非谓语动词new.doc

I am a slow walker,but I never walk backwards. ( America)非谓语动词 高考重点要求：1、掌握不定式、分词、动名词在句子中的作用2、区分不定式、分词作定语和状语的异同3、掌握不定式、动名词作宾语，不定式和分词作宾补的惯用结构4、注意非谓语动词与句子谓语动词的时间关系，以确定非谓语动词的时态形式5、弄清非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的关系，以确定非谓语动词的语态形式句子成分预热：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语。 其中_作谓语。那么“非谓语”,顾名思义，即不能充当_成分，可以充当_等成分。问题一：哪些是动词的谓语形式？找出各句的谓语动词并指出其具体形式1. He had a good memory like an elephant. 他以前有很好的记忆力。2. It would be a waste of money building such a luxurious villa.建这么豪华的别墅太浪费钱。3. When asked why, please just keep silent. 当问到原因时，就保持沉默。4. The president was warmly welcomed by the residents. 总统受到了居民的热烈欢迎。结论：谓语动词的形式包括主动句各种时态下的谓语形式和被动句各种时态下的谓语形式以及情态动词与动词连用的各种形式。问题二：哪些是动词的非谓语形式？1. teaches _ 2. teaching _3. will teach _4. having taught _5. was taught_6. are teaching _一、非谓语动词种类在英语中，不作句子谓语，而具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词，叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词有动词不定式（to do ）；动名词（doing）；现在分词（doing）；过去分词（done）。二、分类：（1）不定式的形式：主 动被 动一般式to writeto be written进行式to be writing/完成式to have writtento have been written否定式not + (to) do1）一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后如：Im glad to meet you. He wants to be an artist.The teacher ordered the work to be done.2）进行式：不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，例如：The boy pretended to be working hard.3）完成式：不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，例如：I regretted to have told a lie. I happened to have seen the film.（2）动名词的形式： 语 态 式主动语态被动语态一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done否定式not + 动名词1）一般式： Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。2）被动式： He came to the party without being invited. 他未被邀请就来到了晚会。3）完成式： We remembered having seen the film. 我们记得看过这部电影。4）完成被动式：He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old. 他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过。5）否定式：not + 动名词 I regret not following his advice. 我后悔没听他的劝告。6）复合结构：物主代词（或名词所有格）+ 动名词He suggested our trying it once again. 他建议我们再试一次。His not knowing English troubled him a lot. 他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦。（3）现在分词的形式：现在及 物 动 词 do不及物动词go分词主动语态被动语态主动语态一般式doingbeing donegoing完成式having donehaving been donehaving gone否定式not + 现在分词1）现在分词的主动语态：现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，完成式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，常作状语。例如：They went to the park, singing and talking. 他们边唱边说向公园走去。Having done his homework, he played basket-ball. 做完作业，他开始打兰球。2）现在分词的被动语态：一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作，完成式表示发生在谓语动词之前的被动的动作。The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake. 被告诉了好几遍，这个淘气的孩子又犯了同一个错误。三、非谓语动词的句法功能：（一）做主语：做主语可用不定式和动名词（1）非谓语做主语句型结构图 A. (Not )To do- +谓语+其他B. (Not )Doing- （2）例句：1.To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard. 2.To lose your heart means failure.动词不定式短语作主语时，常用形式主语it作形式主语：It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.3. Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗读是很有好处的。注意：下面几个句型是用动名词： Its no good / use doing sth. There is no point（in）doing sthIts no use quarrelling. 争吵是没用的。（二）做表语：做主语可用不定式，动名词，现在分词和过去分词（1）非谓语做表语句型结构图A. to do-B. wh to do-C. doing（表示主语所处的状态,主动或进行）D. done（表示主语所处的状态,被动或完成） 主语+is+（2）例句：1. Her job is to clean the hall.（不定式）2. He appears to have caught a cold.