普本名词代词讲义.doc

_第一章 名词的用法一名词的分类类别定义例词专有名词表示国家、地点、人名等China, Japan, Germany, Russia, Italia, Australia, Beijing, London, Washington, New York, Paris, Newton, Einstein, Li Ming, Obama, Lincoln 表示团体、机构等名称World Health Organization, the Communist Party of China, the United Nations普通名词可数名词个体名词表示个别的人或者物desk, student, banana, egg, apple, teacher, engineer, dancer, singer, computer, television, radio, tree, flower, dog, pig, panda, cat, tiger, lion集体名词表示若干个人或物的总称family, class, team, group, police, people, class, audience, company, cattle, crew, patient, public, youth, grown-up, club, forest不可数名词数不清的抽象名词，表性质、行为、状态、情感等。money, rice, bread, ink, milk, water, quality, amount, attention, anger, happiness, danger, darkness, education, depth, luck, knowledge, patience, peace, permission, news, pain, joy, truth 二可数名词变复数规则变化一般情况下在词尾加sbook, desks, apples, students, teachers, beds, rooms, engineers 以s, x, o, z, ss, sh, ch结尾的加es.buses, boxes, tomatoes, glasses, watches, dishes特殊的单词有: radios, photos, pianos, kilos, zoos, videos, zeros, stomachs以th结尾的直接加struths, months, mouths, youths, lengths, myths, baths以辅音字母加y结尾的，变y为i，加es；以元音字母加y结尾的，直接加sfamilyfamilies, babybabies, factoryfactories, universityuniversities, victoryvictories（胜利）boy, toys, keys, rays, ways, stays以f结尾的，变f为v，加es；以fe结尾的，变fe为ve，加s.leafleaves, wolfwolves, thiefthieves, selfselves, shelfshelves, scarfscarves 树叶半数自己黄，妻子持刀去捆粮。架子后面窜出狼，就像小偷逃命忙。特殊单词有：serfs（农奴），gulfs（海湾），chiefs（首领）， cliffs（悬崖），beliefs（信仰），proofs（证据），roofs（屋顶），safes（保险箱），briefs（摘要）海湾边，屋顶上，首领奴仆两相望，谁说他们无信仰，证据写在手帕上。不规则变化单复数同型fish, sheep, deer特殊式变化manmen, womanwomen, childchildren, footfeettoothteeth, mousemice, oxoxen国人的复数单复数同型Chinese, Japanese, Swiss, Portuguese（葡萄牙人）后面加men, womenFrenchFrenchmen, EnglishEnglishmen 以an结尾的，直接加sAmericanAmericans, ItalianItalians, GermanGermans 合成名词的复数含中心名词的，在中心名词上加sfather-in-law（岳父），passers-by，apple-trees，tooth-brushes不含中心名词的，在后一个名词上加sGrownups, gobetweens（中间人） 由man，woman加名词构成的合成名词，两个名词都变复数woman teacherwomen teachers（女教师）man doctormen doctors（男医生）woman nursewomen nurses, man workermen workers有girl，boy加名词构成的合成名词，变后面一个名词。boy workerboy workers, girl farmergirl farmers, boy teacherboy teachers, girl nursegirl nurses三名词表示数量说明例示不可数名词表示数量数字+量词+of+不可数名词，复数在量词单位上表示单数复数a cup of milk（一杯牛奶）a piece of paper（一片纸）two cups milktwo pieces of paper可数名词表示数量数字+量词+of+名词的复数，表示复数的时候，量词和名词都变a kilo of eggs（一公斤鸡蛋）a bag of apples（一袋子苹果）a box of cakes（一盒子蛋糕）two kilos of eggstwo bags of applesthree boxes of cakes四名词的所有格有生命的物体的所有格一般情况下，在单词后面+sa womans book, a boys desk, fathers coat以s结尾的复数名词，直接+不以s结尾的复数名词，直接+sTeachers room,（教师公寓）Students dormitory（学生宿舍）Childrens Day（儿童节）Womens Room（女更衣室）两个人共有的，在后一个名词上+s; 两个人各有的，两个名词都+sLily and Lucys school（李丽和露西的学校）father and mothers family（父亲和母亲的家）Lilys or Lucys school（李丽或者露西的学校）fathers and mothers books (父母的书)合成词在后一个名词上+s或者+grown-ups view（成年人的观点）women teachers room（女教师的房间）含有同位语的，在同位语上+sour headmaster, Mr Lis car由所有格修饰的名词，如前面提起过的，可以省略该名词This book is Mr Lis.