《非谓语动词》完整体系.doc

非谓语动词非谓语动词是指在句子中不是谓语的动词，主要包括不定式、动名词和分词。它虽然没有动词该有的功能，但仍具有动词的部分词性。非谓语动词可以有自身的宾语，也可以用副词加以修饰。也就是说，它可以模仿动词，但却无法当真正的动词使用。*非谓语动词基本做题方法：判断逻辑主语和动作之间的关系(逻辑主语不一定是句子主语，动作就是选项)，主动关系用现在分词doing，被动关系用过去分词done，表示将来或目的用不定式to do。I.如果句子中有将来的时间状语，首先考虑to do；II.在to do结构中，主动仍然用to do，被动则是to be done；III. 如果一个动作是由一个东西发出的，肯定是主动关系，肯定用ing；IV.选项中出现having done，可以首先考虑事情发生的先后顺序；V.动词冲突原则。+平时注意积累零散小点。纵观历年高考试题可以发现，命题者对非谓语动词的以下十大考点非常青睐。一、非谓语动词作主语n to do和doing都可以作主语，表示某一具体行为用to do，表示经常性、一般性的动作用doing。若结构过长则后置，用it作形式主语。n to do作主语，它的逻辑主语可以由for或者of引出，形成如下高考中常见结构：It is(系)+形容词+for sb. to do sth.说明to do行为特点，不表示sb.本身特点，常见的此类形容词有easy, important, necessary, expensive等。It is impossible for him to go alone. It is(系)+形容词+of sb. to do sth.对sb.及其所做行为本身的评价，此类形容词有good, kind, nice, wrong, clever, stupid等。It is kind of you to say so.注意：在its no use/good之后要加动名词作真正的主语，it是形式主语。Its no use talking with him. 2012浙江No matter how bright a talker you are, there are times when its better _ silent.A. remain B. be remaining C. having remained D. to remain根据常见句型“it is adj./n. + to do that.”，下划线处应采用不定式的形式。It作时间状语从句中的形式主语，真正的主语是to remain silent。名词也好理解，例如：Its my duty to serve the people. 2007全国2_felt funny watching myself on TV.A. One B. This C. It D. That本题真正的主语是watching myself on TV，先行词it作形式主语。2001上海In fact _is a hard job for the police to keep order in an important football match.A. this B. that C. there D. it本题it作形式主语，真正的主语是不定式短语。二、非谓语动词作宾语1.有些动词后只接不定式作宾语，如：want, wish, hope, manage ,demand, promise, refuse, plan, offer, pretend(假装)，decide, agree, expect等。She pretended to understand his words.2.有些动词只跟动名词作宾语，如: admit，appreciate，avoid，consider, delay, dislike，enjoy，escape, excuse，face，feel. like，finish，forgive，give up, imagine，include，keep，mention，mind，miss，practice，put off，resist, risk，suggest，cant help(情不自禁)，cant stand(无法忍受)等。I suggested going to the exhibition next weekend.3.有些动词后既可以跟不定式又可以跟动名词作宾语，意义上无多大区别，如：love, like, Hate, prefer, start，intend(想要、打算)，continue等。说明不是重点4.有些动词后既可以跟不定式又可以跟动名词作宾语，但意义上有区别，如forget, regret，remember，mean，try等。 逐个阐述5.介词后可接动名词或者不定式作宾语。一般来说，在介词at, in, for, with, without等后面接动名词。但在but, except，besides接动词时，要用不定式（有时带to,有时不带 to,取决于前面是否有do），例如：She could say nothing but cry.She had nothing to do but stay at home. (but前面有do, but后面的不定式stay省略to,简单记作 有do省to) I have no choice but to ask the teacher for help. (but前面没有do, but后面的不定式就要带上to，简单记作 无do留to)2006北京I cant stand _with Jane in the same office. She just refuses _talking while she works.A. working; stopping B. to work; stoppingC. working; to stop D. to work; to stopcant stand+ doing 不能忍受做某事；refuse+ to do，拒绝做某事。2012湖南Weve had a good start, but next, more work needs_ to achieve the final success.A. being done B. do C. to be done D. to do *need doing=need to be done，表示“主语需要被做”，need to do表示“主语需要主动去做”。题干中表达的是“更多的工作需要被完成以取得最后的成功，”下划线处应该采用to be done或doing的形式。 2009上海David threatened _ his neighbor to the police if the damages were not paid.A. to be reported B. reporting C. to report D. having reported threaten不能接动名词作宾语，又因为report是他主动进行的动作。 *2012安徽I remember_ the doctor before I left the office, but forgot to turn off the lights.A. locking B. to lock C. having locked D. to have lockedAB都可以翻译通，但是后面存在并列连词but，说明前后是并列关系，则该空要与后面的forgot to turn off一致。 2012陕西If he takes on this work, he will have no choice but_ an even greater challenge.A. meets B. meeting C. meet D. to meet固定句型“have no choice but to do sth.”所以选不定式。2011四川Lydia doesnt feel like _abroad. Her parents are old.A. study B. studying C. studied D. to studyfeel like +doing，would like+ to do。2009上海Bill suggested_ a meeting on what to do for the Shanghai Expo during the vacation.A. having held B. to hold C. holding D. hold suggest doing，且被建议的行为发生将来而不是已经发生，所以不选A。 2006重庆Isnt it time you got down to_ the papers？ A. mark B. be marked C. being marked D. marking get down to doing“着手去做”，这里to是介词，且逻辑主语you和mark之间是主动关系，故用动名词的主动形式。 2008江苏They are quiet, arent they？ -Yes. They are accustomed_ at meals.A. to talk B. to not talk C. to talking D. to not talking*be accustomed to doing“习惯于”，to是介词，不是不定式符号。2010上海I had difficulty_ the suitable food on the menu in that restaurant.A. find B. found C. to find D. finding have difficulty (in) doing 是习惯用法。 *2007安徽-Robert is indeed a wise man.-Oh, yes. How often I have regretted _ his advice!A. to take B. taking C. not to take D. not taking *regret doing表示动作已经发生，后悔做了某事，这里没有接受他的建议not to take这个事情已经发生了，所以用doing。regret to do是遗憾地去做。 Or很多语法书里面写的是，根据句意，下划线应表示“后悔过去没有接受他的建议”，应选用动名词的否定形式，能看懂吗？2006湖南If you think that treating a woman well means always_ her permission for things, think again.A. gets B. got C. to get D. getting *mean+ doing 意味着；mean+ to do 打算做，故意做。如果你认为对一个女人好就意味着总是得到她的允许再做事情，再想想吧。2008湖南Sue wanted to be independent of her parents. She tried_ alone, but she didnt like it and moved back home.A. living B. to live C. to be living D. having lived *try+ doing 试着、尝试做某事；try +to do 努力去做某事。句义更偏向于“尝试”，尝试自己住，不喜欢的话，回来就好了；“努力”不是很贴切，因为你就算不喜欢，忍忍努力一下也可以继续住。 2012北京One learns a language by making mistakes and _ them.A. corrects B. correct C. to correct D. correcting and是并列连词，左右两边要一致，且作by的宾语。注意：在 allow，advise，forbid，permit等动词后直接跟动词作宾语时，要用动名词形式，如果后面有名词或代词作宾语，然后再跟动词作宾语补足语时，宾语补足语用带 to的不定式。例如：We dont allow smoking here.We dont allow students to smoke.*要么就直接记allow, advise, forbid, permit等，直接+doing，或者+sb +to do。2007江苏Can I smoke here？ Sorry. We dont allow_ here.A. people smoking B. people smoke C. to smoke D. smoking要么用smoking，要么用people to smoke。 2011天津Passengers are permitted_ only one piece of hand luggage onto the plane.A. to carry B. carrying C. to be carried D. being carriedPermit的用法有permit doing和permit sb. to do这两种形式。而此处使用了被动语态，故为sb. be permitted to do，这就是主谓结构+主语补足语，来，我们来讲主语补足语的考点。三、非谓语动词作宾语补足语和主语补足语1.能接带to的不定式做宾补和主补的动词有：ask, tell, force, get, allow, want, intend, request，wish, prefer, advise, persuade, permit, order, cause等。 The teacher didnt allow the students to go swimming in the lake.The visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits.