book3-unit4重点句型、主从(handout1).docVIP

BOOK 3 Unit 4 Handout1 Book 3 Unit 4 Astronomy: the science of the starsReading How Life began on the Earth重点句型解析1. (Para1.Line1-line2) However, a widely accepted theory, the universe began with a “Big Bang” threw matter in all directions.句形分析 1)本句是 （简单句/并列句/复合句）2)主句是 .3)从句是由 引导的 定语从句，其中先行词是 ，关系词在句中充当 可以用关系词 代替，在句中可以/不可以省略。2. (Para2.line6) What it was to become was uncertain until between 4. 5 and 3. 8 billion years ago when the dust settled into a solid globe.句形分析: 本句是 （简单句/并列句/复合句）句子中含有 从句。What it was to become是 从句; when the dust settled into a solid globe是 从句, 先行词为 模仿要点 句子结构： what主语从句is until/till +时间名词定语从句【模仿1】他要给我什么礼物一直不知，直到昨天下午他来看我是我才知道。_ 【模仿2】没人知道我们将要进入什么样的大学，直到3年后我们从高中毕业以后才知道。_3. (Para 2Line 9)The earth became so violent that it was not clear whether the shape would last or not.句形分析: 本句含有句型结构 属于 状语从句。其中that从句 是 句型。句子中的 为 ,真正的主语由 引导的 从句。为了避免主语显得过长, 可以用it作为句子的主语, 把主语从句移到句子的末尾。对比句型(Para3line19)It was not immediately obvious that water was to be fundamental to the development of life.水对于生命的发展起关键作用, 这一点在当时并不明显。句形分析: 句子中的 为 ,真正的主语由 引导的 从句。为了避免主语显得过长, 可以用it作为句子的主语, 把主语从句移到句子的末尾。对比句型(Para3 line25)which made it possible for life to develop. 那使生命的生长发育成为一种可能。句形分析此句中的made+宾语 +宾语补足语 的复合结构，其中it是 ，真正宾语是 ，提示：常用于此结构的动词还有1)认为 ，2)感觉 ，3)发现 ，4)考虑 。即学即练1) is hard to understand there is gravity.很难理解为什么会有地球引力。2) is not clear gold was found there.那儿是怎么发现金子的还不清楚。3)We _ _ _ _ (规定) to get up at 6 o clock every morning.4)I _ _ _ (发现很难) to get along with him3) He found impossible Germany for the USA. 4)我觉得我有责任帮助你。他发现不可能离开德国去美国了。4. (Para 2line10) They were to produce carbon, nitrogen, water vapor and other gases, which were to make the earths atmosphere.句形分析 1)本句是 （简单句/并列句/复合句）2)主句是 .3)从句是由 引导的 定语从句，其中先行词是 ，关系词在句中充当 不/可以用关系词 代替，在句中可以/不可以省略。句型对比They multiplied and filled the oceans and seas with oxygen, which encouraged the later development of early shellfish and all sorts of fish.句形分析 1)本句是 （简单句/并列句/复合句）2)从句是由 引导的 定语从句，其中先行词是 ，关系词在句中充当 不/可以用关系词 代替，在句中可以/不可以省略。模仿要点 句子结构：which 引导一个定语从句对上句情况的进一步说明。【模仿1】我们常常看到有人乱丢乱吐，这弄得我们的环境很脏_即学即用:be to do sth 1) They said goodbye, little knowing that they never again.他们彼此说了再见, 几乎不知道再也不可能见面(meet)了。2) She this great work.她一定会因这部著作而获得荣誉(be honored for)。3) Mr. Clark said to his daughter, “You home by 10 oclock at the latest.”克拉克先生对他的女儿说: “你必须在10点之前到家。”5. (Para.2line13)What is even more important is that as the earth cooled down, water began to appear on its surface.句形分析: 本句是 （简单句/并列句/复合句）句子中含有 从句。What is even more important是 从句; that as the earth cooled down, water began to appear on its surface是 从句, 在这个表语从句中含有 引导的 状语从句，as意为“ ”模仿要点 句子结构： what引导的主语从句（系表结构）is +that引导的表语从句【as引导的时间状语从句（简单句），主句（简单句）】 【模仿】更重要的是，随着学习变得愈来愈难，我们得全神贯注于学习。 6. (Para.3line21)What many scientists believe is that the continued presence of water allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases and acids into the oceans and seas.句形分析: 本句是 （简单句/并列句/复合句）句子中含有 从句。What many scientists believe是 从句; that the continued presence of water allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases.是 从句, 在这个表语从句中含有 并列的 个宾语 和 表语从句基本句型是 into the oceans and seas是 成分。模仿要点 句子结构: 主语从句 is that表语从句 【模仿】他缺席的原因是他在上学时被一辆小车撞伤了。_句型对比(Para.5line50)So whether life will continue on the earth for millions of years to come will depend on whether this problem can be solved.