这本书是李先生的。表示店铺、私人诊所、家、餐馆等所有格的名词可以省略Today, I called at Mr Lis.不定代词+else，在else上+sanyone elses views（任何其他人的观点）someone elses coat（某个其他人的大衣）相互代词each other的所有格在other上+s.each others belief（彼此的信任）each others love（彼此的爱恋）无生命的物体的所有格表示时间、距离、速度、价格、天体、城市、国家、湖泊等没有生命的物体所有格直接+sBeijings economy（北京的经济）fifteen minutes walk（十五分钟的步行）表示工业、工厂、大学、机器等所有格直接+sIndustrys development（工业的发展）Beijing Universitys teaching(北京大学的教学)其他情况都用：名词+of+名词，表示所属关系a map of China（中国地图）a picture of city（城市的照片）双重所有格名词+of+名词s/名词性物主代词名词前面有限定词a, an, any, some, few, several, two修饰的a picture of my fathers（父亲的一张照片）a friend of mine（我的一个朋友）a sister of my mothers（母亲的一个妹妹）a pen of brothers（哥哥的一支钢笔）有this, that表示感情色彩的this naughty brother of your friends.that tiring job of yours（你那累人的工作）of后+名词s表示具体的人的名词，或者+名词性物主代词a son of Mr Wangs（王先生的一个儿子）a child of theirs（他们的一个孩子）a house of uncles（叔叔的一套房子）a toy of mine（我的一个玩具）a chair of hers（她的一把椅子）双重所有格讲完代词再讲第二章 代词的用法一人称代词、物主代词和反身代词类别意义分类用法例句人称代词用来代替人或者物的词主格代词I we you you he, she, it they用来做主语，放在谓语前面He is a student（他是一个学生）They like English（他们喜欢英语）I know the truth（我知道真相）We go to the library（我们去图书馆）You, he and I know the truth.你，他，我知道真相。We, they all go to the city.我们，他们都去了城市。宾格代词me us you you him, her, it them用来做宾语，放在代词和介词之后；作表语；用在省略句中。Give him the book（给他这本书）Take us to the city（带我们去城市）I buy it for her（我为她买它）Who is it? Its me（谁？我！）Who know it? Them！物主代词表示所属关系形容词性物主代词my, our your, your his, her, its their 作定语，放在名词前面。my book（我的书）her name（她的名字）their views（他们的观点）our school（我们的学校）名词性物主代词mine, ours your, yours his, hers, its their 等于形容词性物主代词+名词。1.在同一个句子中，前面出现了该名词，后面需要物主代词+名词，用名词性物主代词；2. 在两个句子中，上一个句子出现了物主代词+名词，下文需要再出现，用名词性物主代词This book is mine= my bookWhose book is this?Its hers.=her bookMy book is here.Theirs are there.我的书在这儿，他们的在哪儿。Their house is very big, but ours is very small.他们的房子很大，但我们的很小。反身动词动作返回到发出者本身myself ourselves yourself yourselves himself herself itself themselves作宾语，表语、同位语We must believe in ourselves.我们必须信任我们自己。Im not myself. 我不是我自己。He went to see the artist himself.他亲自去看艺术家。二。指示代词、相互代词、疑问代词、不定代词类别意义分类用法例句指示代词用来表示指代、指示作用的词this these表示近指This book is mine.（这本书是我的）These students are very good.（这些学生很好）that those表示远指That man over there is my uncle.那边那个男人是我的叔叔。Those books are very interesting.那些书非常有趣。用在比较级中The weather in the south is hotter than that in the north.（南方的天气比北方热）The prices of foods in southern cities are higher than those in northern cities.表示厌烦、不高兴的情绪That naughty boy!（那个淘气的男孩！）That tiring holiday!（那份令人厌倦的工作）suchsuch+a/an+adj+n如此以至于She is such a beautiful girl that everyone likes her. Do you see such a clever boy!你见过这么聪明的孩子？such+adj+不可数名词如此以至于They have such nice rice that they want to sell them at a high price.他们有如此好的大米以至于想高价出售。I never eat such delicious foodsuch+adj+名词的复数如此以至于Those girls saw such beautiful houses that they want to stay there for ever.She picks up such beautiful flowers.她采了如此多漂亮的鲜花。