*被动语态都是主谓结构，因为主谓结构是完整的，说明谓语是不及物动词，那么后面的补充说明内容就只能叫“主补”了，因为没有宾语啊.2.使役动词、感官动词能接不带to的不定式作宾语补足语和带to的不定式作主语补足语。 常见的使役动词有make，let，have等；感官动词有see，hear，watch，observe，notice，feel以及look at，listen to等。The boy often made his little sister cry but today he was made to cry by his sister.*在转变为被动语态，即to do变成主补的时候，不定式符号to必须保留。2011天津Passengers are permitted_ only one piece of hand luggage onto the plane. A. to carry B. carrying C. to be carried D. being carried 同上。2008全国2The director had her assistant _some hot dogs for the meeting. A. picked up B. picks up C. pick up D. picking up 省略to的不定式作宾补，使役动词have可接不带to的不定式作宾语补足语，也可以接现在分词做宾补。 2012江西Having finished her project, she was invited by the school_ to the new students.A. speaking B. having spoken C. to speak D. to have spoken根据invite的常见搭配“invite sb. to do sth.”，又因为被邀请时没有完成演讲这一动作，所以不能用完成时。 2007北京Excuse me sir, where is Room 301？Just a minute. Ill have Bob_ you to your room.A. show B. shows C. to show D. showing使役动词have后面的宾补应该用省略to的不定式形式。2008陕西The message is very important, so it is supposed _ as soon as possible.A. to be sent B. to send C. being sent D. sendingbe supposed to do是固定搭配，且消息应该是被送，还应该有个被动形式，故选A。长幼有序，首先满足to do结构，然后想表示什么主动被动时态的，在to do结构内表示。3. 不定式和分词作宾语补足语或主语补足语表达的意义不同。接不定式时，表示经常性的动作或指动作发生的全过程；接现在分词时，表示动作正在发生或进行，或正要做分词表示的动作；接过去分词时，表示宾语或主语承受了过去分词表示的动作。*你可以选择背，不过和基本做题方法完全一致！Last night I heard a song sung in English.2010湖南Listen! Do you hear someone_ for help？A. calling B. call C. to call D. called非谓语动词作宾补，someone与call为主动关系，排除D。hear后接不定式作宾补时应省略to，排除C。由Listen判断此处有人正在求救，故用现在分词作宾补。2007安徽-Did Peter fix the computer himself？-He_，because he doesnt know much about computers.A. has it fixed B. had fixed it C. had it fixed D. fixed it后面说了，他对计算机了解不多，显然不是自己修的，而是使它被别人修（had it fixed），该动作已经发生，用过去时。因为BD的动作发出者都是he，与后面的doesnt know much about computers相矛盾。2008江苏To learn English well, we should find opportunities to hear English _as much as we can.A. speak B. speaking C. spoken D. to speak这里作宾补的非谓语动词与逻辑主语English之间含有逻辑上的动宾关系，故应使用表示被动意义的过去分词。非谓语动词最热考点 having done和having been done现在分词的完成式having done所表示的动作先于主句谓语动词所表示的动作发生，这两个先后发生的动作之间往往具有因果关系。*having done说明done这个动作发生在主句谓语动词之前。Having finished his homework, he went out. (先finished, 再went out)Not having received any answer, he wrote her another letter.(先not received, 再wrote, 判断顺序时否定词要带上。) 2012重庆_ to work overtime that evening, I missed a wonderful film.A. Having been asked B. To ask C. Having asked D. To be asked 逻辑主语I和动作ask之间是被动关系，人被问，所以排除BC，D表示将来或目的，并且“被要求加班”这个动作发生在“错过电影”之前，符合having done用法。由于那天晚上我被要求加班，我错过了一部精彩的电影。2008重庆_ to reach them on the phone, we sent an email instead.A. Fail B. Failed C. To fail D. Having failed因为打不通电话，所以就只能发邮件了。Fail这个动作在sent之前发生，所以用having done；选A则前后动词冲突。2007陕西_ that she didnt do a good job, I dont think I am abler than her.A. To have said B. Having said C. To say D. Saying*不定式在句首表示目的，翻译成“为了”。下划线处所表示的状语并非表示目的，由此可排除AC，said这个动作发生在dont think之前，所以用having done。