（动名词）3. In the ant city, the queens job is laying eggs.（现在分词） 在蚂蚁王国，蚁后的工作是产卵。4. The window is broken.（系表）（三）做宾语：做宾语可用不定式和动名词（1）非谓语做宾语句型结构图A. to do （谓语:want/hope/wish/offer/fail/plan/learn/pretend/refuse/manage/help-） B. wh to do（谓语:know/decide/find out/forget/learn/remember/ /think/understand, wonder）C. it adj to do（谓语:find）D.doing（谓语:deny/endure/escape/resist/suggest/enjoy/finish/avoid/excuse/ - ）E. it noun doing（谓语动词:find）主语+谓语+（decide, find out, forget, know, learn, remember, see, think, understand, wonder）（2）常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有：want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式（宾语）后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语（不定式）后置，放在宾语补足语后面，例如：1. Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用，如：2. He gave us some advice on how to learn English. （3）常与V-ing做宾语连用的动词及短语有： deny, endure, escape, resist, suggest，enjoy, finish, avoid（避免）, excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit（承认），deny（否认）, mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk（冒险）, appreciate（感激）, be busy, be worth, feel like, cant stand, cant help, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent(from),keep from,stop（from）,protectfrom,set about, be engaged in, spend(in), succeed in, be used to, object to, insist on, feel like，get down to; pay attention to; look forward to; stick to; turn to; be used to (doing sth); prefer to; devote oneself to; see to.5. They havent finished building the dam. 他们还没有建好大坝。6. We have to prevent the air from being polluted. 我们必须阻止空气被污染。注意动名词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语，如上面两个例句。此外，动名词作宾语时，若跟有宾语补足语，则常用形式宾语it，例如：7. We found it no good making fun of others. 我们发现取笑他人不好。（4）有些动词后既可接to do，也可接V-ing形式作宾语，但含义不同：forget to do 忘记要去做某事(此事未做) forget doing忘记做过某事(此事已做过或已发生)stop to do 停止、中断(某件事)，目的是去做另一件事 stop doing 停止正在或经常做的事 remember to do 记住去做某事(未做) remember doing记得做过某事(已做)regret to do对要做的事遗憾(后常跟动词say, tell, inform等) regret doing对做过的事后悔 try to do努力、企图做某事 try doing试验、试一试某种办法 mean to do打算，有意要 mean doing意味着 go on to do 继而(去做另外一件事情) go on doing 继续(原先没有做完的事情)cant help (to) do 不能帮助做 cant help doing 忍不住做 如：In some parts of London, missing a bus means _ for another hour. A. waiting B. to wait C. wait D. to be waiting （5）动词want, need, require, deserve等和形容词worth后接V-ing形式的主动形式作宾语，表示被动关系，如接不定式时，则必须用被动形式。即：need doing = need to be done.（四）做宾语补足语：做宾语可用不定式，现在分词和过去分词A. to do（谓语：want/wish/ask/tell/order/beg/permit/help/advise,）B. do（谓语：see/watch/hear/feel/find/get/keep/notice/observe/have/let/make-）C. doing（谓语：see/watch/hear/feel/find/get/keep/notice/observe-）D. done（谓语：see/watch/hear/feel/find/get/keep/notice/observe-） （1）非谓语做宾补句型结构图主语+谓语+sb（2）动词不定式可充当宾语补足语，如: want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit此外，介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用，如：1. With a lot of work to do, he didnt go to the cinema. 有些动词如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等与不带有to的不定式连用，但改为被动语态时，不定式要加to, 如：2. I saw him cross the road.3. He was seen to cross the road.（3）如下动词后可跟分词作宾语补足语：see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等。例如：4. Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗？5. He kept her waiting at the gate. 他让她在门口等着。6. I heard the song sung several times last week. 上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。