句形分析: 本句是 （简单句/并列句/复合句）句子中含有 whether引导的从句。whether life will continue on the earth是 从句; whether this problem can be solved是 从句充当 宾语Using language -Reading A visit to the moon重点句型解析1. (para.1line1)Last month I was lucky enough to have a chance to make a trip into space with my friend Li Yanping, an astronomer.句型解析： adj./adv.+enough（后置）+to do sth./that-clause “足够以至于”同义转化：Last month I was lucky I had a chance to make a trip into space.2. (para.2line1)Before we left, Li Yanping explained to me that the force of gravity would change three times on our journey and that the first change would be the most powerful.句形分析: 本句是 （简单句/并列句/复合句）句子中含有 引导的从句在句中做动词 的宾语。从句中有 并列两个宾语。一个动词若带两个宾语从句, 第一个that一般 第二个引导词that一般 。模仿要点 句子结构: 动词宾语从句1并列词+ 宾语从句2 【模仿】我知道, 你不仅学了中文, 而且还写中文诗 3. (para2line3)I immediately and around in our spaceship cabin watching the earth become smaller and the moon larger.我立刻感到很高兴, 由于失重我在太空舱里飘来飘去, 我望着（身后的）地球越来越小, 而（前方的）月球越来越大。句形分析: 本句是 （简单句/并列句/复合句watching the earth become smaller and the moon larger是 短语, 在句中作 成分 。句型对比：(Para.4line1)Leaving the moons gravity was not as painful as leaving the earths. leaving the moons gravity是 短语, 在句中作 成分。动词在句中做主语应用 形式。 利用现在分词来做状语属于英语句法中的高级结构，用于作文中丰富表达的句式。是作文结构富有变化。时间状语 现在分词做时间状语，表示该动作和谓语动词同时或是相继发生，可以与相对应的时间状语从句进行转化。e.g. When they heard the news, they all jumped for joy.=When hearing the news, they all jumped for joy.=Hearing the news, they all jumped for joy.听到这个消息，他们都高兴的跳起来了 ，he answered our questions.（时间状语从句）= ，he answered our questions.（现在分词）做完演讲（speech）后，他回答了我们的问题。原因状语 现在分词位于句首表示原因 可与相应的原因状语从句进行转化。 e.g. Because I live far from the school, I have to get up early every morning.=Living live far from the school, I have to get up early every morning. 由于住的离学校远，我每天早晨只好早起。 ，we could not get in touch with her.= ，we could not get in touch with her.由于不知道他的电话号码或是地址，我们无法与她取得联系。结果状语 现在分词位于句尾，主句表示原因，后面分词短语表示结果，可与相应的结果状语从句进行转化。e.g.The big fire lasted a whole night; as a result, the fire caused great damage.= The big fire lasted a whole night, causing great damage.大火持续了一整夜，造成巨大的损失。She fell off the bike， （结果状语从句） .= She fell off the bike， （现在分词） . 她从自行车上摔了下来，摔断了左腿。 伴随或是方式状语 现在分词可以位于句首，句中，句末，位置灵活，表示与谓语动词同时发生的另一动作，多和and 连接的并列句连用。e.g.We followed Tom, and we started to climb.= Following Tom, we started to climb.我们跟随着汤姆开始爬上。The boy ran away, . (并列句)= The boy ran away， （现在分词） .男孩大喊着跑开了。目的状语 多至于句末，且与主句用逗号隔开。e.g. I travelled around fro city to city, hoping to get a job.我从一个城市到另外一个城市，希望能找到一份工作。I worked late into the night last night, .我熬夜到很晚为了准备这个工作。句型对比：（para4line2）We watched, amazed as fire broke out on the outside of the spaceship as the earths gravity increased.我们惊奇地看着, 随着地球引力的增加, 宇宙飞船的外层燃烧起火。句形分析: 本句是 （简单句/并列句/复合句）amazed 是 , 在此处作 成分。as fire broke out on the outside of the spaceship和as the earths gravity increased是由 引导的状语从句。4. （para3.line6）But when I tried to step forward I found I was carried twice as far as on the earth and fell over.而当我试着向前迈步的时候，我发觉我被送出去很远，步子的跨度竟是地球上的两倍，因而我摔倒了。解释 twice as.as. “是的两倍”，英语常见倍数的表示句型：1). 倍数+ as + adj./adv. + as “是的几倍” 我的房子是他的两倍大My room is his.2). 倍数+ adj./adv.比较级+ than “比(多/大)几倍”我的房子是他的两倍大My room is his. 3). 倍数+ the +表示长度/高度/宽度等的名词+ of “是的长度/高度/宽度几倍” 我的房子是他的两倍大 My room is his. 注意：此结构中常用的名词有：size, height, weight, length, width depth等。4). 常用的倍数表达：一倍once 两倍twice=two times 2(3,4,.)