英语(语法、动词).doc

英 语语法（Grammar）I、词类（Part of Speech）词类英 语 名 称意 义例 词名词Noun(n.)表示人或事物的名称。boy,pencil,book,backpack冠词Article(art.)用在名词前帮助说明名词所指的人或事物。a(an),the代词Pronoun(pron.)用来代替名词、形容词和数词。we,that,his,what形容词Adjective(adi.)用以修饰名词，表示人或事物的特征。old,red,fine,good数词Numeral(num.)表示数量和顺序。one,thirteen,first动词Verb(v.)表示动作或状态。look,go,be(am,is,are)副词Adverb(adv.)修饰动词、形容词或其他副词。not,too,here,often介词Preposition(prep.)表示名词、代词等和句中其他词的关系。in,on,of,to,under连词Conjunction(conj.)用来连接词与词、短语与短语或句与句。and,or,but感叹词Interjection(interj.)表示说话时的喜悦、惊讶等情感。oh,hello,hiII、名词（Nouns）1、总的说来，名词分为专有名词和普通名词两类。专有名词是个别的人、事物、地点等专有的名称，如：Gina，China。专有名词的第一个字母要大写。2、名词按其所表示的事物的性质分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词（Countable Nouns）有复数形式，如：an apple two apples a bag some bags不可数名词（Uncountable Nouns）一般没有复数形式，如：broccoli还有一些词既可以充当可数名词，也可以充当不可数名词，如：ice cream , salad , chicken 3、可数名词有单数（Singular Form）和复数（Plural Form）两种形式。名词的复数形式（The plural Form of Nouns）的部分规则如下：情况构成方法读音例词一般情况加-s清辅音后读/s/浊辅音和元音后读/z/book books/boks/desk desks/desks/bag bags/bgz/game games/gemz/key keys /ki:z/boy boys /b iz/以o结尾的词加-es读/Z/tomato tomatoes/t/以s，sh，ch，x等结尾的词加-es读/IZ/bus buses /b siz/watch watches/ /wa:t iz/以ce,se,ze,(d)ge等结尾的词加-s读/IZ/price prices / /praisiz/case cases / /keisiz /orange oranges / /orind iz /以辅音字母+y结尾的词变y为i，再加-es读/Z/comedy comedies / /ka:m diz /,/ /kom diz /family families / /f m dliz /strawberry strawberry /str :beriz/,/str :b riz /party parties /pa:(t)tiz/注：1、少数名词的复数形式是不规则的，如manmen,womanwomen等。 2、表示民族的名词，有的在词尾加-s，如an American-three Americans；有的单、复数形式相同，如a Chinese four Chinese。 4、名词的所有格（The Possessive Case of Nouns）情况构成方法读音例词单数名词加s清辅音后读/s/浊辅音和元音后读/z/Mikes/maiks/fatherJeffs/d efs/baseballJims/ d imz/classMy fathers/ /fa: (r)z/nameMarys/ /m riz /apple以s结尾的词加读音不变the teachers roomIII、代词（Pronouns）1、人物代词（Personal Pronouns）人 称单数复数主格宾格主格宾格第一人称Imeweus第二人称youyouyouyou第三人称hesheithimherittheythem2、物主代词（Possessive Pronouns）数人称类别单 数复 数第一人称第二人称第三人称第一人称第二人称第三人称形容词性物主代词myyourhisheritsouryourtheir名词性物主代词mineyourshishersitsoursyourstheis中文我的你的他的她的它的我们的你们的他（她，它）们的3、指示代词（Demonstrative Pronouns）表示“这个”、“那个”、“这些”、“那些”等指示概念的代词叫指示代词。指示代词用法例句This(these)一般用来指时间或空间上较的的事物Is this your pencil?These are my friends .That(those)常用来指时间或空间上较远的事物Is that his book?Those are my brothers .IV数词（Numerals）1、基数词（Cardinal Numerals）1 one2 two3 three4 four5 five6 six7 seven8 eight9 nine10 ten11 eleven12 twelve13 thirteen14 fourteen15 fifteen16 sixteen17 seventeen18 eighteen19 nineteen20 twenty21 twenty-one22 twenty-two30 thirty40 forty50 fifty60 sixty70 seventy80 eighty90 ninety100 one hundred101 one hundred and one200 two hundred2、序数词（Ordinal Numbers）序数词表示事物的顺序，往往与定冠词the连用。firstsecondthirdfourthfifthsixthseventheighthninthtentheleventhtwelfth1st2nd3rd4th5th6th7th8th9th10th11th12thtwentiethtwenty-firstthistieththirty-ninthfortiethfiftiethsixtiethseventietheightiethninetiethhundredthone hunfred and first20th21st30th39th40th50th60th70th80th90th100th101thV、动词（Verbs） 一般现在时（The Present Simple Tense） 一般现在时表示现在的状态，如：He is twelve . She is at home . 