宾语从句和定语从句.docVIP

育星教育网 丰富的资源 最快的更新 优质的服务 诚信的运作定语从句：1、定语从句：修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后。2、关系词：引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词，关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；关系副词有where, when, why等。3、关系词常有3个作用：1.引导定语从句。2.代替先行词。3.在定语从句中担当一个成分。4、从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种。一、限定性定语从句（从局不用逗号和主句隔开 ）1. that即可代表事物也可代表人，which代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语，that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，which在从句中作宾语则不能省略。而且，如果which在从句中作“不及物动词介词”的介词的宾语，注意介词不要丢掉，而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边，但有的则放在它原来的位置。 2. which作宾语时，根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系，先行词与which之间的介词不能丢。3. 代表物时多用which，但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which，这些词包括all, anything, much等，这时的that常被省略 4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句中的主语和宾语，whom作宾语时，要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语 5. where是关系副词，用来表示地点的定语从句 6. when引导定语从句表示时间注值得一提的是，表示时间“time”一词的定语从句只用when引导，有时不用任何关系代词，当然也不用that引导 7. whose是关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格 8. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时，常用there is来引导 二.关系代词引导的定语从句1.who指人，在从句中做主语 (1)The boys who are playing football are from Class One. (2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.2. whom指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略。 (1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus. (2) Mr. Ling is just the boy whom I want to see. (3) The man who/whom you met just now is my friend.3. which指物，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略 (1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys. (2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.如果在从句中做宾语,就用whom或who.比 如: He is the man whom/who I talk to. 如果是在从句中作主语就只能用who.比如: He is the man who has an English book.4. that指人时，相当于who或者whom；指物时，相当于which。在定语从句中做主语或者 宾语，做宾语时可省略。 (1) The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million. (2) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning?5. whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语 (1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor. (2) I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.whose指物时，常用以下结构来代替 (3)The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired. (4)The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired. (5)Do you like the book whose cover is yellow? (6)Do you like the book the color of which is yellow?三、关系副词引导的定语从句1. when指时间，在定语从句中做时间状语 (1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school. (2) The time when we got together finally came.2. where指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语 (1) Shanghai is the city where I was born. (2) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.3. why指原因，在定语从句中做原因状语 (1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. (2) I dont know the reason why he looks unhappy today.注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换(1)The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear,(2) From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.(3)Great changes have taken place in the city in which./where I was born. 宾语从句一、宾语从句的概念宾语从句属于名词性从句，在句中作主句的宾语。 eg. We know Mr Green teaches English. She asked if these answers were right.二、宾语从句三要素：连 接 词 语 序 时 态（一）连 接 词1.连词that引导：作从句的原句是陈述句。 I hear _English is not easy.2.if/ whether “是否”，用它引导从句， 说明对陈述的事物不明确或不清楚。常用在ask, wonder, can(could) you tell me 等后。原句为一般疑问句，选择疑问句或反意疑问句。 Could you tell me if (whether) Miss Brown lives in that house?3.当从句原本是特殊疑问句时，用以下连接代词和连接副词引导： what, which, who, whom, whose, when, where, how, why, how far, how long, how many, how much, how often作用：连接主句和从句，并在从句中担任句子成分，具有一定的意义。eg: I didnt hear _he wanted me to do. I want to know _is that young man. Tom asked us _ we would start the party.（二）语序：陈述句语序 即：主句+连接词+从句（主+谓+其他成分）Do you still remember _(他说的话)? （三）时态：主句用现在时或将来时，从句可用任何时态。主句用过去时，从句用与过去相关的时态。特殊情况：1.从句说明的是一般真理、客观事实、自然现象、名言时，任用现在时。 Dad told us that it is better to do than to say. He told the boy that three and three is six. Could you tell me where the bookshop is.2.从句中有具体时间状语，即使从句动作发生在主句动作前，任用一般过去时。 The teacher told me she was born in 1960.三、宾语从句注意事项(一)当从句的原句为以下句子以及what, who作主语时，语序不变：Whats wrong? Whats the matter?Whats happening? eg: I dont know whats the matter. Can you tell me who is over there?(二)只能用whether不能用if的情况1.在介词后面： Im thinking of whether we should go fishing. We didnt think about whether it would rain the next day.2.在动词不定式前： They asked me whether to sit at the front.3.当与or not连用，或提出两种选择时: I dont know whether hes free or not. Mary asked whether I was doing my homework or not. Tell me whether youd like to go shopping or tidy the room.4.宾语从句提前时： Whether this is true or not, I cant say.5.在动词discuss后的宾语从句中: We discussed whether we would have a sports meeting next week.6.引导表语从句或位于句首的主语从句用whether： Whether he is right or wrong is a question. The question was whether he went there last night.(三)用if不用whether的情况:1.引导否定概念的宾语从句时： He asked me if I hadnt finish my homework.2.引导条件状语从句，if意为“如果”时: Well go hiking if it doesnt rain tomorrow.四、宾语从句转化为简单句1.当主从句的主语一致时： 1) I dont know what I shall do next. I dont know what to do next. 2)John didnt decide which shirt he would buy. John didnt decide which shirt to buy.2.当主句的谓语含有双宾语时，如果间宾与从句（直宾）中的主语一致时： 1)Can you tell me how I can get to the police station? Can you tell me how to get to the police station? 2)Please show me how I should start the recorder. Please show me how to start the recorder.3.当主句的谓语动词是order, require等时，如果主句和从句的主语不一致，宾语从句可转化