定语从句专项讲练2.doc

定语从句专项讲练（一）定义及相关术语1定语从句：修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。2先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。3关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有：that, which, who, whom, whose, as等关系副词有：when, where, why等。关系词通常有下列三个作用：A、引导定语从句；B、代替先行词；C、在定语从句中担当一个成分。例如： The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman. 注意：what, how 不做定语从句的关系词（二）限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句形式上: 限制性定语从句：不用逗号“，”与主句隔开。非限制性定语从句：用逗号“，”与主句隔开。意义上：限制性定语从句：是先行词不可缺少的定语，如删除，主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整。非限制性定语从句：只是对先行词的补充说明，如删除，主句仍能表达完整的意思。译法上：限制性定语从句：译成先行词的定语：“的”非限制性定语从句：通常译成主句的并列句。关系词的使用上：A限制性定语从句：作宾语时可省略 非限制性定语从句：不可省略B限制性定语从句：可用that 非限制性定语从句：不用thatC限制性定语从句：可用who 代替whom 非限制性定语从句：不可用who 代替whom限制性定语从句举例：China is a country which has a long history. 中国是一个历史悠久的国家。非限制性定语从句举例 ：China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful. 中国是1949年成立的， 现在正变得越来越强大。（三）关系代词引导的定语从句1who 指人，在定语从句中作主语。That is the teacher who teaches us physics. 那就是教我们物理的老师。2whom 指人，在定语从句中做宾语，常可省略。Li Ming is just the boy ( whom ) I want to see. 李明正是我想要见的男孩。注意：关系代词whom 在口语或非正式文体中常可用who 来代替，也可省略。3Which 指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时常可省略。This is the pen ( which ) he bought yesterday. 这是他昨天买的钢笔。4That 指人时，相当于who 或whom；指物时，相当于which.。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。Where is the man that / whom I saw this morning? 我今天早上看到的那个人在哪儿？5. Whose 通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。He has a friend whose father is a doctor. 他有一个爸爸当医生的朋友。注意：指物时，常用下列结构来代替：The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?Do you like the book the cover of which is yellow? （四）关系副词引导的定语从句1. when 指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。I still remember the day when I first came to this school. 我仍然记得我第一次来到这所学校的那一天。2where 指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。Shanghai is the city where I was born. 上海是我出生的城市。3 why 指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. 请告诉我你误机的原因。注意：关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。如：Great changes are taking place in the city where / in which they live. 他们生活的城市正发生巨大的变化。（五）“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句The school (which / that) he once studied in is very famous.The school in which he once studied is very famous. 他曾经就读过的学校很出名。注意： 含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在短语动词的后面。如：look for, look after, take care of 等。This is the watch (which / that) I am looking for. (正) 这是我正在找的手表。This is the watch for which I am looking . (误)若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时只可用whom，不可用who, that；关系代词指物时只可用which，不可用that。关系代词是所有格时用whose。The man with whom you talked just now is my neighbour. (正) 你刚才跟他谈话的那个人是我的邻居。The man with that / who you talked just now is my neighbour. (误)“介词+关系代词”前还可有some, any, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each, few等名词、代词或者数词。如：There are over sisty students in our class in all, most of whom are from the countryside我们班总共有60多个学生，大多数来自乡下。（六）限制性定语从句中只能用that 引导定语从句的情况1. 当先行词是everything, anything, nothing (something 除外), all, none, few, little, some等代词时，或当先行词受every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等代词修饰时。如Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li said? 李老师讲的你都记下来了吗？2. 当先行词被序数词修饰时。如：The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben. 在伦敦他们参观的第一个地方是大本钟。3. 当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。如This is the best film that I have ever seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。4. 当先行词被the very, the only修饰时。如：This is the very dictionary that I want to buy. 这正是我要买的词典。5. 当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时。如Who is the man that is standing by the gate? 站在门口的那个人是谁？6. 当先行词为人与动物或人与物时。如：They talked about the persons and things that they remembered at school 他们谈论着他们所能记起的在校时的人和事。（七）关系代词as和which 引导的定语从句1. as 和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或宾语，代表前面整个句子。如：He married her, as / which was natural. 他跟她结婚了，这是很自然的事。2. as 引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前、主句之后，甚至还可以分割主句。 which 引导的非限制性定语从句只可放在主句之后。另外，as 常常有“正如、正像”的含义。如：As is known to all, China is a developing country. 众所周知，中国是发展中国家。注意：Tom was late for school again and again, which made his teacher very angry. 汤姆老是迟到，这使得老师很恼火3. 当先行词受such, the same 修饰时，关系词常用as。 如：Ive never heard such stories as he tells. 我从未听过象他讲的这样的故事。This is the same dictionary as I lost last week. 这部词典跟我上星期丢失的一样。注意：She wore the same dress that she wore at Marys wedding. 她穿着她在玛丽婚礼上穿过的同一条连衣裙。(八) 特殊的先行词1. 以the way为先行词的限制性定语从句通常由in which或that引导，而且通常可以省略。I dont like the way (that / in which) you laugh at her. 我不喜欢你冲她的样子。2. .以point ,case system ,situation 为先行词的定语从句，一般关系词用where在定语从句中作状语。如：Well see a case where the music could cure people.（九）关系代词与关系副词的选择 用关系代词还是关系副词引导定语从句主要看关系词在定语从句中的作用（即所担当的成分）。试比较A. I will never forget the days when we spent our holidays together. 我永远忘不了我们一起度假的日子。 I will never forget the days that / which we spent together. 我永远忘不了我们一起度过的日子。B. This is the reason he was dismissed. 这就是他被解雇的原因。This is the reason he explained to me for his not attending the meeting. 这就是他向我解释的他没有参加会议的原因。（十）定语从句与同位语从句的区别 1. 定语从句修饰限定先行词，它与先行词是修饰关系；同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容，它与先行词是同位关系。The news that he told me is true. （定语从句） 他告诉我的消息是真的。 The news that he has just died is true. （同位语从句）他刚刚去世了，这个消息是真的。2.定语从句由关系代词或关系副词引导，关系词在从句中担当相应的句子成分，关系代词在从句中作宾语时经常可省略。同位语从句主要由连词that 引导，在从句中一般不担当成分；有时也由where, when, how, who, whether, what 等连词引导，这些连词则在从句中担当成分。.he problem that we are facing now is how we can collect so much money. (定语从句 ) 我们现在面临的问题是如何筹集这么多资金。 The problem how we can collect so much money is difficult to solve. （同位语从句） 我们如何筹集这么多资金，这个问题很难解决。3.同位语从句与先行词一般可以用动词be发展成一个完整的句子, 而定语从句则不能。如：.A. The idea that we could ask the teacher for advice is wonderful. （同位语从句） The idea was that we could ask the teacher for advice. B. The fact that the earth moves around the sun is known to all. （同位语从句The problem is how we can protect the wild animals. The fact is that the earth moves around the sun. C. Pay attention to the problem how we can protect the wild animals. （同位语从句） （十 一）定语从句与状语从句、名词性从句等其他从句的转换如：A. Anyone who breaks the laws will be punished. ( 定语从句