长句的翻译方法.doc

长句的翻译方法摘要：本文简要地叙述了长句翻译的四种基本方法：顺译法、逆译法、分译法、综合法及其适用场合。关键词：长句翻译 顺译法 逆译法 分译法英语中的长句，无论多长，结构多么错综复杂，都是通过基本句型的扩展和变化得到的。其扩展与变化的方法可以简要归纳如下六种：1.增加句子的修饰语（定语、状语等）。例如：shes a student.- shes a excellent student.2.增加并列成分（并列主语、并列宾语、并列谓语、并列定语等）或并列句。例如：sometimes, I go to school by bike.- sometimes, I go to school by bike or by bus.3.增加附加成分（插入语、同位语、独立成分等）。例如：who is the most outstanding author?- who do you think is the most outstanding author?4.出现倒装或省略现象。例如：there lived an elderly lady whose husband died long ago.- an elderly lady whose husband died long ago lived there.5.增加由短语或多级短语充当的成分。例如：they are yours.- they are yours sooner or later.6.增加由长句或多级长句充当的句子成分。例如：he knew how ashamed he would have been.- he knew how ashamed he would have been if she had known his mother and the kind of place in which he was born, and the kind of people among when he was born.以上我们讲述了长句是怎么来的，现在我们就讲一下长句应该怎么翻译、长句的翻译方法有哪些。翻译的过程无非就是对句子的理解和表达过程。理解过程，即对长句内容和结构的分析过程。这个过程一般可以按照以下三个步骤进行。1. 结合语境，了解全句大意。2. 紧缩主干，确定句中的各种成分（主语、谓语、宾语等）。3. 剖析句子，分清句中主次成分及主从句关系。表达过程就是借助翻译的一些方法，把自己从原句中理解到的意思用另一种语言表达出来。其方法大致有以下四种：1. 顺序法顺序法就是基本按照原句从句首到句末的顺序将其表述出来。这个方法一般适用于有明显逻辑现象或时间先后顺序的长句中。例如：A just retribution, however, quickly fell upon the Eagle. While hovering near an altar, on which some villagers were sacrificing a goat, she suddenly seized a piece of the flesh, and carried it, along with a burning cinder, to her nest. A strong breeze soon fanned the spark into a flame, and the eaglets , as yet unfledged and helpless, were roasted in their nest and dropped down dead at the bottom of the tree. There, in the sight of the Eagle, the Fox gobbled them up.然而不久，鹰就得到了因果报应。那时，一些村民正在祭坛杀一只山羊作为祭品，鹰在祭坛附近盘旋着，突然，她冲下去，抓起一块肉，带着这块上面还有未燃尽的木炭的肉飞回窝里。一阵风把火星吹燃了，小鹰们羽毛尚未丰满，不能自救。他们在窝里被烤着，又摔到树下，死了。狐狸就当着鹰的面儿，把他们吃掉了。逆序法有时英语长句的叙述层次与汉语相反，这是我们可以采用逆译法。逆译法一般适用于以下情况：1） 先说事情的结果后讲述原因的句子。2） 后带一连串修饰成分的名词性从句。例如：Time goes fast for one who has a sense of beauty, when there are pretty children in a pool and a young Dinan on the edge, to receive with wonder anything you can catch!当你跟可爱的孩子们站在池子里，又有个年轻的狄安娜在池边好奇地接受你捉上来的任何东西的时候，如果你懂得什么叫美的话，时间是过得很快的！注意，翻译没有固定的方法，有时候，同一个句子，采用顺译法和逆译法的效果基本相同，此时可根据本人的习惯、风格进行翻译。例如：Through scientific practice weve come to realize that matter can neither come from nought nor can it be reduced to nought; the total mass of reagents before reaction is constantly equivalent to that of resultants after reaction - the law of conservation of matter.顺译法：通过科学实践，我们认识到了物质不灭原则：物质不能由无到有；化学反应物的质量之总和与化学反应生成物的质量总和是恒等的。逆译法：物质不能由无到有；化学反应物的质量之总和与化学反应生成物的质量总和是恒等的。我们通过科学实践认识上述规律。2. 分译法分译法一般适用于主句与从句或主句与修饰语之间的关系并不十分密切的情况。采用分译法时，常常为了体现句子的逻辑结构而选用以下方式：1） 括号法括号一般作解释补充说明用，交代某一事实或引语的出处。States and organizations having presented written or oral statements or both shall be permitted to comment on the statements made by other states or organizations in the form, to the extent, and within the time limits which the Court, or ,should it not be sitting, the president, shall decide in each particular case.凡已经提出书面或口头陈述或两项陈述之国家及团体，对于其他国家或团体所提之陈述，准其依法院（或在法庭开庭时，院长）所定关于每案之方式、范围及期限，予以评论。2） 冒号法冒号法可以避免重复，使译文清楚明了，特别适合科学数据的翻译。例如：The general trend towards decreasing recovery of total product with increasing specific energy input is caused by increased removal of oxygen for more severe reaction conditions as well as greater distintegration of reacting particles from thermal shock and generally higher gas velocities throughout the collection system, with subsequent loss of more fine power in the cyclone exhaust.总产量回收率随着单位耗电量的增大而减小这一总的趋势，是由下列两个原因造成的：在较为强烈的反应条件下脱氧量有所增加，以及反应微粒因热震而较多碎解和整个吸尘系统中气体流速一般较高，从而使得随后在旋风除尘器排除气体中的细粉末损失量较大。3） 破折号法破折号常用于表示语流的中断、转折和跌进，也可以用以注释说明句中某一部分。The snow falls on every wood and field, and no crevice is forgotten; by the river and the pond, on the hill and in the valley.雪，在四处飘落着。雪花撒在树上，撒在田野里；撒在河边、湖畔、山上、谷底- 没有一条岩缝墙隙里不萨撒满雪花。3. 综合法综合法就是在完全弄懂了英语原句的的句意后，按照汉语叙事论理的习惯，将句子重新组合，基本脱离原子的层次与结构。它的好处是打破原句形式的约束，使行文愈加流畅自然；坏处是稍有不当便会扭曲原句的意思，误导了读者。例如：In that infinitesimal fraction of time, inconceivable and immeasurable, during which the first atomic bomb converted a small part of its matter into the greatest burst of energy released on earth up to that time, Prometheus had broken his bonds and brought a new fire down to earth, a fire three million times more powerful than the original f