫁给谁，就有权强迫她嫁给谁。2.There will be an education conference when all the teachers will come together to discuss new teaching methods.我们将要召开一个教育研讨会，届时所有教师将出席讨论新的教学方法。练习Every book should have an index which tells us on what page certain information will be found.从零开始学翻译（7）状语译成句子2006-7-5 21:38 【大 中 小】【打印】【我要纠错】【加入收藏】“分离性状语”，即不是用以修饰谓语或谓语动词，而是对整个句子进行说明或评注，表明说话人的看