英语非谓语动词.doc

阳光家教网 家教学习资料 更多家教学习资料下载非谓语动词高二英语 一、知识精要在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分，起名词，形容词或副词作用的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式:不定式the Infinitive，动名词the Gerund和分词the Participle。（一）动词不定式 一、不定式的形式一般式：to do / to be done不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后，例如：Im glad to meet you.He wants to be an artist.The patient asked to be operated on at once.The teacher ordered the work to be done.进行式：to be doing不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，例如：The boy pretended to be working hard.He seems to be reading in his room.完成式：to have done / to have been done不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，例如：Im sorry to have lost your key.It is a great honour to have been invited to participate in this celebration.否定式：not + (to) do二、不定式的句法功能动词不定式除了不能单独作谓语外，几乎能充当句子中所有的句子成分。1.不定式做主语：(1) To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard. To lose heart means failure. 动词不定式(短语)作主语时，常用it代替它作形式主语，例如上面两句可用如下形式： It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes. It means failure to lose heart.(2)不定式和动名词做主语的区别: 动名词做主语往往表示普通的、一般的行为，在意义上是比较抽象的、一般的，时间概念不强，不是指某一次的动作；不定式做主语常表示某次具体的行为。 例如： Doing sports is good for peoples health. To do too much exercise is not good for him as he has a heart illness.2.不定式作表语(1)表示主语的具体内容。His wish is to become a scientist.The duty of a postman is to deliver letters and newspapers.注意：主语部分有实义动词do 时，表语中可以省略to。 What he did first was (to) walk up to his friend and hug him. (2)“be to do”还可以表示不同的情态意义。 Children are not to smoke. (禁止)They are to marry next week. (安排)You must be patient and persistent if you are to succeed. (愿望) Man is to live a better life in the next century. (事态发展或预期的结果)注意有几个不定式作表语，需用主动表被动：Parents are to blame if their children do not have good manners. The house is to let. 该房屋出租。3.不定式做宾语(1)接不定式做宾语的常见动词：afford, agree, aim, appear, arrange, begin, choose, come, dare, decide, demand, desire, determine, expect, fail, happen, help, hope, learn, long, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, tend, want, wish 注意: demand/hope只能接to do 不能接sb to do。 (2)一些动词要用疑问词+不定式作宾语。 常见的动词有：decide, know, learn, wonder, find out, remember, see 等。 I dont know how to do it. I havent decided whether to sell it or not. (3)feel, find, judge, make, think, believe, consider等动词后如果是不定式作宾语，补语是形容词（间或是名词），常用it 作形式宾语，把不定式后移。I thought it a great pity not to have invited her. I find it hard to work with him. (4)在表示“希望、打算”等动词(如hope, expect, intend, mean, want等)的过去式后，可接动词不定式的完成式来表示没有实现的动作。 We meant to have stayed there a week. (= We had meant to stay there a week.)(5)在介词but 和except后的动词形式：在这种句式中，如介词前有实义动词do, 后面接不带to的不定式；如果是其他动词, 则接带to不定式。 On that rainy night I had nothing to do but stay in my car. He didnt say a word but to listen. (6)作形容词的宾语句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语。 John was happy to be given the job.句子的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语。 Thisproblemiseasytosolve.Sheishard/difficulttogetalongwith.The chair is comfortable to sit on. He is pleasant to work with. 即在easy, hard, difficult, pleasant, interesting等形容词后的不定式用主动形式表示被动含义。4.不定式作宾语补足语(1)v.+ sb.+ to do 常见动词：allow, ask, advise, beg, cause, encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, order, permit, persuade, teach, tell, want, warn, wish(2) v.+sb./sth.+ to bebelieve, consider, find, feel, imagine, judge, know, prove, think, suppose, understandHe judged her to be a thief. (3) v.+ sb./sth. + do 感觉动词和使役动词与不带to的不定式连用, 但这种句式在变为被动语态时应带to。如see, watch, notice, hear, make, have, let等。Though he had often made his little sister cry, today he was made to cry by his little sister.(4) help sb. (to) do Id like to help him ( to ) work out the problem. 5.不定式作定语(1)不定式可以修饰作主语的名词，相当于一个定语从句，表明动作即将发生。The conference to take place next month will certainly be a great success. (= The conference which will take place)(2)动词不定式作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰词有如下关系：动宾关系。I have much to do. I have a question to ask. 如果该不定式是不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。She has a big house to live in. The lonely man has no one to talk to. 但：She has no place to live.主谓关系。此时被修饰词常为：the first, the second, the last, the best, the only thing 等常跟不定式作定语。