简单句并列复合.doc

根据句子的结构，英语的句子可分为简单句、并列句和复合句。 1简单句简单句是由一个主（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）构成的句子。英语中最基本的句型只有五种，其他各种句型都是由这五种基本句型转换来的。第一种基本句型：主语+谓语动词如：I am singing. He often swims in the river.第二种句型：主语+动词+宾语如：He loves his wife.We will always remember the junior high school life.第三种句型：主语+连系动词+表语如：I am a winner.The music sounds nice.We are in the classmate.第四种句型：主语+动词+间接宾语+直接宾语如：He brings me cookies every day.They gave him a watch.第五种句型：主语+动词+宾语+宾语补足语如：He asked me to answer this question. 2并列句 句型：简单句+并列连词+简单句（常见的并列连词有and，but，or） 并列句是由两个或两个以上的简单句连接而成。并列句中的各简单句意义同等重要，相互之间没有从属关系，是平行并列的关系。它们之间用连词连结。 根据并列分句之间的不同关系，并列句可以分为四种。We often see him play basketball alone.第一种：表示并列关系此类并列连词有 and, bothand, neithernor等。如：He likes sports and he often plays basketball .Neither Jack nor his wife can play the piano.第二种：表示转折关系此类并列连词有 but, however, while 等。如：The old woman lives alone, but she never feels lonely.第三种：表示选择关系此类并列连词有or, eitheror等。如：Get up early, or youll be late for school.第四种：表示因果关系此类并列连词有so, for等。如：I turned on the TV, so we sat down and watched it.3 复合句 句型：主句+连词+从句；或连词+从句+主句（包含一个主句、一个或一个以上的从句，或只包含一个从句，但有两个或两个以上的主句的句子叫复合句。） 复合句（The Complex Sentence）：句子中有一个或一个以上的从句，叫做复合句。复合句可分为： 1).定语从句（The Attributive Clause）； 2).状语从句（The Adverbial Clause）； 3).名词性从句（The Noun Clause）： 一、 定语从句 定语从句的定义 定语从句在句子中作定语，用来修饰一个名词、名词词组或者代词。 先行词和引导词 被修饰的名词、名词词组或代词叫做先行词； 在先行词和定语从句之间起连接作用的词叫做引导词。 引导词分为“关系代词”和“关系副词”。 关系代词和关系副词 关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which, as。 关系副词有：when, where, why。 注意：关系副词里面没有how。 如果要修饰方式，用that或in which引导，或者不用引导词。 I dont like the way (that, in which) he eyed me. 我不喜欢他看我的那个样子。 关系代词：who 关系动词who在从句中主要作主语，在非正式语体里who还可以作从句中的宾语。 He is the man who wants to see you. He is the man who I saw in the park yesterday. 关系代词：whom He is the man （whom） I saw in the park yesterday. （whom在从句中作宾语） 关系代词：whose whose 用来指人或物，（只能用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换）。 They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. Please pass me the book whose cover is green. （of which the cover/the cover of which） 关系代词：which（1） which指物，在从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时在非正式语体中可以省略。 They needed a plant which didnt need as much water as rice. The farm (which) we visited yesterday is located in the suburb of Beijing. 关系代词：which（2） 当在which和that面前进行选择的情况下，一下情况要选which： 1.在非限制性定语从句中通常用which作引导词，而不能用that做非限制性定语从句的引导词。 2. 修饰整个主句。 I never met Julia again after that, which was a pity. 3. 修饰谓语部分。 He can swim in the river, which I cannot. 4. 介词 + which They are all questions to which there are no answers. 关系代词：that（1） that多用来指物，有时也可以用来指人；在从句中作主语或宾语。指物的时候多用that，也可用which。 Its a question that (which) needs careful consideration. （指物，作主语。） Who is the man that is reading a magazine under the tree? （指人，作主语。） The girl (that) we saw yesterday is Toms sister. （指人，作宾语，可省略。） 关系代词：that（2） 在以下的情况中，只能用that作引导词，而不能用which作引导词。 1. 先行词为all , everything, anything, nothing, little等不定代词时。 All (that) she lacked was training. 2. 先行词被形容词最高级修饰时 This is the best film that I have ever seen. 3. 先行词被序数词和the last修饰时 4. 先行词中既有人又有物时 They talked about the teachers and the schools that they had visited. 5. 主句是含有who或which的特殊疑问句，为了避免重复时 二、 状语从句 1 地点状语从句 地点状语从句通常由where, wherever 引导。 Where I live there are plenty of trees. Wherever I am I will be thinking of you. 2 方式状语从句 方式状语从句通常由as, (just) asso, as if, as though引导。 1） as, (just) asso引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，但在(just) asso结构中位于句首，这时as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是正如，就像，多用于正式文体，例如： Always do to the others as you would be done by. 你希望人家怎样待你，你就要怎样待人。 As water is to fish, so air is to man. 我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。 Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds. 正如打扫房屋一样，我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的东西。 