2011上海The rare fish,_ from the cooking pot, has been returned to the sea.A. saved B. saving C. to be saved D. having saved鱼被救，应该用被动，所以排除BD。C表示将来或目的，本动作根据后面的完成时态说明已经发生了，所以排除法选A。从锅中被救出的这条属于珍稀品种的鱼已经被放归大海。2009四川_ many times, he finally understood it.A. Told B. Telling C. Having told D. Having been told 暗示词finally，说明该空动作已经发生过了。因主句结构完整，下划线处应该是分词作状语修饰整个主句。根据句义更贴合“已经多次被告知，他最后理解了”这个含义，所以told这个动作发生在understood之前，且被动，所以选D。2008陕西_ around the Water Cube, we were then taken to see the Birds Nest for the 2008 Olympic Games.A. Having shown B. To be shown C. Having been shown D. To show暗示词then表示“然后”，说明该空动作在前，且发生过了。BD表示将来或目的，说明没发生过。那为何是被动了？一个是句义，一个是看后面有暗示were taken，我们在被带领着参观了水立方后，又被带去参观为2008奥运会准备的鸟巢。四、非谓语动词作定语出于原则和素质教育的考虑，以下三点必须写出来。你可以把三点背诵，当然我不是很相信你能背下来，或者你就看看我.的备注，你就会发现和基本做题方法“完全”一致。不定式、动名词和分词都可以作定语，主要区别在于它们的时态意义和语态意义不同。这是废话，因为非谓语动词就那么三种形式，而且除了时态和语态也没有第三态了。1、不定式作定语可以修饰人，也可以修饰物，表示将来意义，既有主动形式，也有被动形式。不定式作定语多和被修饰的名词具有“倒动宾关系”，即被修饰的名词是不定式动作的承受着；如果不定式是不及物动词，就要在不定式动词后面加上相应的介词。I have an article to write today. 今天有一篇文章要写。（可说to write an article）I want to have a pen to write with.我想要一只写字用的笔。（可说to write with a pen，但不能说to write a pen）*实际操作意义不大，直接用基本做题方法即可，当然你也可以背诵如上内容。2010山东I have a lot of readings_ before the end of this term.A. completing B. to complete C. completed D. being completed出现将来的时间状语before the end of this term，故用to do作readings的宾语。2009安徽The play_ next month aims mainly to reflect the local culture.A. produced B. being produced C. to be produced D. having produced出现将来的时间状语next month，首先满足一个to do结构，又因为逻辑主语play和动作produce之间应该是，戏剧被制作，不可能戏剧自己把自己做了，所以是被动关系，所以用to be done。2、现在分词作定语多和被修饰的名词具有“主谓关系”，即现在分词用主动式时，被修饰的名词正在执行其动作；现在分词用被动式时，被修饰的名词正在承受其动作；过去分词作定语与其所修饰的名词有“动宾关系”，表示一个被动或完成的动作，相当于一个被动的定语从句。The man standing under the tree is his father. (The man who is standing.)The building being built will be a hospital. (The building which is being built.) *主谓关系就是主动关系，动宾关系就是被动关系，所以和非谓语动词做题方法完全一致，引申出一个点，being done叫做正在被做。2011全国1The next thing he saw was smoke_ from behind the house.A. rose B. rising C. to rise D. risen逻辑主语smoke，动作是rise，上升这个动作是smoke发出的，所以是主动关系，用现在分词；有人说烟是被人生起来，对，汉字里面有同音字，那个是“生火”lit，汉字读音一样写法不一样，而且那个英文是lit。有人说因为前面是next thing he saw所以表示一瞬间的感觉，所以用现在分词，对，可以说初中学的很好。2010浙江The traffic rule says young children under the age of 4 and_ less than 40 pounds must be in a safety seat.A. being weighed B. to weigh C. weighed D. weighing_左边有很多名词，哪个是逻辑主语？children！为什么？*总结一下逻辑主语的判断方法：I.逻辑主语是和选项的动作有关的主语。（本题特别标准，traffic rule, age, 4都是名词都和weigh产生重量这个词不搭配）II.逻辑主语一般在_左边且离_最近。产生重量这个动作是孩子产生的吧，所以是主动关系，汉语我重130斤，也是主动啊。2009北京For breakfast he only drinks juice from fresh fruit_ on his own farm.A. grown B. being grown C. to be grown D. to grow Grow有两个意思，生长&种植。作“生长”讲，植物生长，生长这个动作是植物发出的，所以是主动关系，用growing；作“种植”讲，植物被种植，所以用grown。(相当于定语从句which/that is grown，很多参考书都会给你这个解释，说的很对，但是和做题没什么关系。)3、动名词作定语表示被修饰的名词所起的作用或者用途。可以改写成“for+动名词”或者含有“for+动名词”的定语从句。a swimming pool=a pool for swimming 或a pool which is used for swimming此点中考已经消耗五、非谓语动词作状语不定式在句首作目的状语，在句末作原因状语和结果状语。现在分词短语在句首作原因、条件、时间、让步等状语，在句末是方式、伴随、结果状语。