有时过去分词做with短语中的宾语补足语：7. With the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了，他们出去玩去了。总结：作宾语时候，选择非谓语的形式，要分析_的关系。（五）做定语：（1）非谓语短语做定语句型结构图：A. to do-(主动/被动、将来)B. doing-(主动/进行)C. done- (被动/完成) D. being done-(被动/进行)E. to be done-(被动/将来)名词说明：1.选A与被修饰词之间构成主谓和动宾关系，且表示将来的含义。2.选B与被修饰词之间构成主谓关系，且表示进行的含义3.选C与被修饰词之间构成动宾关系，且表示完成的含义4.选D与被修饰词之间构成动宾关系，且表示进行的含义5.选E与被修饰词之间构成动宾关系，且表示将来的含义6.A,E的区别：选A在句中有do的逻辑主语，选D在句中无do的逻辑主语。（2）不定式做定语：1. I have a meeting to attend.注意：不定式为不及物动词时，所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等，应有必要的介词，如：2. He found a good house to live in.3. The child has nothing to worry about.不定式可用在the first, the second以及the last, the only和最高级等后面作定语。She likes to listen to Mr. Lis lessons, so she is always the first to come and the last to leave.（3）动名词做定语：1. He cant walk without a walking-stick. 他没有拐杖不能走路。2. Is there a swimming pool in your school. 你们学校有游泳池吗？（4）现在分词做定语：现在分词作定语，在含义上表主动或进行，也可表示经常性，习惯性的动作。当分词单独做定语时，放在所修饰的名词前，如：The changing world(正在发生的世界),如果是分词短语做定语放在名词后。The man speaking to the teacher is our monitors father. 正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。现在分词作定语相当于一个主动的定语从句的句法功能，如the man speaking 可改为the man who is speaking.（5）过去分词做定语：过去分词所表示的动作，往往是已经完成的动作如：the changed world（已经起了变化的世界）；通常单个的过去分词作前置定语，过去分词短语作后置定语。如：a crowded room, the photos taken in the zoo链接高考（福建卷）33.Can those _ at the back of the classroom hear me?A. seat B. sit C. seated D. sat（湖南卷）26. The trees _ in the storm have been moved off the road. A. being blown down B. blown down C. blowing down D. to blow down（江西卷）28. We finished the run in less than half the time _.A. allowing B. to allow C. allowed D. allows（浙江卷）13. It is one of the funniest things _ on the Internet so far this year.A. finding B. being found C. to find D. found(上海卷)33. If there is a lot of work _, Im happy to just keep on until it is finished.A. to doB. to be doingC. doneD. doing（六）做状语：（1）非谓语做状语句型结构图A. (Not )To do（主谓/目的）B. (Not )Doing（主谓/时间，原因，条件和让步）C. (Not )Having done（主谓/谓语之前的动作） D. (Not )Done（动宾/原因，时间，条件，让步和伴随）E. (Not )Having been done（动宾/谓语之前的动作） ， 主语+谓语+其他。说明：1. 选择A,B,C时句子的主语与非谓语的主语构成主谓关系， 选择D,E时句子的主语与非谓语的主语构成动宾关系2. 选择A时做目的状语，意为“为了-”3. 选择B时表示时间，原因，条件和让步。4. 选择C时表示非谓语的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前。5. DE的区别为E的动作明显在主句动作之前。而D并不强调。1）做时间状语（doing/done/having done/having been done）：1. _ _ a satisfactory operation, the patient recovered from illness very quickly.A. Having been givenB. Having given C. Giving D. Being given2. _ _a satisfactory operation, the doctor believed the patient would recover from his illness very soon. A. Having been givenB. Having given C. Giving D. Being given 3. _ how to do the homework, I went to ask my teacher for help.A. Not to knowB. Not knowing C. Knowing notD. Not known4. Whenif she would request a rise，the actress noted that money was not important.A.askedB.being asked C.having askedD.asking5. Whendifferent cultures，we often pay attention only to the differences without noticing the many similarities.A.comparedB.beingcomparedC.comparing D.having compared2）表目的（to do）：1. out of the difficult situation，the restaurant is now making efforts to improve the quality of service.A.GettingB.GotC.Having got D.To get 2. the mixture, the teacher showed it around the classroom.A.To see B.More students to see