大工12春《大学英语4》辅导资料一.docVIP

大连理工大学网络教育学院大学英语4辅导资料一主 题：对Unit 1语法点虚拟语气的讲解（1）学习时间：2012年3月30日4月8日内 容：总述多数中国人对虚拟语气的理解是：虚拟语气表示说话人的愿望，是假设的，虚构的，与事实相反的，或者是不太可能的。这种理解固然是对的，但并不全面。在英语中，虚拟语气是个广义的概念，包括好几种句型和结构。假设、意愿等只是虚拟语气的两个方面。英汉两种语言表达虚拟语气的方式差异汉语的虚拟语气只有一种情况，即假设、虚构。表达的方式非常明确，通常用“假如”、“要是该多好啊！”等方式来表达，不涉及动词的变化。而在英语中，虚拟语气是通过句子中谓语动词的特殊形式来表示的。这又一次证明动词在英语中的核心地位，又一次证明要学好英语语法，就要学好英语动词。由于虚拟语气是通过句子中谓语动词的特殊形式来表示的，因此，掌握虚拟语气中所使用的各种谓语动词形式变化是掌握虚拟语气的关键，这也是虚拟语气的难点。虚拟语气本身也是英语语法的一个难点。学习虚拟语气的方法是分别弄通虚拟语气的各种句型和结构，各个击破。下面对虚拟语气在各种句式中的用法分别介绍。用法和介绍一、虚拟语气用于表示假设的条件状语从句，状语从句相当于汉语的“假如” “要是”等。请看一个句子：If she invites me tomorrow, I shall go to the party. 如果她明天邀请我参加聚会，我就去。这是个带条件从句的主从复合句，是直接的陈述语气，主句谓语动词用将来时，从句谓语动词用现在时代替将来时，表示能实现的动作。这句话说明说话人认为邀请的可能性较大。此句的条件是“只要她邀请我”，“去”这一动作就能实现。请把这句话与下面虚拟语气的带条件从句的主从复合句进行比较：1）If she invited me, I should go to the party. 假如她邀请我参加聚会，我就去。（说话人认为邀请的可能性较小或不可能。）这句话主句谓语动词用过去将来时，从句谓语动词用一般过去时，其含义是：She will probably not invite me, so I shall not go to the party. 她很可能不会邀请我参加聚会，所以我不会去。2）If she had invited me yesterday, I should have gone to the party. 假如她昨天邀请我参加聚会，我就去了。这句话主句谓语动词用“should have + 过去分词”形式，从句用过去完成时，对过去发生的事情进行虚拟假设，表示与过去事实相反的情况，其含义是：She didnt invite me yesterday, so I didnt go to the party. 她昨天没有邀请我参加聚会，因此我没有去。3）If she should invite me tomorrow, I should go to the party. 如果她明天邀请我参加聚会，我会去的。这句话主句谓语动词用过去将来时，从句谓语动词也用过去将来时，表示的意思是，“邀请我”的可能性较小，对将来要发生的情况表示怀疑。其含义是：It is unlikely that she will invite me tomorrow, so I shall not go to the party. 明天她不可能会邀请我，因此我不会去。从以上例句可以看出：虚拟语气的条件句是用谓语动词的特殊形式来表示与现在、过去事实相反的情况或对将来发生的情况表示怀疑，和直陈语气条件句的谓语动词形式以及所表达的含义完全不同。虚拟语气条件句中所用的谓语动词过去式、过去完成式、过去将来式等只表示不同的虚拟语气，与直陈语气句子的过去时、过去完成时等毫无关系，在学习时应注意加以区别，不要混淆。现将虚拟语气在条件句中的各种具体形式和用法分述如下：1对现在的虚拟，表示与现在事实相反的假设时，条件状语从句的谓语动词用过去式（be的过去式用were. 而主句中的谓语动词用would (should, could, might) + 动词原形。见下表：条件状语从句的动词形式主句的动词形式If 主语 动词过去式 (be 的过去式用were. 在口语等非正式场合中，I, he, she, it 等后面也可用was. 但在If I were you中，一定要用were, 不能用was.I (we) should + 动词原形主语+ would (might, could)+ 动词原形例句：If I were you, I should study English. (fact: I am not you, so I shall not study English.)If he had time, he would attend the meeting. (fact: He does not have time, so he will not attend the meeting.)If they didnt take physical exercises every day, they wouldnt be so healthy. (fact: They take physical exercises every day, so they are very healthy.)If you went to bed earlier, you would not be so sleepy in the morning. (fact: You often go to bed late, so you are always sleepy in the morning.)If this were the case, it would be very awkward. (fact: This is not the case, so it is not awkward.)翻译小练习：1. If there were no subjunctive mood, English would be much easier.2. If I were you, I would (should) plant some trees around the house.3. If I dyed my hair blue, everybody would laugh at me. Or: I would (should) be laughed at by everybody.4. If she were not so busy, she would attend the meeting this afternoon.答案：1. 要是没有虚拟语气，英语就会容易多了。2. 如果我是你，我就在房屋周围种些树。3. 如果我把头发染成蓝色，人人都会笑话我。4. 要不是她这么忙，她就会出席今天下午的会议了。统考例题讲解（重点掌握）1. Two days is not enough for him to finish the work. He needs _ day. A. other B. the other C. the third D. a third解析：前一句说“两天时间他完成不了这项工作”，因此“还需要一天(a third day)”。如果用the third day则表示“第三天”。所以选择D。2. The computer system _ suddenly while he was searching for information on the Internet. A. broke down B. broke out C. broke up D. broke in解析：此句可译成：他在网上找信息时，他的计算机系统坏了。break down“坏了”；break out“爆发”；break up“断开”；break in“闯入”。所以选择A。3. How can he _ if he is not _? A. 1isten; hearing B. hear; listeningC. be listening; heard D. be hearing; listened to解析：hear“听见”，强调结果；listen“听”，强调动作。本句译为“如果他不在倾听，他怎能听得进去呢?”所以选择B。4. In _, the northerners have a particular liking for dumplings while the southerners are fond of rice. A. common B. total C. general D. particular解析：in common“共有；共同”；in total“总计”；in particular“特别”；in general“一般说来”。本句译为“一般说来，北方人偏爱吃饺子，而南方人喜欢吃大米。” 所以选择C。5. The old houses are being pulled down to _ a new office block. A. make room for B. make use of C. take the place of D. supply with解析：make room for“为腾地”。本句意为“老房子正在被拆掉，为新的办公楼腾地方。take the place of“替代”；make use of“充分利用”；supply with“为提供”。所以选择A。练习题（重点练习）1. _ the rain and the wind, he came by bike.A. In spite of B. Apart from C. Except for D. Instead of2. A young girl stood _ the tree.A. in the front of B. in front of C. in front D. in the front3. It is said that a railway will _ in this area. A. build B. built C. construct D