He is always the first to come. He is the only one to pass the exam. 同位关系。表示被修饰词的具体内容。 I lost the opportunity to give my opinion on it.Some children had no chance to go to school. 6.不定式做状语(1) 表示目的。不定式作目的状语时，其动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后，一般放在句子后部。但如要表示强调，也可以位于句首，前面可加in order, 但不能用so as。其否定式不能用not + to do, 必须用in order not + to do 或so as not to do。I opened the window to let some fresh air in. In order to catch the train, they took a taxi. Lets hurry so as not to be late for the meeting.注意：在英语中，目的一般用不定式表示，不用for + doing这一形式。We eat to live. (不用for doing)(2) 作结果状语。What have I said to make you so angry?不定式表示结果常见于下列句型：only to do; so as to do; such as to do; enough to do; too to do。 The news reporters hurried to the airport, only to be told the film stars had left. (表示该结果出乎意料)Would you be so kind as to help me carry the big bag for me?下列形容词是对人进行表扬或批评的，后面常接不定式表示结果: nice, polite, generous,kind, selfish, silly等。 You were silly not to have locked your car.He is generous to lend us a large sum of money.（3）表示原因。常表示引发某种情绪的原因。 Im happy to see that. We were surprised to hear the news. （4）表明说话人的态度，在句中作独立成分。To tell you the truth, I dont like the way he talked.三、动词不定式的逻辑主语1.句子的主语就是不定式的逻辑主语。 I have much to do. 2.当句子的主语不是不定式的逻辑主语时，需要加上逻辑主语。在Its + adj. + for sb. to do sth.结构中，形容词往往表示事物的性质。It is important for us to study English. It is easy for us to get the latest information. 在 Its + adj. + of sb. + to do sth.结构中，形容词通常表示人物的性格和特征。Its nice of you to give me so much help. (=You are nice to give me so much help.) 四、补充句型1.主语+ be said/reported/believed/thought/considered+to do He is said to have traveled to many countries. (= It is said that he has travelled to many countries.)This pop group is believed to be the best of this year. (= It is believed that this pop group is the best of this year.) 2. There is no need + to do There is no need to suffer in silence. (二) 动名词 一、动名词的形式一般式：doing / being doneMr. Green failed to catch the plane to Mexico, so he escaped being killed in the plane crash.完成式：having done / having been doneHaving studied computer is an important qualification for the job.否定式：not + 动名词二、动名词的句法功能动名词具有名词词性， 在句子中可以作主语、宾语、表语和定语。1.作主语Shaking ones head means “no” and nodding means “yes”.动名词作主语，有时也会用it 作形式主语：Its no use crying over spilt milk. Its no good drinking too much alcohol. 2.作表语 My job is teaching. Your task is learning English well. 一般，主语与表语可互换。Teaching is my job.Learning English well is your task.3.作宾语(1) 动词宾语：有些动词后加动词的动名词形式作宾语。 常见动词包括：admit, advise, allow, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay , deny, enjoy, escape, encourage, finish, forbid, imagine, keep, mention, mind, miss, practice, permit, resist, risk, suggest, understand 等，其中有些可用sb./sth. doing 结构。注意其中advise, allow, forbid, encourage, permit可用不定式作宾语补足语。We dont allow smoking in the office.We dont allow them to smoke in the office.主语+need/want/require doing , 意思是 “主语需要被” The flowers want watering. ( =The flowers want to be watered.)Our house needs repairing. ( = Our house needs to be repaired.)有些动词后面既可以接动名词，也可以接不定式作宾语。意义基本相同的: begin, continue, start, love, like, hate, prefer, stand意义不同的：forget, remember, regret, stop, go on, try, mean, cant help(2)动词短语的宾语be busy, be worth，cant help, end up，feel like, give up等。(3)介词短语 spend time (in) doing sth, have difficulty/ trouble (in) doing sth, have a hard time (in) doing sth注意:下列短语中的to是介词，而不是动词不定式符号，因此后面要接动词的动名词形式。 be used to, devote oneself to, get down to, lead to, look forward to, make a contribution to, object to, pay attention to, prefer doing to doing ,stick toMrs. Wang devoted herself to protecting wildlife.Im looking forward to hearing from you.4.作定语表示被修饰词的用途a walking stick, a washing machine, a waiting room, a dressing mirror三、动名词的逻辑主语1. 当动名词作主语时，其逻辑主语应为所有格形式。Toms/His coming made me very excited. 2. 当动名词作宾语时，其逻辑主语可为所有格或普通格。Do you mind him/his/Toms/Tom sitting here?注：当逻辑主语为无生命的东西时，用普通格。Can you imagine a plane dropping down on the roof of a house? （三） 分词一、现在分词和过去分词的区别现在分词的基本意义过去分词的基本意义1.主动语态，即与被修饰词构成主动关系。1.被动语态，即与被修饰词构成被动关系。2.进行时态，即表示动作正在进行、即将发生或表示某个状态。2.完成时态，即表示已经完成的动作或所处的状态。