表示经常的或习惯性的动作，如：I go to school at 7:30 every day . 表示主语具备的性格和能力等，如：She likes apples.They know English .1、动词be（Verb to be）I am You are He / She / It is We / You / They are I am notYou are notHe / She / It is notWe / You / They are not疑问式和简略答语Am I ？ Yes, you are . No,you are not .Are we？ Yes, we / you are . No, we / you are not .Are you ？ Yes, I am . No, I am not .Are you？ Yes, we are . No, we are not .Is he(she , it)？ Yes, he / she /it is . No, he /she / it is not .Are they？ Yes, they are . No, they are not .在口语中经常使用的缩略形式肯定式否定式其他I am Imyou are yourehe ishesshe isshesit isitswe are werethey are theyreI am not Im notyou are not you arenthe is nothe isntshe is notshe isntit is notit isntwe are not we arentthey are not they arentthat is thatswhat is whatswho is whoswhere is wheresMy name is My names2、动词do（Verb to do）肯定式否定式I like oranges .You like oranges .He / She likes oranges .We / You / They like oranges .I do not(dont) like oranges .You do not(dont)like oranges .He /She does not(doesnt) like oranges .We / You ? They do not(dont) like oranges .疑问式和简略答语Do I like oranges? Yes , you do . No, you do not(dont)Do we like oranges? Yes , we / you do . No, we / you do not(dont)Do you like oranges? Yes , I do . No, I do not(dont)Do you like oranges? Yes , we do . No, we do not(dont)Does he / she /it like oranges? Yes , he / she / it does . No, he / she / it does not(dont)Do they like oranges? Yes , they do . No, they do not(dont)当主语是第三人称单数时，动词形式有下列几种变化：规则动词原形第三人称单数形式一般动词在词尾加-s，在清辅音后读/s/，在浊辅音或元音后读/z/；在t后读/ts/，在d后读/dz/。helplikeswimlistenknowplaygetfindhelps /helps/likes /laiks/swims /swimz/listens/lis nz/knows /n z/plays /pleiz/gets /gets/finds/faindz/以字母s,x,ch,sh结尾的动词加-es，读/iz/。如果动词原形词尾已有e。则加s；以o结尾的动词也加es，读/z/。teachgoteaches/ti:t iz/goes/g z/以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，先变y为i，再加-es，读/z/。studyStudies /st diz/VI、介词（Prepositions）介词一般用于名词或代词前，表示该词与句子其他成分的关系。介词后面的名词或代词称为介词宾语。介词和介词宾语一起构成介词短语。本册课本出现的介词短语如下：at: at home at school at six thirtyabout: learn about Chinese historybefore: before breakfastfrom: (Shes)from Chinafrom: buy from the store with: play with them go with Mikein: in the backpack / box / bookcase in red in ones school / grade /class /team in the picture in April in China in English in the morning / afternoonafter: after breakfast /class of: a pictures of a classroom a photo of your familyon: on the table/chair on the dresser on the wall on the floor on weekendsto: (go)to school / bed / workunder: under the desk /table under ones chair / bed介词和动词、形容词等常常构成固定的搭配，如：look at go to bed / school get upVII、句子的种类（Kinds of Sentences）英语的句子按照用途可分为以下四类：种类用途例句陈述句用来说明事实或说话人的看法My name is Kate .I thank its exciting .