由浅入深的基础文法讲义.doc

基礎文法講義文法類別類別例句注意事項名詞種類普通名詞card, son, teacher,present, book, jacketMy teacher gives me a birthday present.我的老師送我一個生日禮物1. 具有固定形狀的個體2. 可數名詞。集合名詞family, class,1. My family are going to the movies. 我們全家正要去看電影2. The class are singing in the classroom.全班正在教室裡唱歌3.My team is the best.(若視為一體)我的隊伍最棒。(單數)1. 表示整體概念(用複數動詞)2. 可數名詞。專有名詞Sunday, April, Cathy,Mr. Lin, Taiwan1. 字首大寫,指特定人、時、地、物2. 不需定冠詞指定。通常前面不加the。3. Mr. Lin comes to Taiwan in April.林先生在四月時來到台灣1.前面不加a, an或後面加S。不可數名詞物質名詞milk, bread, rice, beef,Water, coffee1. 同一類物質、無固定形狀2. I have milk and bread for breakfast.我早餐吃麵包和牛奶抽象名詞Love, happiness1. 不是實體、無法觸摸2. He is a man of love and happiness.他是個充滿愛及幸福的人基礎文法講義文法類別類別例句注意事項名詞的數可數名詞VS不可數名詞可數girlfriend, girlfriends, two girlfriends,不可數papertwo papers (X)two pieces of paper (O)複數名詞的”規則變化”1. 一般名詞boys, pens, books2. 字尾s,x,sh,ch,oboxes, watches(例外：photos, pianos,.)3. 字尾y, 去y+iesbabies, ladies4. 字尾f或fe, 去+veswolves, wives單數名詞後加-s或-es複數名詞的”不規則變化”manmen, womanwomenchildchildren, toothteethfootfeet, mousemice(要背熟)單複數”同形”的名詞Chinese, Japanese, Fish, sheep, deer表示”數量”one fish, two fish表示”種類”two kinds of fishes基礎文法講義文法類別類別例句注意事項名詞的格主格1.Mary(主格) loves the new dress.(受格)瑪麗喜愛這件新洋裝2. Sally, sit down, please.莎莉，請坐下。句子中的主詞受格1.The boy is playing with(介) the dog.(受)這男孩正和狗在玩耍2.I like apples very much.我非常喜歡蘋果做為”動詞”或”介系詞”的受詞，通常放在後面。所有格1.This is Mr. Wangs(所有格) car.這是王先生的車子。2.the girls hat女孩的帽子3.Toms father湯姆的爸爸單數名詞字尾加”s”1.the students books(學生們的書)2.a boys school(一所男校)複數名詞字尾加 Womens activities(女性的活動)複數(非s結尾) 加”s”1.This is Helen and Bills house.這是Helen和bill的房子2.Mr. and Mrs. Wangs grandson is over there.王先生和王太太的孫子在那裡。共同所有1.They are Dianas and Susans bicycles.它們是Diana和Susan的腳踏車。2.Davids and Teds brothers are doctors.個別所有基礎文法講義文法類別類別例句注意事項代名詞人稱代名詞I, you, he ,she, it, we, they1. I like my dog, Blacky.2. You are all his students.你們都是他的學生3. The teacher gives us many candies.老師給我們很多糖果4.They like their pictures.他們喜歡他們的照片(圖畫)5. You, he and I are going to the zoo.你,他和我都要去動物園(排列方式運用(231)6.Rosa and I are tall and heavy.7.We, you and they were at the beach yesterday.我們,你們和他們昨天都在海邊8.We and they are good friends.9.How is it today?今天天氣如何?(表示”天氣”)9-1. Its warm.(天氣暖和)9-2. Its raining cats and dogs.(正下著傾盆大雨)10.What time is it ? (現在是幾點? ) (表示”時間”)10-1. Its eight oclock. (現在是八點鐘)11. Its July. (現在是七月)11-1. Its Thursday. (今天是星期四)11-2. Its winter now. (現在是冬天)12. How far is it to your school ?到你的學校要多遠? (表示”距離”)1.區分主格、受格、所有格(例如：I 受格meI所有格my)2.單數排列方式你、我、他(231)3.複數排列方式(123)3. it的用法表”天氣”、”時間”、距離指示代名詞This, that, these,those1.Whats this ? 這是什麼?1-1.This is a snake. 蛇2. Is this your pen ? 這是你的筆嗎?2-1. No, that is Johns pen. 不, 那是約翰的3. These are my comic books. 這些是我的漫畫書4. Those are Mrs. Browns children.1. 指人、事、物的名詞2. this 表示與說話者”距離”較近。that表示與說話者”距離”較遠。