C.For more students to seeD.Seen4）表原因（doing/done）：1. , Mary had to stay at home to look after her.ABeing illBTo be illCHer mother was illDHer mother being ill 2. by his grandparents，Jimmy wasnt used to living with his parents. A.To bring upB.To be brought upC.Brought upD.Being brought up3. _ tomorrows lessons, I have no time to go out with you.A. Not preparing B. Not prepare C. Not being prepared D. Not having prepared4. good and sweet，this kind of apple was soon sold out in the market.A.TastedB.TastingC.Having been tastedD.Being tasted5）做方式和伴随（doing）：1. _their students, the famous teacher came into the hall.A. Followed B. Followed by C. Being followed D. Having been followed2. and short of breath , Andy and Ruby were the first to reach the top of Mount Tai . A.To be tired B.Tired C.Tiring D.Being tired 3. _ their hats into the air, the fans of the winning team let out loud shouts of victory. A. To throwB. ThrownC. Throwing D. Being thrown 4. _ and happy, Tony stood up and accepted the prize. A.Surprising B.Surprised C.Being surprised D.To be surprising6）做条件状语（doing/done）：1. If _ to a high temperature , water can be turned into vapour . A. heat B. to heat C. heating D. heated2. to the right，you will find the house you are looking for.You cannot miss it. A.You turnB.TurnC.To be turningD.Turning3. _ the past, our life is much better.A. Comparing with B. Be compared with C. To compare withD. Compared with4. Unless _ to speak, you should remain silent at the conference.A.invitedB.inviting C.being invited D.having invited7）做让步状语（doing/done）：1. Thoughto stop to take a rest，the farmer went on working till sunset.A.toldB.being toldC.telling D.having told2 that she didnt do a good job, I dont think I am abler than her. A.To have said B.Having said C.To say D.Saying3. Though _ money, his parents managed to send him to university. A lacked B to lack C lackingD lacked in8）与逻辑主语构成独立主格（doing/done）：当分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同时，带逻辑主语的分词短语成为独立主格结构，在句法功能上起状语作用。例如：I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my head. 我等汽车时，一只鸟落到我头上。All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly. 所有的票已经卖光了，他们失望地离开了。Time permitting, well do another two exercises. 如果时间允许，我们将做另两个练习。有时也可用with (without) +名词（代词宾格）+分词形式With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 他点着灯睡着了。All books returned at the end of the term, the library assistant was satisfied. 所有的书期末时都还了，图书管理员很高兴。The field ploughed, he began to spread seed. 地耕好了，他开始撒种子。三、非谓语动词使用注意事项（一） V-ing 形式和过去分词作独立成分英语中有几个特殊的分词可用作独立成分，如given (that)意为“假设；如果；考虑到”；providing / provided (that) 意为“假定”；supposing / suppose (that)意为“假如”；considering (that) 意为“考虑到”；seeing (that) 意为“既然”等。_ the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation.A. GivenB. To giveC. GivingD. Having given（二）非谓语动词作状语的句型结构非谓语动词作状语时，一是它相当于一个状语从句，二是它逻辑上的主语必须和句子的主语一致。In order to improve English, _.A. Jennys father bought her a lot of tapes B. Jenny bought a lot of tapes for herselfC. a lot of tapes were bought by Jenny D. a lot of tapes were bought by Jennys fatherFinding her car stolen, _.A. a policeman was asked to helpB. the area was searched thoroughlyC. it was looked for everywhereD. she hurried to a policeman for help判断：wrong：To save money, every means has been tried.right: To save money, he has tried every means.wrong：To learn English well, a dictionary is needed.right: To learn English well, he needs a dictionary.