现在分词的形式过去分词的形式doing/being donedonehaving done/having been done 现在分词的形式过去分词的形式doing/being donedonehaving done/having been done 现在分词的形式过去分词的形式doing/being donedonehaving done/having been done 现在分词的形式过去分词的形式doing/being donedonehaving done/having been done Can you see the star moving in the sky?Do you know the number of people coming to the party?There is a piano standing in the corner.Is this the book written by Henry?Dressed in white, she suddenly appeared.二、分词的形式现在分词的形式过去分词的形式doing/being donedonehaving done/having been done1.现在分词的形式(1)现在分词的主动语态：一般式：现在分词表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。完成式：现在分词表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，常作状语。They went to the park, singing and talking. Having done his homework, he played basketball.(2)现在分词的被动语态：一般式：表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作。完成式：表示发生在谓语动词之前的被动的动作。The problem being discussed is very important. Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake. (3)否定式：not + 现在分词2. 过去分词的形式：过去分词只有done这一种形式，表示已经完成的动作或所处的状态。Lost in deep thought, he didnt hear the sound.三、分词的句法功能具有形容词和副词词性。因此在句子中可以充当：定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。但：现在分词的完成式（即having done / having been done）通常作状语。Having been in bed for three days, he was sent to hospital.She is the girl having amazed me with her talent. () 1. 作表语 分词作表语相当于形容词现在分词: 表示主语所具有的特征; “令人的” 过去分词: 表示主语所处的状态；“感到的” The book interests me. ( The book 动作发出者；me 动作承受者) The book is interesting. I am interested in the book. 2. 作定语 English-speaking countries spoken English当分词动作与被修饰词是主动关系，用现在分词；如果是被动关系，用过去分词。另外，不及物动词的分词形式作定语时，现在分词表示正在进行的动作，过去分词表示已经完成的动作。 developing countries fallen leavesdeveloped countries falling stones关于定语的位置，一般是单个分词前置，分词短语后置。the girl smiling at me the man injured by a car注意In order to make others obey her, she always looked at others with a frightening look. Seeing the snake, she ran away with a frightened look.3. 分词作宾补(1)感官动词后的分词宾补这类动词有see, observe, notice, watch, hear, smell, listen to, look at, find，feel等。She smelt something burning.He heard his name called.比较： 感官动词后接分词作宾补，表示动作正在进行；而若接不带to的不定式则表示动作的全过程，且动作已完成。I noticed a man running out of the bank when I got off the car.She felt someone pat her on the head.(2)使役、致使动词后的分词宾补 这类动词有have, make, catch, get, keep, leave等They caught him smoking in the kitchen.Dont leave the water running.注意：make sb do/ done 不可以说make sb doing She still could not make herself understood in English. 4. 分词作状语(1)作时间状语：相当于一个when/while引导的从句，或直接与while/when等词连用如：Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker. (= While/When he worked)When asked for his name, he just kept silent. (= When he was asked)(2)作原因状语: 相当于一个as, because, since 引导的从句，如：Being a League member, he is always helping others. (=Because he is a League member,.) Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents. (=Because he was praised by the neighbours,.)(3)作方式或伴随状语: 可以改写成并列句，如：He walked down the hill, singing to himself.(= He walked down the hill and sang to himself.)(4)作条件状语: 相当于一个if, unless引导的从句，通常放在句子的前半部分，如：Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time. (=If you play all day,.) Given more time, Ill be able to do it better. (=If I am given more time,.)(5)作结果状语: 相当于so that 引导的从句，这类状语通常放在句子的后半部分，并用逗号同前面的句子成分隔开，常可译为“于是，所以，因而”等，如：His father died, leaving him a large fortune.Many communities have a low literacy rate, making impossible passing out AIDS literature and expecting people to read it.许多社区的居民受教育比例低，这使得向他们散发艾滋病资料、希望他们自己阅读 材料的做法不切实际。(6)作让步状语: 相当于一个though, although, even if引导的从句，或直接与though连用，如：Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon. (=Though it rained heavily, .)Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy. (= Though he was told of the danger, .)四、分词的独立主格结构如果分词的逻辑主语不是句子的主语，则分词可以带有自己的逻辑主语，构成分词的独立结构。构成：“逻辑主语（名词、代词）+ 分词”如果分词的逻辑主语是分词动作的执行者，用现在分词；如果分词的逻辑主语是分词动作的承受者，则用过去分词。 比较下面一对句子：He is sitting in the corner, his hands covering his face. He is sitting in the corner, his face covered by his hands.注意Judging from/by appearance, he seems to be a strong man.Generally speaking, girls are more careful. 二、备考热点1. 不定式部分(1) 不定式作状语。_ the safety of gas, the government has checked the citys gas supply system thoroughly. (2007 上海春)A. To ensure B. Ensuring C. Having ensured D. To have ensured(2) 不定式的时态与语态。