二、翻译的原则.doc

长春工程学院教案用纸教 学 内 容教 法 提 示Chapter TwoTranslation PrinciplesI. Teaching Contents:a. Principles of translationb. Factors of translationc. Process of translationII. Teaching Aims: To teach students the theory of translation. III. Teaching Focus: The principles of the translationIV. Teaching Methods: Discussion (group work, then class work).V. Teaching Approaches: Multi-media aided.VI. Teaching Procedures:Step 1 Comments on the homework.1. Put the following into Chinese.A. Expressions1) white lie (善意的谎言) 2) white elephant (华而不实的东西) 3) electric pole (电极) 4) utility pole (电线杆) 5) 美人计 (Romeo approach (not beauty approach) 6) 步行街 (pedestrian mall) 7) 黄色书刊/影片 (blue book/press/film) 比较: yellow press (以耸人听闻的方式报道新闻)B. Sentences:1. Every life has its roses and thorns.每个人的生活都有甜酸苦辣。（句中通过引伸的方法将“玫瑰”和“刺”这两个 带有特征形象的词译成了该形象所代表的概念的词：“甜酸苦辣”。） 2. She has beauty still and if it is not in its heyday, it is not in the Autumn.她依然很美，虽不是风华正茂，但也未人老珠黄。（句中“heyday”和 “Autumn”的意思分别是“全盛时期、青春时期” 和“秋季”， 代表人生中两个阶段， 因此引伸为：“风华正茂” 和“人老珠黄”。）3. Every time I come back from a business trip the place makes a new man of me.我每到外面跑一趟生意回来， 这个地方都让我耳目一新， 精神焕发。（句中“makes a new man of me ” 是一种抽象的说法，译文作了具体化引伸，译作：“耳目一新”。）4. The joke served as an effective ice-breaker at the conference.这个笑话打破了会议的僵局。（ice-breaker: a ship that cuts a passage through floating ice 破冰的船 如译为“这个笑话是这次会议的破冰船”则无法理解。因此要采用引伸译法）。5. One of the most effective way to get promoted is to be loyal boot-licker of your seniors.提升的最好办法是巴结上司。（lick ones boot: 巴结， 阿諛奉承，拍马屁， 不能译为“舔某人的靴子”。）6. He was very clean. His mind was open.他为人单纯而坦率。（如译为“他很干净，他的脑袋是开的。”不达意。本句还将两个简单句译成一个简单句。句子结构改变了。）7. He was overpowered by the enemy. 他在敌人的面前屈服了。 He was overpowered with her beauty. 他为她的美貌所倾倒。（如直译为“他屈服于她的美貌。”中国人可能理解其意，但不合中文的表达习惯。）8. Yesterday Bill was egged and tomatoed by some Gulf War veterans in the street.昨天在大街上海湾战争的老兵们向比尔扔鸡蛋和西红柿对他拉选票表示反对。（ 在美国大选时，公众常向他们不喜欢的巡回演讲拉选票的候选人扔鸡蛋或西红柿以表示反对。）9. He was slightly struck by the cashier, a young and giggling girl with ankles.他有点被那个年轻漂亮咯咯笑的收款员所打动。（英美文化中把脚踝的好看与否作为评价女性漂亮与否的标准之一。）10I am as poor as a church mouse. ( as brave as a lion, as strong as a horse, live a dogs life, a cat woman etc.) ( Figures of speech are different.)Step 2 Read the textbook and discuss the questions put forward by the teacher. Questions for discussion:1. What are the principles of translation?1) George Campbell, the English translators principle:The first thingis to give a just representation of the sense of the originalThe second thing is, to convey into his version, as much as possible, in a consistency with the genius of the language which he writes, the authors spirit and mannerThe third and last thing is, to take care, the version have at least, so far the quality of an original performance, as to appear natural and easy.(首先，准确地再现原作的意思；第二，在符合译作语言特征的前提下，尽可能地移植作者的精神和风格；第三，也是最后，使译作至少具有原创作品的特性，显得自然流畅。)2）Alexander F. Tylers principle:a. That the translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work. b. That the style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original. c. That the translation should have all the ease of original composition. (一、译作应完全复写出原作的思想；二、译作的风格和手法应和原作属于同一性质；三、译作应具备原创作品的通顺。) 他们都以“忠实”为大前提，要求译文从三个方面中忠实于原作：一是忠实地传达原作的内容，二是忠实地展示原作的风格，三是忠实地体现原创作品的通顺。 