定语从句要点释疑.doc

定语从句要点释疑 魏继德1. 必须有定语从句修饰的先行词。例如：Is this factory that you visited last month?是个病句。应在that前加the one，因为this factory是句子主语，加上the one，既可作主句的表语，又可作定语从句的先行词。2. 要保持主句的完整，即不要把“先行词+定语从句”误认为是一个完整的句子。例如：The man who came here yesterday.这只是半个句子，若在后面加上is our teachers boy friend,，句子就完整了。3. 定语从句的谓语应当与先行词在人称与数上保持一致。例如：He is one of the students who are working hard in our class.He is the only one of my friends who comes from a foreign country.4. 先行词表示地点时，注意不要把关系词代词与关系副词where的用法混淆。例如：This is the place where He Baozhen was born.This is the place which He Baozhen talked of.5. 当先行词表示时间时，注意不要把关系代词与关系副词when混淆。例如：The days when we lived in the countryside are unforgettable.Do you still remember the days (that) we spent together?6. 下列情况下，引导定语从句的关系词一般要用that： 先行词是all, everything, anything, nothing等不定代词时。例如：Everything that we saw there was verything interesting. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。例如：That was the first lesson that he gave us in the college.先行词被all, any, very, the only, the very, the same, the last等修饰时（指人时，也可用who）。例如：This is the very book that I want.先行词有两个或两个以上，分别表示人和物时。例如：They are talking about the workers and the machines that they visited yesterday.主句是以who, which开头的疑问句时。例如：Who is the woman that shook hands with our teacher just now?7关系代词的省略。关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可以省略，但作前置介词的宾语时不能省略（that不可作介词的宾语），如果省略，则介词不能前置。例如：Please show me the dictionary (that/which) you bought yesterday.This is the room in which my father used to live.I know the boy (that/whom) you are talking about.8限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别：限制性定语从句对先行词起限制和修饰的作用，是主句中不可缺少的成分；非限制性定语从句只对先行词作补充说明，相当于一个插入语，故常用逗号与主句隔开。请比较：A) Her father who is a teacher is strict with her. (限制性：暗指她有不止一个父亲)B) Her father, who is a teacher, is strict with her.（非限制性：对她的父亲的职业补充说明）A) Changsha is the city where she was born. (限制性)B) Changsha, which is the captal of Hunan Province, is very beautiful. (非限制性)9. 关系代词as 与which的区别。As和which所引导的非限制性定语从句的主要区别是：which引导的非限制性定语从句，通常表示与前面句意或词组的因果关系，因此，它不能置于句首；在从句为“主语+谓语+宾语+补语”的结构中，作主语或宾语的关系代词通常用which，不用as；关系代词作前置介词的宾语时，用which，不用as；定语从句为否定句时，通常用which ，很少用as；定语从句为表示主语特征的系表结构时，关系代词通常用which，不用as。例如：They are hollow, which makes them very light. 它们是空心的，这使得它们很轻。My parents often treat me as a baby, which I cant bear. 父母常常把我当小孩看待，这是我难以忍受的。He paid the boy 10 for washing ten windows, most of which hadnt been cleaned for at least a year. 他付了那个男孩10元钱，大多数窗户至少有一年没有擦洗了。He failed in the examination, which is unexpected (not expected). 他考试失败了，这是出乎意料的事。She has got married to Mr.An, which is graceful. 她嫁给了安先生，这是一件美事。as引导的非限制性定语从句，通常表示说话人的态度与看法，有时相当于一个插入语，可置于句首、句中或句末，且有“如那样”或“像那样”的含义；as作主语时，定语从句多半为被动结构，很少是系表结构(seem等动词也可以用as作主语，表示身份或外表印象时，as可用作表语)，其常用动词为expect, hope, know, mention, see, think等。例如：As is mentioned above, the number of the students in senior high school is increasing. 如上面提到的那样，高中学生的人数正越来越多。As we know, the light travels faster than the sound. 像我们所知道的那样，光传播的速度比声音传播的速度快。Taiwan is part of China, as is known to all. 众所周知，台湾是中国不可分割的部分。从上面的例句可以看出，定语从句如果不是位于句首，也不是“主语+谓语+宾语+补语”的结构或说明主语特征的系表结构以及否定句时，as和which常常可以互换。例如：It is like a snake, as /which anybody can see. 任何人都能看得出来，大象像一条蛇。Saddam was caught, which /as seemed true. 萨大姆被捉了，这事好像是真的。They seem a couple, as /which in fact they are. 他们好像是夫妻，事实上他们就是夫妻。She has married Mr. An, as /which was expected. 不出所料，她已经嫁给了安先生。10.that引导的定语从句与同位语从句的区别。that引导同位语从句，其中心词通常是idea, news, fact, hope, thought, doubt, belief, possibility等，同位语从句是对中心词的具体内容的说明；而定语从句则对先行词起修饰和限制作用。引导词同位语从句的that为连词，一般不可省略，没有任何含义，也不充当任何句子成分；而引导定语从句的that为关系代词，并在从句中用作主语或宾语等，作宾语时，还可省略。例如：The news that Saddam was caught alive was true. 萨大姆被活捉的消息是真的。（同位）The news that was reported yesterday was not true. 昨天报道的消息不是真的。（定从）She has no idea that he is a general. 她不知道他是一个将军。（同位）The idea (that) he has seems strange. 他的想法似乎有点奇怪。（定从）He realizes the fact that smoking does harm. 他认识到吸烟有害的事实。（同位）No one believed the fact (that) he made up. 没有人相信他所编造的“事实”。（定从）请做下面的练习题：1. She heard a terrible noise, _ brought heart into her mouth. A. as B. which C. this D. that2. She was born in Beijing, _ is the capital of China. A. where B. as C. that D. which3. - Is this the house _ your father bought last year? - Yes, he bought the house _ he will live out his life in retirement. A. that; which B. where; where C. where; which D. /; in which4. - Do you still remember the day _we spent together? - Of course., Ill never forget the days _ I spent the sweet hiliday with. A. which; which B. when; when C. that; when D. those; that5. I usually buy different fresh fruits from the shop that _shipped here. A. have been B. was C. had been D. has been6. Wuhan is the hottest city _ I have been to. A. where B. which C. that D. in which7. Do you know the person _ just now? A. I spoke to him B. I spoke to C. to that I spoke D. whom I spoke8. _ is reported i