The children talked so loudly at dinner table that I had to struggle _.(2007 浙江) A. to be heard B. to have heard C. hearing D. being heard The crowd cheered wildly at the sight of Liu Xiang, who was reported _ the world record in the 110-meter hurdle race. (2007 辽宁)A. breaking B. having broken C. to have brokenD. break(3) 不带to 的动词不定式的特殊用法。Excuse me sir, where is Room 301? Just a minute. Ill have Bob _you to your room. (2007 北京)A. show B. shows C. to show D. showing2. 动名词部分(1) 只能用动名词做宾语的“动宾结构”。There is a story here in the paper about a 110-year-old man. My goodness! I cant imagine _ that old. (2006江苏) A. to be B. to have been C. being D. having been (2) 有些动词既可以接动名词，也可以接不定式作宾语，但意义不同。Robert is indeed a wise man. Oh, yes. How often I have regretted _ his advice! (2007 安徽)A. to take B. taking C. not to take D. not taking后悔没做某事应用regret not doing sth.(3) 有些动词后面接的宾语为动名词，但接宾语补足语是用不定式。Can I smoke here? Sorry. We dont allow _ here. (2007 江苏) A. people smoking B. people smoke C. to smokeD. smoking(4) 动名词的复合结构。At the beginning of class, the noise of desks _ could be heard outside the classroom. (2007 全国II)A. opened and closedB. to be opened and closed C. being opened and closed D. to open and close3. 分词部分 (1) 分词作状语。 _ their hats into the air, the fans of the winning team let out loud shouts of victory. (2008 天津) A. To throw B. Thrown C. ThrowingD. Being thrownThe flowers his friend gave him will die unless _ every day. (2007 四川) A. watered B. watering C. water D. to water(2) 分词作宾补。I smell something _ in the kitchen. Can I call you back in a minute?(2007 全国I) A. burning B. burnt C. being burnt D. to be burnt Jenny hopes that Mr. Smith will suggest a good way to have her written English _ in a short period. (2007 福建)A. improved B. improving C. to improve D. improve(3) 分词作定语。 Peter received a letter just now _ his grandma would come to see him soon. (2007 四川) Asaid Bsays Csaying Dto say(4) 独立主格结构。 The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons _ for the day. (2007 重庆)A. finishing B. finished C. had finished D. were finished Come on, please give me some ideas about the project.Sorry. With so much work _ my mind, I almost break down. (2007 福建)A. filled B. filling C. to fillD. being filled三、误区解读【例1】The murderer was brought in, with his hands _ behind his back。 A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied 分析：D tied表示被带进来前手就已经被捆住了,强调动作已发生; 混淆项A being tied表示动作正在被进行,被带进来时他的手正在被别人捆,不合逻辑。【例2】_ by a greater demand of vegetables, farmers have built more green houses. (2007 浙江卷) A. Driven B. Being driven C. To drive D. Having driven 分析：A 根据by, 应表达被动关系. 混淆项D Having driven 是现在分词完成体，常作状语，表达主动关系。不要把它误认为是被动语态。四、真题选编1. I like getting up very early in summer. The morning air is so good _. (2008 全国 I) A. to be breathedB. to breathe C. breathing D. being breathed2. _ that she was going off to sleep, I asked if shed like that little doll on her bed. (2008 北京) A. SeeingB. To see C. See D. Seen3. Did the book give the information you needed? Yes. But _ it, I had to read the entire book. (2008 北京) A. to findB. find C. to be finding D. finding4. It is worth considering what make “convenience” foods so popular, and _ better ones of your own. (2008 北京) A. introducesB. to introduce C. introducing D. introduced5. I feel greatly honored _ into their society. (2008 北京) A. to welcomeB. welcoming C. to be welcomed D. welcomed 6. My sister, an inexperienced rider, was found sitting on the bicycle _ to balance it. (2008 上海) A. having triedB. trying C. to try D. tried7. If theres a lot of work _, Im happy to just keep on until it is finished. (2008 上海) A. to doB. to be doing C. done D. doing8. Something as simple as _ some cold water may clear your mind and relieve pressure. (2008 上海) A. to drinkB. drinking C. to be drinking D. drunk9. Ideally _ for Broadway theatres and Fifth Avenue, the New York Park hotel is a favourite with many guests. (2008 上海) A. locatingB. being located C. having been locatedD. located10. _ to reach them on the phone, we sent an email instead. (2008 重庆) A. FailB. Failed C. To fail D. Having failed11. _ in the queue for half an hour, the old man suddenly realized he had left the cheque in the car