疑問代名詞What,who,which1. Whats your name ? 你叫什麼名字?2. Whats do you have for breakfast? 你早餐吃些什麼?3. Whats your older brother? 你哥哥是做什麼的?3-1. Hes a businessman. 他是商人4.Whos that short boy? 那位矮男孩是誰?5.Whos this ? 那一位? (電話中)6.Which do you like, tea or coffee ?7.Which does Ted like, Mary or Jessica?Ted喜歡Mary or Jessica ?1. 指發問時，會用到的代名詞。(先介紹3個)which有選擇的性質基礎文法講義文法類別類別例句注意事項形容詞性質1. The girl is very beautiful. 這女孩好漂亮2. I have a new bicycle.我有一部新的腳踏車 (new相反old)We live in a big house. 我們住在一間大房子裡形容人的”高、矮、胖、瘦”，或物體”形狀、大小、顏色、特徵”狀態1-1.Its a good book. 這是本好書(靜態)1-2.Its hot today. 今天天氣很熱(靜態)1-1. Dont be noisy. 不要吵 (動態)1-2. Miss Lin is a careful worker. 林小姐是一位細心的工作者1.”靜態”的形容詞，感覺没有”聲音、動作”的形容詞。2.”動態”的形容詞，感覺有”聲音、動作”的形容詞。數量1.表示”多”的形容詞1-1. much+不可數名詞、many+可數名詞(複數) a lot of (lots of ) +可數或不可數名詞1-2. I dont have much money.1-3. There are many baseball cards on the desk.1-4. We have a lot of rice and vegetables every day.2. 表示”少”的形容詞2-1. few+可數名詞 little+不可數名詞2-2. Joe has few friends at school.2-3. Im sick. I drink little milk this morning. 我生病了。今天早上我牛奶喝的少。1.表示物品”數量多寡”的狀態2.我們每天吃很多的米飯和蔬菜。 (rice不可數名詞 vegetable可數名詞)數詞1. 基數one, two, three,.1-1. There are four desks in the room.1-2. Miss Wang has fifteen students in her class.2. 序數first, second, fourth,2-1. This is my first year in Taiwan.2-2. Bill is the second son in his family.1. “基數”形容詞，後面通常加”可數名詞”2. “序數”形容詞，前面通常加”定冠詞”或”所有格”。基礎文法講義文法類別類別例句注意事項冠詞不定冠詞a, an 1. a + “子音”為首的”可數名詞”1-1. There are a man and a dog under the tree.2. an + “母音”為首的” 可數名詞”2-1. My mother has an apple and an egg every morning.加在”名詞”前面，用來限制名詞定冠詞the1. Please open the door.We take the train to Taipei.用在”特定對象”副詞時間1.現在式now, today, every day, on Saturday, in Spring.1-1. Mark is writing a letter now.1-2. We have a computer class on Saturday.2.過去式ago, before, yester, last night, last year2-1. We were in America two years ago.2-2. I was very happy last night. 1.可以修飾”動詞、形容詞、其它種類的副詞”2.”時間副詞”，擺在”句尾”。3.由at, in, on,所連接的名詞，當做” 地方副詞”使用，擺在”句尾”。4. “程度副詞”，形容動作、時間地方1. 地方副詞at home, at school, over there, over here, in the park, on the wall, in the living room1-1. They are watching TV in the living room.1-2. Theres a dog sleeping under the sofa. 狀態1. 狀態副詞late, early, slowly, happily1-1.Susan gets home early after work. (early形容gets home的動作)1-2. Those boys go to school happily.程度1.程度副詞too, so, very1-1.The sweater is too big. I cant wear it. (too+形容詞big程度副詞)基礎文法講義文法類別類別例句注意事項介系詞表示”場所”、”方向”1. at(特定位置), in(特定範圍), on, under, over1-1. at beach, in the zoo, on the wall1-2. My aunt lives in the country.1-3. My book is on the desk. (on指與水平面或桌面接觸)1-4. A cat is sleeping under the car. (under在水平面之下)1-5.The bird is flying over the ocean.(over在水平面之上)介系詞無法單獨使用，後面需接”名詞”，才能完整表示。表示”時間”1. 表時間的某一”點”：at1-1. at nine fifteen, at noon, at sunrise(日出時)2.