疑问句用来提出问题Is this your pencil?Can you play the guitar?Do you like salad?How much are these pants?When is your birthday?祈使句用来表示请求、命令Spell it , please .Come in , please .Lets play soccer .感叹句用来表达强烈的感情What a funny time to eat breakfast!VIII、一般疑问句和特殊疑问句一般疑问句（General Questions）一般是指用Yes或No回答的疑问句，例如：Is this your pencil? Yes , it is . / No ,it isnt .Can you play the guitar ? Yes , I can . / No , I cant .Do you have a baseball? Yes , I do . / No , I dont .特殊疑问句（Special Questions）是以疑问词开始的疑问句。在本册书中出现的主要特殊疑问句及其答语如下：1、Whats your name? My name is Gina . Whats his / her name? His / Her name is 2、Wheres the baseball? Its in the backpack . Where are your books? Theyre on the chair .3、How much is the red sweater? Its eight dollars . How much are these pants?Theyre ten dollars.4、When is your birthday?My birthday is November 11th . When is Liu Pings birthday ? Her birthday is September 5th .5、What kind of movies do you like? I like action movies and comedies .6、What time do you usually get up ? I get up at six oclock. What time does she / he go to school? She / He goes to school at eight ocolck.7、Whats your favorite subject?My favirite subiect is history.8、Why do you like art ? Because its fun .动 词表示动作或状态的词，叫做动词。句中的谓语成分是由动词充当的，谓语通常是句中不可缺少的成分，因此动词是英语词类中最重要的一种。动词可以通过本身的变化来表达动作发生的时间以及说话人的语气、态度等。一、动词的分类（一）及物动词（vt.）(think,like,make,have,visit等)及物动词后面需要宾词。例如：Mr Hu teaches us English . 胡先生教我们英语。He told the children a story . 他给孩子们讲了故事。（二）不及物动词(vi.)(go,come,rise,live,swim等)不及物动词后面不需要宾语。例如：The baby is sleeping . 孩子在睡觉。We arrived at the village at noon .我们正午到达了那村子。注及物动词和不及物动词又称为实义动词。（三）连系动词（link-v. ）（be, look, turn, get, become等）连系动词词义不完整，和表语一起作谓语。例如：This room is very clean . 这房间很清洁。The weather is growing cold . 天气冷起来了。（四）助动词（aux . v）（be, do, have, shall, will等）助动词本身没有词义，只能和主要动词一起作谓语。例如：Im writing a letter . 我在写信。Do you like fish ? 你喜欢吃鱼吗？I have done my homework . 家庭作业我已做好了。（五）情态动词（mod . v.）（can, may, must等）情态动词须和动词原形一起作谓词，表示说话人的语气、情态等。例如：She can do it herself . 她自己会做它了。You may go now . 你现在可以走了。注1、在很多情况下，一个动词可以用作不同类动词。例如：What larguage are you studying ? 你学的是什么语？We study for the people . 我们为人民而学习。2、还有一类是短语动词，短语动词是动词与其它某些词结合在一起构成的固定词组，或用作vt.或用作vi. ，都是一个整体，表达一个概念。例如：look after 照看 look for 寻找send for 派人去请 ask for 讨，请求hear of 听人说起 linten to 听give up 放弃 hand in 交上go on with 继续（某事） catch up with 赶上take part in 参加 take care of 照料be afraid of 怕 be sure of 确信；对有信心二、动词的基本形式英语动词一般有四种形式：动词原形，过去式，过去分词和现在分词。动词原形即是字典中所给的形式。过去式和过去分词多数由原形动词加-ed构成，这类动词称为规则动词（不规则动词的形式变化见书末不规则动词表）。现在分词都以动词原形加词尾-ing 构成。