历届高考试题分析例1、The discovery of new evidence led to _.A. the thief having caught B. catch the thief C. the thief being caught D. the thief to be caught答案为C。 【解析】 lead to这个词组中to是介词，后面跟名词，于是B被排除，the thief是动名词逻辑上的主语，构成动名词的复合结构，与catch之间应是被动关系，故排除A。常见的带介词to的短语有：(get) be used to, look forward to，look up to, stick to, object to, be devoted to, pay attention to等。例2、Though _money, his parents managed to send him to university.A. lacked B. lacking of C. lacking D. lacked in答案为C。 【解析】 lack是及物动词，后接宾语money。his parents与lack是逻辑上的主谓关系，要用现在分词作状语。译文：虽然缺钱，他的父母亲还是设法让他上了大学。 例3、He got well-prepared for the job interview, for he couldnt risk _ the good opportunity.A. to lose B. losing C. to be lost D. being lost答案：B 【解析】 risk后面只能带动名词做宾语，含义为“冒之险”。例4、_ to sunlight for too much time will do harm to ones skin.A. Exposed B. Having exposed C. Being exposed D. After being exposed答案为C。 【解析】 在非谓语动词中，用动名词或不定式来作主语，而分词和介词短语不能作主语，因此A、D被排除。在这个句子中，will do是谓语，缺少主语，要用动名词作主语。expose与ones skin是动宾关系，所以要用动名词的被动式being exposed。译文：在阳光下晒太长时间对人的皮肤有坏处。例5、_ into use in April 2000, the hotline was meant for residents reporting water and heating supply breakdowns. A. Put B. Putting C. Having putD. Being put答案：A 【解析】 put sth. into use “让投入使用”。显然，put 和句子主语the hotline 构成被动关系，所以用表示被动的过去分词。例6、It was unbelievable that the fans waited outside the gym for three hours just _ a look at the sports stars.A. had B. having C. to have D. have答案：C 【解析】 动词不定式充当目的状语。例7、With a lot of difficult problems _, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.A. settled B. settling C. to settle D. being settled 答案为C 【解析】动词不定式to settle作为difficult problems的定语表示现在或将来要解决的难题；过去分词settle作定语表示已经解决的难题，现在分词的被动式being settled作定语表示正在解决的难题。例8、More and more people are signing up for Yoga classes nowadays, _ advantage of the health and relaxation benefits.A. taking B. takenC. having takenD. having been taken答案：A 【解析】 take advantage of （利用）和句子主语More and more people 构成主动关系，且和句子谓语sign up for (报名参加)同时发生，所以选择A。例9、Sandy could do nothing but _ to his teacher that he was wrong.A. admit B. admitted C. admitting D. to admit答案为A。 【解析】 该句中的but是介词，后接动词不定式。当谓语动词是do，does或did时，后接不带to的不定式；是其他动词时，后接带to的不定式。该句的谓语是could do nothing，要填动词原形admit。译文：山德不得不向老师承认自己错了。例10、He sent me an e-mail, _ to get further information.A. hoped B. hoping C. to hope D. hope答案为B。 【解析】 现在分词hoping表示与send me an e-mail同时发生的动作。一些考生认为应该填不定式作目的状语。不定式作目的状语时，句子的正确形式是：He sent me an e-mail to get further information.不需要hope一词，如果要选择“hoped”时，句子的正确形式是：He sent me an e-mail and hoped to get further information。“hope”和“sent”作并列谓语。当堂巩固。1. When he was a boy, he used to go there and watch _.A. to repair bicycles B. bicycles to be repaired C. bicycles being repaired D. repairing bicycles2. - Have you considered _ your job as a teacher?- Yes. I like the job because a teacher is often considered _ a gardener.A. to change; to be B. to change; being C. changing; being D. changing; to be3. The dog, _, will be made a good watchdog.A. to train properly B. being trained properly C. properly to train D. trained properly4. _ the diamond, he had to look for a place to hide it. A. Having stolen B. Having been stolen C. Stolen D. Stealing5. _ the front door _, he had to enter