倍 基数词（three/four/five.）times练习 完成句子或翻译。1). 这把尺子是那把的三倍那么长。= = 2). 到的学生是我们预计的五倍。There are _ _ _ _ _ _ we expected.主语从句划出下列句子中的主语1.He likes dancing.（代词）2. The sun rises in the east.（名词）3.Twenty years is a short time in history. (数词)4.Seeing is believing. （动名词）5.To see is to believe. （不定式） 6.What he needs is a book. （主语从句）7.It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.(1) 从属连词that、whether。如：1. That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them. 很明显，她们确是亲姐妹，她们的脸型很相似。 2. That he will win is certain .他肯定会赢。 3. Whether hell come here isnt clear. 他是否会来这里还不清楚。 注意：that 引导主语从句只起引导作用，本身无实际意义，在主语从句中不充当任何成分，但不能省略。由whether及其他连词引导的主语从句放在句首，句后都可。 If只能放在句中。造句：1.、很明显他是个好人。2.、他通过了考试让妈妈很高兴。3、天气是否会转晴还不确定。 (2) 连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever _watch was lost is unknown. _she did is not yet known. 她干了什么尚不清楚。 _side will win is not clear._comes is welcome. 不论谁来都欢迎。 _wassaidhasleftusmuchtothink. 这里说的话都应当保密。造句：1. 我们需要的是时间。2. 谁将成为我们的班长还没有决定。3. 哪本书更好还不知道。4.(3) 连接副词 where, when, how, why，wherever，whenever，however。 _he did it remains a mystery. _he will start is not known yet. _ his happened is not clear to anyone. 这事怎样发生的，谁也不清楚 _you are is my home - my only home. 你所在的任何地方就是我的家-我唯一的家。 _ good you are is nonsense.1、他是怎样成为一名老师的还不清楚。2、你无论什么时候来都不重要。二主语从句能用it作形式上的主语。常以it作形式主语的句型有：A. It+be+形容词(obvious, true, natural, surprising, good, wonderful, funny, possible, likely, certain, probable, etc.)+that从句。如：It is certain that she will do well in her exam. 毫无疑问她考试成绩会很好。造句：很可能他把一切都告诉她了。 B. It+be+名词词组(no wonder, an honour, a good thing, a pity, no surprise, etc.)+that从句。如：Its no surprise that our team should have won the game. 我们没赢这场比赛真意外。造句：很遗憾我们不能去。C. It+be+过去分词(said, reported, thought, expected, decided, announced, arranged, etc.)+that从句。如：It is reported that China has sent another man-made earth satellite into orbit.据报道中国又成功地发射了一颗人造地球卫星。造句：据说格林先生已经到了北京。D. It+seem, happen等不及物动词及短语+that从句。如：It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all. Alice似乎不来参加晚会。It happened that I was out that day. 碰巧我那天外出了。E. It+doesnt matter (makes no difference, etc.)+连接代词或连接副词引起的主语从句。如：It doesnt matter whether she will come or not. 她是否来这无关紧要。It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting. 我们在哪里开会毫无区别。F. 当that引导的主语从句出现在疑问句中时，要以it作形式主语，而把主语从句后置。如：Is it true that the scientist will give us a lecture next week? 下周那位科学家将给我们作报告是真的吗？TIP:1. 注意连接代词whoever, whatever, whichever等引导主语从句的含义Whoever comes will be welcome. (whoever=the person who) 来的人将受到欢迎。Whatever he did was right. (whatever=the thing that) 他所做的事情是正确的。Whichever of you comes in will receive a prize. (whichever=anyone of you who) 你们当中不论哪个进来将会得到奖励。2. 主语从句需注意的问题(1)主语从句中用陈述语序What she is afraid of is their taking her to Paris. ( What is she afraid of Wrong )(2)主语从句后谓语动词用第三人称单数That they havent phoned is strange.(3)that引导的主语从句中，that不可被省略That price will go up is certain.练习一：1 (谁将去接他)_ is not decided.2 (哪个班极会赢得这场足球赛)_ is not clear so far.3 (他能否买到飞机票)_ doesnt matter much.4 (我们如何去那里)_ is a question.5 (你刚才告诉我的)_ was really a surprise.6 (他什么时候出国)_ is being discussed7 (他为什么哭)_ is not clear.8 It is clear_ (他是一个乞丐).9 (你要请谁)_ is not important10(我们将在哪里举行 )_ is not clear. 练习二：句子改错1.Where shall we spend the holiday isnt decided. 2.You have made a mistake is a fact.3. If the policeman will come is not certain.4. That is certain that w