名词形容词副词的用法档.doc

名词I. 名词的种类：专有名词普通名词国名地名人名，团体机构名称可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词II. 名词的数：1. 规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下：规则例词1一般情况在词尾加-smap-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days2以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-esclass-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes3以-f或-fe结尾的词变-f和-fe为v再加-esleaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives加-sbelief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs4以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-esparty-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities5以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，加-stoy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys6以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词一般加-eshero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes不少外来词加-spiano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos7以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-sradio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos8以-th结尾的名词加-struth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths,2. 不规则名词复数：英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下：规则例词1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 2单复数相同sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin, 3只有复数形式ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents4一些集体名词总是用作复数people, police, cattle, staff5部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party6复数形式表示特别含义customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟)7表示“某国人”加-sAmericans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans单复数同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-womenEnglishmen, Frenchwomen8合成名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches将两部分变为复数women singers, men servantsIII. 名词的所有格：名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加s构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。1. s所有格的构成：单数名词在末尾加sthe boys father, Jacks book, her son-in-laws photo,复数名词一般在末尾加the teachers room, the twins mother, 不规则复数名词后加sthe childrens toys, womens rights, 以s结尾的人名所有格加s或者Dickens novels, Charless job, the Smiths house表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加sJapans and Americas problems, Janes and Marys bikes表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加sJapan and Americas problems, Jane and Marys father表示某人家店铺，所有格后名词省略the doctors, the barbers, the tailors, my uncles2. s所有格的用法：表示时间todays newspaper, five weeks holiday 2表示自然现象the earths atmosphere, the trees branches3表示国家城市等地方的名词the countrys plan, the worlds population, Chinas industry4表示工作群体the ships crew, majoritys view, the teams victory5表示度量衡及价值a miles journey, five dollars worth of apples6与人类活动有特殊关系的名词the lifes time, the plays plot7某些固定词组a birds eye view, a stones throw, at ones wits end(不知所措)3. of所有格的用法：用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed注：不同国籍人的单复数 国籍 总称（谓语用复数） 单数 复数 中国人 theChinese, aChinese, twoChinese 瑞士人 theSwiss, aSwiss, twoSwiss 澳大利亚人theAustralians, anAustralian, twoAustralians 俄国人 theRussians, aRussian, twoRussians意大利人 theItalians, anItalian, twoItalians 希腊人 theGreek, aGreek, twoGreeks 法国人 theFrench, aFrenchman, twoFrenchmen 日本人 theJapanese, aJapanese, twoJapanese 美国人 theAmericans, anAmerican, twoAmericans 印度人 theIndians, anIndian, twoIndians 加拿大人 theCanadians, aCanadian, twoCanadians 德国人 theGermans, aGerman, twoGermans 英国人 theEnglish, anEnglishman, twoEnglishmen 瑞典人 theSwedish, aSwede, twoSwedes名词练习1. The _ of the room were covered with _. A. roofs, leafs B. roofs, leaves C. rooves, leafs D. rooves, leaves2. There are three _ in our factory.A. woman doctors B. women doctors