such as 例如（表示列举）I like eating fruits, such as apples, pears and so on. 我喜欢吃水果，例如苹果、梨等等。Sport is good to us, for example, running makes us stronger. 运动对我们有好处，例如，跑步使人更强壮。（for example举一个例子）same相同的the sameas（表示两个相同的事物）Why do you live in the same small room as I live in.（为什么你住在和我住的同样小的房间里）（两个房间）Why did you make the same foolish mistake as I made.（为什么犯和我同样的错误，两个错误）thesamethat（表示同一个事物）She loves the same young man that her sister loves.（她和姐姐同时爱上了同一个男人）相互代词表示相互关系each other彼此，相互each others彼此的They believe each other（他们彼此相信）They respect each others belief（他们尊重彼此的信仰）one another 彼此互相one anothers 相互的English people dont like to be too close to one another.英国人不喜欢彼此靠的太近。We should point out one anothers shortcoming. 我们应该指出彼此的缺点。疑问代词表示疑问做主、宾、表语who whom whose which whatWho went with you to the park？(谁和你去公园)What is this?(这是什么)Which is better? (那个更好)Whom do you know?（你知道谁?）不定代词不明确代替某个具体的词复合不定代词：something anythingeverythingnothingsomebodyanybodyeverybodynobodysomeoneanyoneeveryoneno one做主语，谓语动词用单数三人称Somebody calls me.（有人叫我）Everything is ready.（每件事都准备好了）修饰不定代词的词后置something important（一些重要的东西）somebody special（某个特殊的人）做先行词，引导定语从句，连接代词，表示人用Who，表示物体用thatAnybody who wants to go out must sign his name.任何人想出去都要登记。He old me everything that he knew.他告诉了我他知道的每件事。做主语，引起的反意疑问句，表人的，反义部分用复数，特别强调个体用单数；表示物的反义部分用单数Somebody knows me, dont they?某人知道我，对吗？Each of us knows the truth, doesnt he?每个人都知道真相，对吗？Everything is better, isnt it?（一切都好，对吗？）some，anysome用在肯定句和祈使疑问句中；any用在否定句和疑问句中Would you like some water?I got some coffee（我得到一些咖啡） Do you have any brothers? No, I havent any brother (你有兄弟吗？不，我没有)some表示某一any表示任何一some day（某一天）any day（任何一条）some可以单独放在句首做主语，any不可以，必须+名词才能做主语There are many children on the playground; some are dancing, and some arent dancing.Any day is good（任何一天都可以）both，neither，either(表示两者)both表示两者都，搭配：bothand；做主语，谓语动词用复数；not both是部分否定Both of the books are interesting.Both his father and mother know the truth. Both of the two girls arent teachers.不是两个女孩都是教师。（部分否定）either后接名词单数;做主语谓语动词用单数三人称;搭配: eitheror或者或者;either A or B做主语,谓语动词由最近的名词决定(就近原则Either side of the road is planted trees.公路的每边都种上了树。Either way is good to solve he problem.解决这个问题，哪一个方法都很好。You may choose either me or him.你可以选择他或者我。Either he or I am a teacher （他或者我是老师）neither后接单数名词；做主语，谓语用单数；搭配：neithernor既不也不；neither A nor B做主语，谓语动词就近原则；neither是完全否定。Would you like coffee of tea?Neither drink, Im not thirsty.Neither contestant wants to get such a result.You can use neither her nor him.你既不能用他也不能用她。Neither I nor you are good at English.你和我都不擅长英语。Neither way is good（两个方法都不好）all，none，no one（表示三者以上）all三者以上都，接名词的复数；位置放在系动词之后，行为动词之前；做先行词，引导定语从句，连接代词用that；not all不是所有的，部分否定He knows all students. 他知道所有的学生We all stand there（所有人都站在那儿）He told me all that he knew.他告诉我所有他知道的。Not all know the truth（不是所有人都知道真相）none可以和of连用；回答how many/how much;完全否定no one不能和of连用，回答whoNone of us knows the fact.How many apples did you eat?None. 你吃了多了苹果？一个没有。Who tells you the truth?No one.