3）Yan Fus principle on translation: The so-call principles and criteria of translation are actually the two sides of the same thing. The former lays emphasis on the translator, who should follow them while translating; while the latter on the reader or critic, who may use the criteria to evaluate translation works. Whenever principles or criteria of translation are under discussion in China, Yan Fus “three-character guide”, which was first proposed in 1898, would evoke controversy, namely the principle of “faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance”.“信”：严复认为译文应该抓住全文要旨，对于词句可以有所颠倒增删，只要不失愿意，不必斤斤计较词句的对应和顺序。“达”：严复认为达很重要。只信而不达，译了等于没译。只有做到达，才能做到信。要做到达，译者必须首先认真通读全文，做到融会贯通，然后进行翻译。为了表达愿意，可以在词句方面作必要的调整改动。“雅”：严复认为译文要雅，否则没有人看。雅主要是指古雅，要采用汉代以前使用的古文。对此很多人有不同看法，不能脱离原文片面追求雅，如果原文不雅，译文怎么能雅？况且，严复主张的是古雅，即用顾问进行翻译，这是不可取的。目前我国通用的翻译标准就是准确（或叫忠实）和通顺（或叫流畅）。实际上就是信与达的翻版。因此我们说严复的翻译标还仍然适用。4) Fan Zhongyan (author of another translation textbook), Chinese translators principle:Translation is a bridge in communicating in different languages. Its task is to put the content and the style in the source language into the target language and keep the original meanings so that the readers can get the same feelings of the content as the natives. If their understanding and feeling are the same (the original readers and the target language readers), the translation is good. (从翻译效果, 也就是以译文读者得到的感受如何来衡量一篇译文的好坏, 这就是翻译标准。)He puts forward the highest and lowest criteria for translation, which are as follows:The highest standard: To make the readers of the target language have the same feeling as those of the original works. That is to say, to keep the same meaning, style and the smoothness. (最高标准: 达到基本相同的感受, 包括达意、传神、入化， 即不仅保存原作的思想内容、风格神韵而且自然流畅，读起来不像是译本）。 The lowest standard: To keep the same meaning and make the translated version smooth and readable.(最低标准：译文起码应该达到的标准。忠实原文，表达通顺，达意。)2. How to apply these principles in translation?A translator should pay attention to the following: 1) Represent the content of the original: (再现原作的思想内容)To convey the content and ideas of the original work completely. Try to avoid wrong translation and missing translation. Besides try to be careful with the tones and the distribution of the emphasis of the original work.译者在翻译的过程中一定要注意信息传真，一定要把原作中的信息饱满而又准确地表现出来。要再现原文多层面的信息，包括对原作语言词汇的含义、引申、褒贬到文化意蕴，以至词语、语句在特定语境中的寓意指向的理解，甚至对原著作者的语言运用习惯的把握等都要有所了解。译者必须紧扣原文的思想内容，做到“人云亦云”。不管译文的形式怎样组织，如何安排，原文信息的传递必须得到保证，不能添枝加叶，也不能断章取义，同时还必须特别注意原作的语气和分寸。For examples:Do you see any green in my eyes? 你认为我幼稚可欺吗？His grandfather is physically weak, but mentally sound.他祖父身体虽然虚弱，但是精神尚佳。（不能译成思想健康）He was slightly struck by the cashier, a young and giggling girl with ankles.他有点被那个年轻漂亮咯咯笑的收款员所打动。（英美文化中把脚踝的好看与否作为评价女性漂亮与否的标准之一。）2) Represent the expressions of the original work: (再现原作的表现手法)Try to use different methods to express the original meaning according to the content, such as figure of speech, simile, metaphor, etc. to keep the original style.作者表达思想总是要采用某种手法，或开门见山，直截了当，或拐弯抹角，含沙射影，或清楚明白，或正面说理，或讽刺挖苦，或用类比、或用暗喻，或用拟人或用夸张等等，表现手法不同，翻译的效果也不同。For examples: Gentlemen like him carry only large note. 只有象他那样的人才拿大票子。（讽刺）Studies serve for delight, for ornament and for ability. Their chief use for delight is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business.