C. woman doctor D. women doctor3. Which do you prefer _ or _? A. potatos, tomatos B. potatos, tomatoes C. potatoes, tomatos D. potatoes, tomatoes4. They are _ of different presses(出版社). Now they are having a meeting in one of the _ office.A. editor-in-chiefs, editors-in-chiefs B. editors-in-chief, editor-in-chiefsC. editors-in-chiefs, editors-in-chiefs D. editors-in-chief, editors-in-chiefs5. The ant has two _. A. stomaches B. stomacks C. stomach D. stomachs6. He doesnt like _ for supper. A. chick B. chicken C. chickens D. chicks7. It was _ hot weather that many of us went swimming. A. so B. such C. so as D. such a8. _ wonderful space they saw on the room! A. How B. How a C. What D. What a9. We know _ travels not so fast as light. A. sound B. sounds C. the sounds D. a sound10. My family raise a lot of _, including two _.A. cattle, cowsB. cows, cattle C. cattles, cows D. cow, cattles11. A number of soldiers _ at he camp gate（军营门口）.A. have gatheredB. has gatheredC. isD. was12. The Browns have spent a large _ of money on their new car.A. deal B. amount C. number D. size13. _ work has been done to improve the peoples living standard. A. ManyB. A great many C. A great deal of D. A number of14. Mr Li shook _ warmly with a friend.A. handB. a handC. hands D. the hands15. Two _, please. A. coffee B. coffees C. cup of coffee D. cups coffee16. Have you ever read _? A. today newspaper B. newspaper todayC. newspaper of today D. todays newspaper17. The mother over there is _ mother. A. Julia and Mary B. Julia and Marys C. Julias and Marys D. Julias and Mary18. There are two _ in our class. A. Liu B. Lius C. Lius D. Lius形容词和副词用法总结及练习一、形容词的用法：（一）概念：形容词修饰名词，说明事物或人的性质或特征，通常可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类，其位置不一定都放在名词前面。1. 直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词。【难点】2. 叙述形容词只能作表语，所以又称为表语形容词，这类形容词大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。例如：afraid， asleep, awake，alone等。 （二）形容词的种类1. 品质形容词：英语中大量形容词属于这一类，他们表示人或物的品质，如：The play was boring. 那出戏很枯燥乏味。 You have an honest face. 你有一张诚实的脸。2. 颜色形容词有少数表示颜色的形容词，如：She had on a blue coat. 她穿了一件蓝色的外套。3.-ing 形容词：有大量现在分词正在或已经变为形容词，如： 4. ed形容词：它们是由它们的过去分词变过来的，一般有被动意义，多数为品质形容词，如： She looked tired. 5. 合成形容词： warm-hearted 热心的， heart-breaking 令人心碎的（三）形容词的用法和在句中的位置1、形容词在句中主要可用作： 1）定语： What a fine day! 2）表语： She looks happy. 3）宾语的补语（构成合成宾语）： Do you think it necessary? 你认为这有必要吗？ 4）状语： He arrived home, hungry and tired. 他又饿又累的回到家里。2、形容词在句中的位置：有的形容词放在被修饰的名词之前，称为前置形容词；少数形容词放在被修饰的名词之后，称为后置形容词。 1）当名词被多个前置形容词修饰时，形容词之间有一个先后顺序问题。一般规则为： （限定词）一般描绘性形容词表示大小、长短、高低的形容词表示年龄、新旧的形容词表示国籍、地区、出处的形容词表示物质、材料的形容词（名词）。如： There is a famous fine old stone bridge near the village. 村子附近有一座著名的漂亮的古代石桥。【重点】2）当形容词词组相当于一个定语从句时，或形容词用来修饰somebody, something, anything, nothing 等的时候，便会出现后置形容词。如：The boy interested in music is my brother. 对音乐赶兴趣的那个男孩是我弟弟。 Do you have anything interesting to tell us? 你有什么趣闻告诉我们吗？二、副词的用法：（一）概念：用以修饰动词、形容词或其他副词的词叫做副词。例如： not（不），here（这里），now（现在）。不少副词同时也可用作介词或其它词类。如：Have you read this book before? (副词，作时间状语) 你以前读过这本书吗？He will arrive before ten oclock. （介词，before ten oclock 是介词短语，作时间状语）他将在10点钟前到达。（二）副词的种类1、时间副词有三类：always, often, usually, sometimes, never, ever, hardly等一般位于系动词、情态动词和助动词之后，实之前义动词 1）表示发生时间的副词： Its beginning to rain now! 现在开始下雨了！ 2）表示频繁程度的副词，也称频度副词always, often, usually, sometimes, never, ever, hardly等一般位于系动词、情态动词和助动词之后，实之前义动词: She often changes her mind. 她常改变主意。3）还有一些其他表示时间的副词： He has just had an operation. 他刚动过手术。2、地点副词： 1）有不少表示地点的副词： She is studying abroad. 她在国外留学。 2）还有一些部分与介词同形的副词。它们与介词同形，跟宾语的是介词，否则是副词： 用作介词： Stand up! 起立！ 用作副词： A cat climbed up the tree. 猫爬上了树。3）以where 构成的副词也是地点副词：Its the same everywhere. 到处都一样。