规则动词加-ed几种情况：情 况加 法例 词一般情况加-edwant wanted以字母“e”结尾加-dlive lived以“辅音字母+y”结尾变y为i再加-edtry triey study studied以重读闭音节结尾，末尾又只有一个辅音字母将末尾的辅音字母双写，再加-edplan plannedstop stopped (但open opened)-ed的读法如下：情 况读法例 词t，d后idwantedw ntid neededni:did清辅音（t除外）后taska:skt helpedhelptWatchedw t t washedw tLaughedla : ft dresseddrest其它情况dLivedlivd triedtraid现在分词构成如下：情 况加 法例 词一般情况加-inggo going study studying以字母“e”结尾去e，加-inglive living move moving（但being）以重读闭音节结尾，末尾又只有一个辅音字母将末尾的辅音字母双写，再加-edplan planning sit - sittingbegin beginnig get - getting(但open opening)注下面三个词的现在分词形式：die dying lie lying tie tying三、限定动词和非限定动词从是否被主语所限定来分，动词有限定动词和非限定动词两大类。（一）限定动词，又叫谓语动词。它在句子里是作谓语用的，在人称和数上必须和主语一致。例如：She speaks French . 她说法语。We shall go there . 我们将上那儿去。They are reading . 他们在看书。I have done my homework . 我已做好了家庭作业。（二）非限定动词，又叫非谓语动词。它在句子里不能单独用作谓语。它不受主语限定，在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、状语等。它除了保留原来动词的部分特征（如可以有自己的宾语或状语）以外，还具有其它词类的特征。非限定动词包括不定式、分词和动名词三种。分词和动名词将在高中学习，本书不作说明。动词的八种时态在英语中，由于谓语动作发生的时间不同，或表达不同时间存在的状态，谓语动词都要发生相应的变化。这些动词的形式就叫做动词的时态。初中阶段要学习八种动词时态，现将这八种时态形式列表如下：一般时态进行时态完成时态现 在speakspeaksamare writingis has writinghave过 去wrotewas writingwerehad written将 来shall writewill过去将来should writewould一、一般现在时（一）动词一般现在时，除主语为单数第三人称外，谓语动词一律用原形动词。若主语为单数第三人称，则谓语动词的词尾应发生变化。另外be和have有特殊的人称形式，这些形式可列表如下：动词to be动词to haveI am a student .You are a student .He (She)ia a student .We(You,They)are student .I have a pen .You have a pen .He (She) has a pen .We(You,They) have pens .若主语为单数第三人称，行为动词作谓语，谓语动词的词尾就要发生变化。其变化方法列表如下：一般情况以ch,sh,s,x,o结尾的动词以辅音字母加y结尾的动词live lives learn learns clean cleans stop stops teach teaches wash washes pass passes fix fixes go goesstudy studies carry carries fly flies （二）一般现在时的用法1、表示经常发生的动作行为或存在的状态。I go to school every day except Sunday . 除了星期日，我每天上学。There are 50 students in our class . 我们班上有50个学生。2、表示一种客观事实或普遍真理。The earth is round . 地球是圆的。The sun is bigger than the moon . 太阳比月亮大。动词一般现在时词尾变化读音表情 况读法例词在ptkf等清辅音后shelps,asks,laughs,gets在sz t d 等音后izfaces,wishes,watches在其它情况下zplays,cries,shows3、动词一般现在时的疑问句式和否定句式1）否定句式a、be动词 am主语+ is + not +表语 areHe is not a student . 他不是一个学生。b、have动词 have主语+ + not any /no+宾语 hasI have not any / no book . 我没有书。c、行为动词 dont主语+ +谓语动词原形（宾语）+状语 doesnt（单三）We dont swim in spring . 我们春天不游泳。He doesnt swim in spring . 他春天不游泳。2）疑问句式a、be动词 AmIs +主语+表语AreAre you a student . 你是一个学生吗？Is she a nurse? 她是一个护士吗？b、have动词 Have+主语+ any +宾语 HasHave you any pen? 你有钢笔吗？Has she any books? 她有书吗？c、行为动词 Do+主语+行为动词原形（宾语）+状语 DoesDo you study English ? 你学英语吗？Does he read English every morning ?他每天早晨读英语吗？注have按行为动词方法构成疑问句、否定句，这是美国人的用法。例如：Do you have any book ? 你有书吗？I dont have any book . 我没有书。4、动词一般现在时常与下列时间状语连用：always , usually , often , sometimes , every day 等。二、一般过去时（一）动词一般过去时表示过去发生的动作行为或存在的状态，用这种状态的句子都有一个明确的过去时间状语或联系上下文能确切知道动作发生在过去。其谓语动词用过去式。动词一般过去时的肯定式，否定式，疑问式的句式可表示如下：肯定式否定式疑问式一般动词I (You , He , She ,We, They ) worked there .I (You , He , She ,We, They ) did not work there .Did you (I, He, She ,We, they ) work there ?be动词I (He , She , It )wasthere.I (He , She , It )was not there.Was I (he , she , It )there?We (You, They) were there .We (You, They) were not there .Were you (we,