读书足以怡情，足以博采， 足以长才。 其怡情也， 最见于独处幽居之时；其博采也， 最见于高谈阔论之中； 其长才也， 最见于处世判事之际。（排比）把原文中的意义美、形式美和声韵美都淋漓尽致地表现出来了。3）Represent the style of the original. (在现原文的文体风格)：不同的文体所用的语言不一样。政论性文章与科技文章不同，新闻报道和文学作品不同，书面材料和口头报告不同，应用文也有其自己的格式，翻译时一定要使用适合的文体。如：For example:and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. 书面语：并且使这个民有、民治、民享的政府永世长存。（书面语，比较文雅。） 口语： 要使这个归人民所有，由人民管理，为人民办事的政府永世长存。（口语化，琅琅上口。） 4) Be careful with the selection of vocabulary and expressions in the target language: (注意遣词用句，避免洋化现象)Try to avoid words or expressions difficult to understand and those which sound like the source language or not idiomatic in the target language. For examples:They had barely enough time to catch the train.原译：他们仅有足够的时间赶上火车。改译：他们差点没赶上火车。It is now thought that the more work we give our brain, the more work they are able to do.原译：现在人们认为，我们让脑子工作得越多，它就能赶更多的工作。改译：现在人们认为脑子越用越好使。 5) Keep the implied meaning and make your translation readable: (传神达意)Try to fully understand the writers purpose of writing the article and get the main idea of it. While translating, do it from the view of the passage or paragraph, not only from the view of some individual words or phrases. For examples:1） high tea： 英国人下午五六点钟吃的茶点 2） If the management provides pleasant background music and beautifies the dull setting, the factory will be much productive.background music： 配乐， 此处就译为： 音乐如果厂方播放悦耳的音乐，美化一下单调的环境，工厂的生产效率就可以大大提高。3） “Shall we go to dinner tonight?” Oh, this is a bad day. Can we change for another day? 我今天忙得不可开交。（今天是个坏日子。）4） 他买了车， 两个星期就把本子拿下来了。 He bought a car and got his license in two weeks.5) Betty cooked her goose when she cheated in the exam. 贝蒂因考试作弊而葬送了前途。6) 我不会说话，真对不起。 I shouldnt have said that, I am so sorry.7) This is a fine kettle of fish! I forgot my book. 真糟糕, 我的书忘了带来了！8) 他是个大肚汉。He is a big eater. (He is a man with a big stomach.) 9) 旗人 (banner-man): Manchu people 10) 玉皇大帝: (Jade Emperor) god11) armed to the teeth: 武装到牙齿 从前南美海盗凶残异常,抢夺时, 除了两手持武器外, 常常咬一把刀。现经常指部队已做好了战斗准备。 For example: The paratroopers were armed to the teeth. 伞兵部队已做好了战斗准备。 12) bear ones own cross: 忍受痛苦， 蒙受灾难 将人钉在十字架上是古马帝国的一种残酷刑罚。一般只用于处死奴隶和无罗马公民权的人。被判死刑的囚犯背着十字架走向刑场。西方文学中用十字架比作苦难 For example:We didnt know the cheerful woman was bearing her own cross, a son in prison.我们并不知道这个面带悦色的女人的心里正忍受着儿子入狱的痛苦。 13) bury the hatchet：埋起战斧古时， 美洲的印第安人性情暴躁， 部落间经常战争四起，逐渐地他们养成了一种习惯，双方交战停火后，为表示重归于好，就将战斧埋掉。后来这个典故就转化成“停站； 化干戈为玉帛”的代名词。For example:The two men had been enemies a long time, but after the flood they buried the hatchet. 这两个人长期以来是冤家对头， 但洪水过后，他们言归于好了。14) carry coal to Nescastle：运煤到纽卡斯尔Nescastle是英国的一座港口城市，这里盛产煤炭，十六世纪以后为英国主要煤港，故把煤运到纽卡斯尔是“多此一举”之说。For example:Selling refrigerators to the Eskimos seems like carrying coal to Newcastle.向爱斯基摩人推销电冰箱简直是白费力气。15) take a rain check: 要一张雨票指比赛因下雨改期，该球塞的票照样好用。因此把它引伸为“抱歉不能赴约”。For example:May I take a rain check? 这次抱歉不能赴约，下次有请必到。3. What abilities does a translator should have to be able to do translation work well?(Ask students to read the books by themselves and give their answers in English in class.)(The answers are omitted.)4. What is the process of translation?(Ditto.)Step 4 AssignmentI. Put the following into Chinese or vice verse.1）In case of fire, use stairs. Dont use the elevator.如遇火灾， 请走（用）楼梯， 勿乘（用）电梯。 2) 买一，送一。 