【重点】3、方式副词1）英语中有大量方式副词，说明行为方式（回答how的问题）： How beautifully your wife dances. 你夫人舞跳的真美。2）还有相当多的副词，表示某些情绪： She smiled gratefully. 她感激的笑了笑。3）还有一些以-ly结尾的副词，表示动作发生的状况： He left the town secretly. 他悄然离开了这座城市。【重点】4、程度副词和强调副词1）程度副词可修饰动词，表示“到某种程度”： Is she badly hurt? 她伤得重吗？ 说明 这类副词除修饰动词外，还可修饰形容词（a）或另一副词(b): a. fairly simple 相当简单 quite correct 完全正确 b. wonderfully well 好极了 do it very quickly 干得很快【重点】2）much 是一个特殊的程度副词，它可以：a. 修饰形容词等： Im not much good at singing. 我唱歌不太好。 b. 修饰比较级： You sing much better than me. 你比我唱的好多了。 Their house is much nicer than ours. 他们的房子比我们的好多了。【重点】5. 疑问副词和连接副词1）疑问副词： 疑问副词用来引导特殊问句： how: How is your grandmother? 你奶奶身体好吗？ where: Where does she come from? 她是哪儿人？ when: When can you come? 你什么时候能来？ why: Why was he so late? 他为什么来得这么晚？2）连接副词： 连接副词意思和词形都和疑问副词一样，但都引导从句或与不定式连用：how: Do you know how to start this machine? 你知道这台机器怎样启动吗？where: I dont know where he lives. 我不知道他住在哪儿。（引导宾语从句） when: Tell me when youll be ready. 告诉我你什么时候准备好。（引导宾语从句） why: Thats why I came round. 这就是我来的原因。（引导表语从句）6. 一些其它类型的副词，如表示方向的副词： Lets go inside. 咱们到里面去。 Take two steps forward. 向前走两步。（三）副词的位置1. 副词修饰动词时，通常可以放在句首、句中或句末。如： Usually I do my homework in the evening. (句首) 通常我晚上做家庭作业。 I often get up at six. (句中) 我常在6点起床。 Please speak slowly. (句末) 请慢慢说。2. 副词修饰形容词或副词时，通常放在形容词或副词的前面如： These flowers are quite beautiful. （在形容词前） 这些花相当漂亮。 He works very hard. （在副词前）他工作很努力。 但也有例外，如：She is old enough to go to school. （在形容词后）她已到了上学的年龄。3. 按一般规则, 既有地点状语又有时间状语时，地点状语应放在时间状语之前。如： We had a meeting in the classroom yesterday afternoon. 我们昨天下午在教室开了一个会。 He watched TV at home last night. 他昨晚在家看电视。说明 形容词一般修饰名词，副词一般修饰动词、形容词或副词。一些形容词后加上-ly可以变成副词，如slow-slowly, quick-quickly, careful-carefully等。【基础练习】（一）用所给词的正确形式填空1. The Greens are _(happy) to live in this _(noise) street. They have decided to move to another place.2. The panda has been _(die) for about two months. 3. I like her dress. It looks very _(beauty).4. Dont feel _(worry) about your child. The whole class would be _(friend) to the new classmate.5. The _(finally) exams usually take place at the end of June.6. Its _(possible) for an ordinary plane to fly to the moon.7. Its a _(please) trip for all of us.8. The children in China are living a _(color) life.9. It was an _(amaze) match. It amazed us.10.He felt very _(sleep) and fell _(sleep) soon when he lay in bed. 11.We all had a very _(enjoy) time at the party. （二）选择最佳答案 ( )1. These oranges taste_.A. good B. well C. to be good D. to be well( )2. I cant pay _ as he asked for. A. a as high price B.as a high price C.as high price D.as high a price( )3. We are going to see a film this evening . Why not go with us ? I have to do many things this evening . Im _ , you see . A. free B. glad C. sorry D. busy ( )4. Mum, Bill is coming to dinner this evening.OK. Lets give him _to eat. A. something different B. different anything C. anything different D. different something ( )5.The _person is talking with the doctor. A. ill B. sick C. illness D. sickness ( ) 6. The day is bright and _ . Lets go for a walk . A. sunny B. dark C. cloudy D. windy ( ) 7. Look ! _ beautiful that lake is ! A. What B. How C. How a D. What a( ) 8. -I wont go to the Great Wall tomorrow. - I wont, _. A. neither B. either C. too D. also ( ) 9. He likes to do some reading in the morning, I like it, _. A. too B. either C. neither D. also ( ) 10.That maths problem is _ difficult _ nobody can work it out. A. too; to B. very; that C. so; that D. very; but ( ) 11. Whats on the desk? Its _. A. a new green bag B. new green bag C. a green mew bag D. a bag new green ( ) 12. The night was very _, so he had to take off his shoes _. A. quiet; quietly B. quite; quickly C. late; quick D. quite; quietly ( ) 13. He_ to