2） as if, as though 两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作仿佛似的，好像似的，例如： They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed. 他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它不存在似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。） He looks as if (as though) he had been hit by lighting. 他那样子就像被雷击了似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。） It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon. 看来天气很快就会好起来。（实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。） 说明：as if / as though也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语，例如： He stared at me as if seeing me for first time. 他目不转睛地看着我，就像第一次看见我似的。 He cleared his throat as if to say something. 他清了清嗓子，像要说什么似的。 3 原因状语从句 比较：because, since, as和for 1）because语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用as或 since。 I didnt go, because I was afraid. Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey. 2）由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗 号，则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。 He is absent today, because / for he is ill. He must be ill, for he is absent today. 4 目的状语从句 表示目的状语的从句可以由that, so that, in order that, in case等词引导，例如： You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all. Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold. 5 结果状语从句 结果状语从句常由so that 或 suchthat引导，掌握这两个句型，首先要了解so 和 such与其后的词的搭配规律。 比较：so和 such 其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so 是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。 so 还可与表示数量的形容词many, few, much, little连用，形成固定搭配。 so foolishsuch a fool so nice a flowersuch a nice flower so many / few flowers such nice flowers so much / little money. such rapid progress so many peoplesuch a lot of people （ so many 已成固定搭配，a lot of 虽相当于 many，但 a lot of 为名词性的，只能用such搭配。） sothat与suchthat之间的转换既为 so与such之间的转换。 The boy is so young that he cant go to school. He is such a young boy that he cant go to school 6 条件状语从句 连接词主要有 if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that 等。. if 引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。非真实条件句已在虚拟语气中阐述。 unless = if not. Lets go out for a walk unless you are too tired. If you are not too tied, lets go out for a walk. 7 让步状语从句 though, although 注意： 当有though, although时，后面的从句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用 Although its raining, they are still working in the field. 3)ever if, even though.即使 Well make a trip even though the weather is bad. 4) whetheror- 不管都 Whether you believe it or not, it is true. 5)no matter +疑问词 或疑问词+后缀ever No matter what happened, he would not mind. Whatever happened, he would not mind. 替换：no matter what = whatever no matter who = whoever no matter when = whenever no matter where = wherever no matter which = whichever no matter how = however 注意：no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。 （错）No matter what you say is of no use now. （对）Whatever you say is of no use now. 你现在说什么也没用了。(Whatever you say是主语从句) （错）Prisoners have to eat no matter what theyre given, （对）Prisoners have to eat whatever theyre given.囚犯们只能给什么吃什么。 三、 名词性从句 1）.宾语从句（The Object Clause）； 宾语从句 在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句。宾语从句的引导词和主语从句的引导词相同。宾语从句可以作及物动词的宾语，作短语动词的宾语，介词的宾语。 宾语从句：及物动词 Everybody knows that money doesnt grow on trees. 宾语从句：短语动词 Please go and find out when the train will arrive. 宾语从句：介词的宾语 I am interested in what she is doing. 宾语从句：否定的转移 I dont suppose youre used to this diet. 我想你不习惯这种饮食。 I dont believe shell arrive before 8. 我相信她8点之前不会到。 2）.表语从句（The Predicative Clause）； 表语从句 在句子中起表语作用的从句叫做宾语从句。表语从句的引导词和主语从句的引导词相同。 What the police want to know is when you entered the room. This is what we should do. Thats why I want you to work there. as if, as though, because也可用来引导表语从句。 She seems as if she had done a great thing. It is because you eat too much. 虚拟语气：表语从句 主语是idea, notion, proposal, suggestion, request等名词时,作表语从句的动词为原形动词或should+原形