Buy one get one free. (If you buy one, well give you another.)3) 立交桥：overpass /fly-over 4) 集装箱： container5) 全脂奶粉：powered whole milk 6) 批发市场：wholesale market 7）a piece of cake: 小菜一碟 8) Grand Opening：开业大吉9) Listening to classical music is my cup of tea. 古典音乐我最爱听。10）Necessity is the mother of invention. 因为需要才会有发明。（需要是成功之母。）11) Come to see me whenever you need my help. 有事只管来找我。12) So it is now or never. 好（快来买呀，） 过了这个村就没这个店了。13) 史记：Shiji / Historical Records by Simaqian14) 离骚：Li Sao, a long poem of patriotism15) 水浒传：Heroes of the Marshes(沼泽地)/Water Margin, a Chinese novel of the early Ming Dynasty by Shi Naian16) 红楼梦：A Dream of Red Mansion/Shitouji/the Story of the Stone, novel published in the early Qing Dynasty about 1790 by Cao Xueqin / Red ChamberII. Put the following passage into Chinese, paying special attention to the quality of translation.Christmas Lost and Found By McCall Shirley BarksdaleChristmas was a quite affair when I was growing up. There were just my parents and me. I vowed that someday Id marry and have six children, and at Christmas my house would vibrate with energy and life and love.I found the man who shared my dream, but we had not reckoned on the possibility of infertility (being unable to produce babies). Undaunted (not discouraged), we applied for adoption and, within a year, he arrived.We called him our Christmas Boy because he came to us during that season of joy, when he was just six days old. Then nature surprised us again. In rapid succession we added two biological children to the family-not as many as we had hoped for, but compared with my quiet childhood, three made an entirely satisfactory crowd.As our Christmas Boy grew, he made it clear that only he had the expertise (special skill and knowledge 本事) to select and decorate the Christmas tree each year. He rushed the season (为圣诞节忙活, 后译), starting his gift list before wed even finished the Thanksgiving turkey. He pressed （要求）us into singing carols, our frog-like (沙哑的) voices contrasting with his musical gift of perfect pitch. Each holiday he stirred us up, leading us through a round of merry chaos.Our friends were right about adopted children not being the same. Through his own unique heredity,his irrepressible（lively and energetic, and never seems to be depressed） good cheer, his bossy wit (爱发号施令的打趣的话语), our Christmas Boy made our life colorful. He made us look and behave better than we were.Then, on his 26th Christmas, he left us as unexpectedly as he had come. He was killed in a car accident on an icy Denver street, on his way home to his young wife and infant daughter. But first he had stopped by the family home to decorate our tree, a ritual he had never abandoned.Grief-stricken, his father and I sold our home, where memories clung to every room（每间屋子都充满了记忆的家）. We moved to California, leaving behind（离开） our friends and church.译前解释：1作者简介 麦考尔.雪莉.巴克斯代尔 (McCall Shirley Barksdale) 美国当代著名小说家, 著有大量短篇小说。2原文简介作者用非常简洁的语言叙述了一个非常简单的故事：主人公夫妇收养了一个男孩子，他个这个家庭带来了欢乐，但是，二十六年后，他却死于一场车祸，这给这对夫妇留下了无尽的悲伤。在这篇故事中圣诞节贯穿故事全部。女主人公想要很多孩子的梦想是在过圣诞节的时候产生的。他们的孩子是在圣诞节收养的，好像是圣诞老人给他们的礼物，带给他们快乐和幸福。但是，也是在圣诞节，由于一场车祸，他们的这分礼物给丢失了，永远也找不回来了。故事看似平淡，但包含着压抑感。开始是渴望；后来是快乐，幸福；再后来是悲伤，痛心。而所有这写感情都是用简单的语言来表达的，没有过多的形容词，也没有冗长的句子译文评析：失而复得的圣诞节麦考尔.雪莉.巴克斯代尔小时候（增词译法，使译文更生动贴切。） 圣诞节过得很平静， 那时的我正处于成长