表月份、季節、年等(用在較長的時間範圍)：in2-1. in January, in fall, in 19982. 表特定的日子(星期、日期、節日等)：on2-1. on my birthday, on Tuesday, on June 17, on New Years Day.3.表時間的前後：before, after3-1. before lunch, before five oclock,3-2. after school, after diner3-3. I will come home before seven.3-4. After school, they usually play basketball at school.4.表時間的推定：about4-1. He usually gets home about eight in the evening.基礎文法講義文法類別類別例句注意事項疑問詞Who問”姓名”或”身份”1. Who are you ? I am Bob.2. Who is playing tennis over there ? My uncle.疑問詞用來發問的字Where問”位置”1. Where is your father ? He is in the garden.2. Where are you going ? Im going to the gym.3. Where can we eat lunch ? We can go to the new restaurant.when1. When do you go to school ? At seven ten.2. When is your birthday ? My birthday is on Nov. 12.What1.問”時間”1-1. What time is it, please ? Its ten forty. (幾點?)1-2. What day is today ? Its Wednesday.(星期?)1-3. What day do you have a Chinese class ? On Monday and Thursday.1-4. What date was yesterday ? It was Oct. 10.(問日期)1-5. What date is your fathers birthday ? Its on Feb. 29.2. 問”職業”2-1. What is Mrs. Green ? Shes a nurse.3.問”東西”3-1. What are those ? They are my shoes. 3-2. What is on the table ? Its my pet.4.問”做什麼”4-1 What are you writing ? Im writing a letter. 4-2 What is Father doing ? Hes cooking dinner.Which問”那一個”1. Which do you want, chicken or fish ?2. Which season do you like ? I like summer.how1.問”天氣如何” How is it today ? Its fine.2.問”身心狀況” How is your grandma ? Shes OK.3.問”年紀” How old is their son ? Hes only five.4.問”交通工具” How do you go to school ? I walk to school.5.問”有幾個”5-1. How many red pens are there in your pencil box ? There is only one.5-2. How many brothers do you have ? I have two.5-3. How many chairs does Richard need ? He needs 3 chairs.6.問”有多少”6-1. How much water do you have ? Not much.6-2. How much money is there in your pocket ? Only 5.7.問”東西多少錢”7-1. How much is the skirt ? Fifty dollars.1-1. How many + 可數複數名詞+ are there + in ( on, at)+ the (所有格) + 地方?1-2. How many + 可數複數名詞+ do (does)(助動詞)+ 主詞 + 動詞 ?2-1 How much+ 不可數名詞基礎文法講義文法類別類別例句注意事項連接詞And 1.連接2個字1-1. I like milk and orange juice.2.連接2個片語2-1. I go to school in the morning, have a computer class in the afternoon, and go to the movies in the evening.3.連接2個句子3-1 John is reading comic books and Bill is playing video games. 4. 對等連接詞bothand(連接2個詞性相同的字)4-1. Both David and Peter are my good friends.4-2. I buy both rice and bread in the supermarket.but1. Amy likes grapes, but I dont.You are tall, but I am short.連接2個意思相反的事物or1.表示”選擇性”(或)，常和which一起使用1-1. Which do you like, the blue sweater or the red shirt ?1-2. Who can go to my birthday party, Susan, Ford or Cathy?2. 表”因果關係”(否則)，通常前面有”祈使句”2-1. Get up early, or youll late.2-2. Do your homework, or you cant watch TV.基礎文法講義文法類別類別例句注意事項動詞以”意義”區分1.Be動詞2.