谁告诉了你真相？没人。No one knows all. 没有人知道一切other，others，another,the otherother+名词的复数，别的，其他的；any other+名词的单数；数字+other+名词；every other每隔；else放在不定代词和疑问代词后，表示别的、其他的，other不能I want to buy other things（我想买点别的）He is taller than any other boy. Two other boys come here其他两个男孩来了I visit him every other day我每隔一天去看他Who else do you know?（who other people do you know?）(你还知道谁？)Anything else（其他事情）others别的，其他的，等于other+名词的复数，搭配：someothersHe always helps others Some are yellow, others are greenthe other两个中的另一个搭配：onethe other.I have two brothers, one is a teacher, the other is a doctorI have five pens, one is red, the others are black. another三个以上的另一个；another+数字+名词的复数This coat is too large, change another one. Please give me another fifteen minutes.请再给我十五分钟。manymuchmany修饰可数名词；many a+名词，表示众多中的一个，谓语动词用单数“许多”many booksMany a girl comes here.Many a deer is killed.much修饰不可数名词；much修饰形容词比较级much money许多钱 He is much taller than me 他比我高多了This house is much more magnificent than that one.a few，few a little，littlea few，few修饰可数名词 a little，little修饰不可数名词；little，few用在否定句中，a few，a little用在肯定句中。I dont need some apples, because I have a few.The little boy cries because he has little milk.这个男孩哭了，因为他没有牛奶了。Please give me a little coffeeevery, each每一、每个each强调个体，指两个中的每一个,既可以作代词,又可以作形容词，every强调整体，作定语指三个或三个以上的每一个;each可以和of连用，every +other或every+数字+名词,表示”每隔”;做主语，谓语动词都用单数三人称Each student（每个学生）Every woman（每个女人）Each of us knows the truth.我们每个人都知道真相（不能用成every of us knows the truth）Every three days（每隔三天）Every other day（每隔一天）Every man has a car（每个男人都有车）Each boy has an English dictionary.每个男孩都有英汉词典。everyone，every oneeveryone每人、人人 every one既可表人，又可表示物，可以和of连用Every one of them is very expensive.Everyone knows it（每个人都知道它）Everyone has his view（每个人都有自己的观点）one代词one代替前面的单数名词；ones代替前面出现的复数名词；ones代前面的所有格；oneself反身代词The coat it very beautiful; I want to buy one.I like eating cakes.Please give me some ones.on ones way（在某人的路上）enjoy oneself（玩的高兴）三。It的用法用法例句表示时间、天气、距离、自然现象、环境情况等It is windy today（今天有风的）It is ten oclock now（现在十点钟）It is twenty miles from our school（离我们学校二十里）It is dirty（很脏）常用句型It is + adj/n+ for sb to do sth做对某人来说It is necessity for us to help the old. It is important for me to learn math.It is +adj+ of sb to do sth做对某人来说（表示情感、态度的形容词，即对一个人的评价，如：good，nice，kind，careful，careless，polite，impolite，bad，foolish，clever，tired）Its kind of you to help me（你真是太善良了来帮助我）Its foolish of you to make such a mistake.犯那样的错误，你真是愚蠢。Its impolite of you to treat an old man like that. 那样对待一个老人是不礼貌的。Its good of Peter to do itIt is no use/good doing sth干没有用的It is no use saying it again after the old man died.It is no good smoking in the hall.It is said/reported/believed that据说、据报道、据相信It is said that a famous singer died yesterday evening.It is reported that a farmer found a wonder under the earth.据报道一个农民发现了一个地下奇迹。It is believed that the old king was killed by his son.It is time to do sth/for sthIt is time that+过去时该干的时候了It is time to have lunch（