过去分词短语放在句首表示时间、条件、原因等，放在句末表示对前面情况的解释说明，同时与句子主语具有被动关系。*我估计没人能背下来，背下来也不会用，那就换个角度处理：在基本做题方法的基础上加三个重要小点。Her husband died in 1980, leaving her with two children. I.现在分词作结果状语，表示一种合乎逻辑的结果。He went to Japan three years ago, never to return. II.不定式作结果状语，表示一种出乎意料的结果。III.不定式在句首作目的状语，翻译成“为了”。2010全国1With Fathers Day around the corner, I have taken some money out of the bank_ presents for my dad. A. buy B. to buy C. buying D. to have bought出现将来的时间状语around the corner固定短语“临近，在附近”，你懂的选什么。2010福建Lots of rescue workers were working around the clock, _ supplies to Yushu, Qinghai Province after the earthquake.A. sending B. to send C. having sent D. to have sent _左边有名词worker和clock，你说哪个和send搭配，总不能送钟吧，所以逻辑主语是worker，且send这个动作就是worker发出的，所以是主动关系。Or现在分词作伴随状语表示同时发生。2009北京_ twice, the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we changed our dog.A. Being bitten B. Bitten C. Having bitten D. To be bitten分词与逻辑主语在逻辑上是动宾关系，被动用过去分词。把C改成having been bitten也对，符合语法和句义。如果用现在分词也行，表示人咬了狗，但是不符合句义。*高考中人和狗狗的问题，遛狗必须是dog follow people，而且一般是狗咬人，高考是普通/大众思维考试。六、非谓语动词作表语分词作表语，看分词语主语的关系。主谓关系-现在分词；被动关系-过去分词符合基本做题方法。还有一组使动词amuse, bore, excite, frighten, interest, move, surprise, disappoint等，它们有两种形容词，现在分词和过去分词两种形式。现在分词表示主语具有的特征，“令人的”，即主语是物，用ing；The speech that he made last week proves exciting.过去分词表示主语所处的状态，“（某人）感到的”，即主语是人，用ed。Tom sounds very much interested in the job, but Im not sure whether he.你可以用汉语逻辑的不同进行判断，不过我建议判断主语。七、“连词+分词”的省略分词短语常常可以用在连词如since, when, while, whenever, once, until, if, no matter how等之后，就是状语从句中的省略当从句主语等于主句主语，且从句的谓语动词是be动词，则可以把从句主语和be动词一起省略。When first introduced to the market, these products enjoyed great success. 状语从句中省略了they were。2010全国2Though_ to see us, the professor gave us a warm welcome.A. surprising B. was surprised C. surprised D. being surprisedThough是引导状语从句的，又因为状语从句中没看到主语，说明被省略了，能省略的语法点只有.，though he was surprised。2007全国1We all know that, _ , the situation will get worse.A. not if dealt carefully with B. if not carefully dealt withC. if dealt not carefully with D. not if carefully dealt with四个选项都有if，你知道if引导的句子，if在最左边，因为它叫引导词.又因为deal with是动词短语放在一起不拆开，所以只能选B了。且情况与处理是被动关系，即情况被处理，用过去分词。八、独立主格结构独立主格结构(独立结构)，在形式上与主句没有任何联系，但是在意思上却与主句密切联系在一起，共同构筑成一个完整的语意环境。独立主格结构只有逻辑上的主语，没有主语和谓语，在句法上不是句子，而是一个独立于句子成分之外的特殊结构。独立主格结构分四类：1.独立分词结构；2.独立不定式结构；3.独立无动词结构；4.with复合结构。高考考查1+4。*非谓语动词是一个词，独立主格结构是一个结构，做题方法完全一致。Nobody to help us tomorrow, we cant finish our task ahead of time.With a guide leading the way, they had no difficulty finding the hot spring.2007重庆The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons _ for the day. A. finishing B. finished C. had finished D. were finished(_所在的那个小部分是独立主格结构，但是又不是考你整个结构，考的是其中非谓语动词的选择。)中间逗号说明这是一个含有独立主格结构的简单句，且课堂被结束。2007安徽John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work _ ,he gladly accepted it.A. finished B. finishing C. having finished D. was finished这是独立主格结构中的with复合结构，且工作被完成。2002上海春With a lot of difficult problems_, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.A. settled B. sett