動作動詞3.助動詞1. 現在式Be動詞：a. 單數am, are, is (搭配I, you, he, she, it使用)b. 複數are, (搭配We, you, they使用)1-1. I am a student.1-2. You are happy today.1-2. He is my uncle.1-3. We, you and they are in the same class.1-2. 過去式Be動詞：a. Am, iswas b. Are were1-4. I was at home last night.1-5. They were at the beach last Sunday.2.動作動詞靜態Love, like, have, want 動作動詞動態 Wash, jump, walk, run2-1. We love Taiwan. Its our country.2-2. I have a new bookbag .2-3. Jerry is running here and there. (here and there=everywhere)2-4. Mother washes clothes every morning.3. 助動詞，用來幫助其它主要動詞，構成否定句、疑問句，或表示不同時態及語氣的詞類。a. 肯定句主詞+can+原形動詞+b.否定句主詞+can not +原形動詞.3-1. I can speak English.3-2. Johnson can ride a bicycle.3-3. I can come home before six oclock.3-4. You cant eat this apple.3-5. Susan cant roller-skate.3-6. Can you come come with me? Yes, I can.3-7. Can Sally speak English ? No, she cant.3-8. We dont go to school this Saturday.3-9. Henry doesnt have shoes.3-10. Do you speak English ? Yes, I do. (No, I dont)3-11.Do we have todays newspaper ? Yes, we do.3-12.Does your grandpa walk to the park every day? No, he doesnt.3-2. 助動詞形成”疑問句Can+主詞+原形動詞+.?肯定回答，Yes, 主詞+can否定回答：No, 主詞+ cant.2. 助動詞do(does)，只在否定與疑問句間運用a. 與can用法類似，但只能在否定句與疑問句裡構成句子，不可能出現在肯定句。b. Does 用在主詞是第三人稱單數(he, she, it, Joe, a dog)c. Do 用在主詞為(I, you, we, they, Mary and Bill)d. 否定句：主詞+dont(doesnt)+原形動詞+e.疑問句： Do(Does)+主詞+原形動詞+?4.凡是在”助動詞”後的”動詞”一律用”原形動詞”以”用法”區分1.及物動詞：have, want, like (主詞+及物動詞+受詞)1-1. Sue has many stamps. 1-2. I want some money.2.不及物動詞：walk, run, jump 2-1. Jack is walking in the park.2-2. The dog can run very fast.3.授與動詞：give, send, buy, sell 主詞+授與動詞+人+物=主司+授與動詞+物+to人3-1. I give you a book. = I give a book to you.3-2. I give a cake to my brother = I give my brother a cake.3-3. Mrs. Jones buys her son two coats. = Mrs. Jones buys two coats to her son.基礎文法講義文法類別類別例句注意事項動詞時式現在進行式1.現在分詞原形動詞+ing (表示”目前”正在做的事)1-1. 原形動詞字尾有”e”,須去掉”e”再加”ing” Closeclosing, comecoming1-1-1. Mother is closing the door.1-2. 原形動詞字尾短母音+子音,須重覆”字尾”再加”ing”， Sitsitting, runrunning1-2-1. My father is sitting on the sofa.2.肯定句：主詞+be動詞+現在分詞+2-1. Mrs. Huang is cooking dinner.2-2. We are reading in the classroom.3.否定句：主詞+be動詞+not (am not, arent, isnt)+ 現在分詞+3-1. I am not watching TV. Im studying.3-2. Susan and Jerry arent playing in the park.4.疑問句(1)：be動詞+主詞+現在分詞 ?4-1. Is the baby sleeping ? Yes, she is.4-2. What are you doing, Tom? Are you washing dishes ? No, I am not.5. 疑問句(2)：疑問詞+be動詞+主詞+現在分詞 ?5-1. Where are you going ? Im going to the room.5-2. Who is Jille talking to ? 隨著時間不同，動詞也會做不同變化現在簡單式1.表示”現在動作或狀態”1-1. They are happy now.1-2. My sister knows Japanese.2.表示”習慣性的動作”2-1. I often study on the bed.3.表示”不變的真理或事實”3-1. One and two are three.3-1. There are four seasons in a year.4.表示”眼前的動作或狀態”4-1. Here co