school to clean his classroom. A. always comes early B. comes always early C. always early comes D. come always earlier ( ) 14. I got up_today. A. later B. more lately C. lately D. late ( ) 15. Alice_goes to school at seven. A. usual B. usually C. hard D. a little三、形容词的比较等级：（一）形容词的比较级和最高级的构成 1单音节词和少数双音节词的比较级和最高级的构成情况构成方式原级比较级最高级一般情况加-er或-estnewlongnewerlongernewestlongest以e 结尾的词加-r或-stfinelatefinerlaterfinestlatest以“辅音+y” 结尾的词变y为i再加-er 或-estearlyhappyearlierhappierearliesthappiest重读闭音节的词末尾只有一个辅音字母先双写辅音字母，再加-er或-esthotthinfathotterthinnerfatterhottestthinnestfattest2 多音节词和部分双音节词在其前面加more或 most。如： 原级 比较级 最高级 useful more useful most useful difficult more difficult most difficult delicious more delicious most delicious【重点】3有几个形容词的比较级和最高级属于不规则变化。 原级 比较级 最高级 good/well better best bad/ill worse worst many/much more most little less least far farther farthest old older oldest（二） 形容词比较级的用法 1形容词的比较级可以单独使用： Be more careful next time. 下次小心点。 Which book is better? 哪本书更好？ 2也可以和than连用，表示两者相比，than后可以跟：a. 名词或代词： He is older than me / I . 他年龄比我大。b. 动名词： Skiing is more exciting than skating. 滑雪比滑冰更刺激。c. 从句： I was a better singer than he was. 我唱歌比他好。（三）形容词比较级的修饰语1形容词比较级前可加much, a lot, a bit, a little, slightly之类表示程度的状语： Hes feeling much better today. 他感到今天好多了。2也可在比较级前any, no, some, even, still这类词：Do you feel any better today? 你今天感觉好一点了吗？3比较级前还可加其他表示数量的词：My sister is ten years younger than me. 我妹妹比我小十岁。【难点】（四）形容词比较级的特殊用法1和more有关的词组 ：1) the morethe more越就越。例如： The harder you work，the greater progress youll make. 越努力，进步越大。2) no more than 与一样。例如： The officials could see no more than the Emperor. 官员们看到的和皇帝一样多。3） more than超过，不只是。例如： There are more than two thousand people in the hall. 2和less有关的词组 1) less than 不到 不太： It was ready in less than a week. 2) no less than 多达 不少于 No less than 2 million people came. 至少来了2百万人。 3) more or less 基本上 大体上 大约 The work is more or less finished. 这项工作基本上完成了。 3还有as + 形容词或副词原级 + as 1) not so/asas。例如： He cannot run so/as fast as you. 他没你跑得快。 2) 当as as 中间有名词时采用以下格式：as +形容词+ a +单数名词/；as + manymuch +名词。例如： This is as good an example as the other is. 这个例子和另外一个一样好。 I can carry as much paper as you can. 你能搬多少纸，我也能。 3) 表示倍数的词或其他程度副词做修饰语时，放在as的前面。例如： This room is twice as big as that one. 这房间的面积是那间的两倍。 Your room is the same size as mine.你的房间和我的一样大。（五） 形容词最高级用法1the + 最高级 + 比较范围 1）形容词最高级前通常必须用定冠词 the，例如： The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world. 撒哈拉沙漠是世界上最大的沙漠。 说明 形容词most前面没有the，不表示最高级的含义，只表示非常。例如： It is a most important problem. =It is a very important problem. 这是个很重要的问题。 注意：使用最高级要注意将主语包括在比较范围内。 （错）Tom is the tallest of his three brothers. （对）Tom is the tallest of the three brothers. 2） 下列词可修饰最高级，by far, far, much, mostly, almost。例如：This hat is nearly / almost the biggest. 这帽子差不多是最大的了。 注意：序数词通常只修饰最高级。例如： Africa is the second largest continent.非洲是第二大洲。3） 最高级的意义有时可以用比较级表示出来。例如： Mike is the most intelligent in his class. 或者： Mike is more intelligent than any other students in his class.（六）形容词最高级的特殊用法 1. 形容词最高级可用作表语，这时定冠词the 可以省略。 例句：I think her plan is best. 我认为她的计划最好。 2.形容词最高级还可和at 构成许多短语作状语，如 at best, at least, at most等。 例句：Ill be with you at latest by ten. 我最迟十点钟就来陪你。【基础练习】( ) 1 Your room is _ than mine. A. three time big B. three times big C. three times bigger D. bigger three times ( ) 2 When spring comes, it gets_. A. warm and warm B. colder and colder C. warmer and warmer D. shorter and shorter ( )3 _ he read the book, _ he got in it. A. The more; the more interesting B. The less; the more interesting C. The more; the more interested D. More; more interested ( )4 I like_ one of the two books. A. the older B. oldest C. the oldest D. older ( ) 5 Which do you like _, tea or c