高一下学期重点语法总结.doc

高一下学期语法重难点集汇主谓一致:主谓一致是指一个句子的主语和谓语动词保持数的一致关系。一个句子中主谓一致，通常指三个基本原则：语法一，即形式上一致；概念一致，即概念或意念上的一致；毗邻一致，即谓语动词的形式与邻近的名词一致。语法一致原则在通常情况下，一个句子的主语和谓语在语法形式上保持一致。即主语为单数形式，谓语也为单数形式；主语为复数形式，谓语也为复数形式。如：This exercise on English idioms is not easy.这个英语短语练习不容易。在“there be”结构中，“be”的单复数取决与后面主语的数.如：There has been little change in this city.这个城市没有多少变化。3、“one of”结构，位于用单数，“two of”结构位于用复数One of the things I want to do is traveling.我想做的一件事是去旅行。Two of the boys have lost their way home.有两个男孩回家迷路了。倒装句的主语在谓语之后，避免误用。Never before has she been to Paris!她以前从未去过巴黎。概念一致主语是抽象概念、短语或从句，谓语用单数形式。如：To tell lies is wrong.说谎是不正确的。（不定式做主语）Keeping the house is a tiring job.管理家务是一件很劳累的事。（动名词做主语）How this happened is not clear to anyone.(从句做主语)注意：用what或which引导的主语从句或简单句中的数的概念取决于后面的表语，因为它们在逻辑上的意义是相同的。如：Which is your seat?你的座位是哪一个？Which are your seats?你们的座位是哪些？单个的分词作主语，不定式作主语，以及主语从句，谓语都用单数，若用连接上述的相同两个成分，谓语才用复数。两个或两个以上的主语用and和both连接时，谓语用复数形式。and连接的并列主语指同一人或同一样东西，and后的名词前没有冠词，谓语用单数；若有，则用复数。如：My best friend and adviser has changed his mind again.我的密友兼顾问又改变他的想法了。My friend and the student Sue are in the classroom.我的朋友和那位叫苏的同学在教室里。若and后面加not,谓语用单数。如：Lilei,and not I, has won the game.是 Lilei赢了比赛，而不是我。用and 连接的单数主语，前面有each,every,many a,no等词修饰时，谓语用单数。复数主语前加each,谓语仍用复数。no后面名词为单数，谓语用单数；后为复数，谓语用复数。毗邻一致由not onlybut also,neithernor,eitheror,or 连接的并列主语，在肯定句中谓语变化取决于后面的饿主语，在疑问句中取决于前面的主语。如；Either he or I am mistaken.他和我都没错。Either he or you are to go there.不是他就是你要到那儿去。虚拟语气虚拟语气表示说话人的愿望、假设、猜测或建议，而不是事实。虚拟语气是通过句中的谓语动词的特殊形式来表现的，因此，掌握虚拟语气中的各种谓语动词的形式变化，是掌握虚拟语气的关键。虚拟语气在简单句中的用法虚拟语气用于简单句中，一般表示祝愿、命令等。谓语动词要用原形。虚拟语气在主从复合句中的用法在状语从句中的用法条件句中的用法 虚拟语气的条件句是用谓语动词的特殊形式来表现与现在、过去事实相反的情况或对将来发生的情况表示怀疑，和直陈语气条件句中的谓语动词形式以及表达的含义完全不同。虚拟语气条件句中所用的谓语动词的过去时、过去完成时、过去将来时等，只表示不同的虚拟语气，和直陈语气的过去时、过去完成时、过去将来时等毫无关系。现将虚拟语气的各种具体形式和用法分述如下；表示与现在事实相反的情况形式条件从句的动词形式主句的动词形式If I (we,you,he,she,it,they)+行为动词的过去式（be的过去式一般用were）I (we) shouldYou (he,she , +动词原形或：they,it ) would 所有人称+might(could)+动词原形用法：If I had more time, I should study German.(fact:I have no more time, so I shall not study German. )If she were not so busy, she would attend the meeting this afternoon.(fact:she is very busy, so she will not attend the meeting this afternoon.)If they didnt take physical exercises every day, they wouldnt be so healthy.(fact: they take physical exercises every day, so they are very healthy.)表示与过去誓死相反的情况形式；条件从句的动词形式主句的动词形式If I (we,you,he,she,it,they)+had+过去分词I (we) shouldYou (he,she , +have+过去分词或：they,it ) would 所有人称+could(might)+have+过去分词用法：I would have checked my paper again if I had had more time at yesterdays examination.(fact:I had no more time at yesterdays exam, so I didnt check my paper again)You would have already recovered from his illness if he had seen the doctor in good time.(fact: He didnt see the doctor in good time ,so he hasnt recovered from his illness ) 表示与将来事实相反的情况形式：条件从句的动词形式主句的动词形式If I (we,you,he,she,it,they)+行为动词的过去式（be的过去式一般用were）通常要与一个表将来的时间的状语连用If (we,you,he,she,it,they)+should+动词原形c. If I (we,you,he,she,it,they)+were to+动词原形I (we) shouldYou would +动词原形或：he(she,it ) would they wouldI (we,you,he,she,it,they)+could(might)+动词原形用法：If it rains tomorrow, our picnic will be put off.(The weather has been changeable these days.)If it rained tomorrow, our picnic would be put off.( The weather has beenvery good these days.)If it should rain tomorrow, our picnic would be put off.(That would be out of our expectation.)If it were to rain tomorrow, our picnic would be put off. (条件从句谓语动词用were to +动词原形，表示 下雨的可能性极小。Were to rain和should rain 都表示“出乎意料之外”，但were to加强表示“当初没想到以后的事”)混合时间条件句的用法：有时条件从句的动作和主句动作发生的 时间不一致。这时动词的形式，应根据它所要表达的具体时间来决定用什么形式。If she hadnt trained so hard, she wouldnt be run so fast.（从句叙述过去，主句叙述现在。） （fact: she has trained very hard, so she would able to run fast.）You would speak English well enough if you had practised reading and speaking it every day.(主句叙述现在，从句叙述过去) （fact: You didnt practice (hasnt practiced ) reading and speaking it every day, so you cant speak English well enough.）在其他状语从句中的用法主要用于由as if (as though) 引导的比较状语从句，从句中谓语动词一般用“动词的过去式（be 变were ）或had +过去分词。”如：She looked as if she were ill.(实际上她没有病，在这里用虚拟语气补语比喻她精神不佳)Xiao Liu speaks English so well as if he had studied in England.(这里用虚拟语气表现他的 英语说得好)（2）在主语从句中的用法：通常由形式主语it引出的主语从句来表达。主语从句中，谓语动词用“should+动词原形”；表示“必要”“重要”“奇怪”等意思。It is necessary that you should clean the workshop after work.下班后你必须清扫车间。It is important that we should ask advice of other people about our work.在工作中，征求别人的意见是很重要的。I. 单项填空(共20小题, 20分) 1. Three score and eight is _ . A. 68 B. 58 C. 48 D. 38 2. The students in that class often help _ . A. each other B. one other C. one after another D. each one 3. There are _ many bikes of the same color that I could hardly pick out mine from them . A. very B. quite C. so D. such 4. The passengers should wait in _ when they want to get on the plane . A. this way B. line C. danger D. hope 5. The gestures (手势) are _ both by Chinese and foreigners as _ the same meaning . A. accepted ; having B. accepted ; to have C. received ; having D. received ; to have 6. he _ the importance to master a foreign language in our work . A. pointed out B. work out C. pointed to D. turned to 7. -_ it be Li Ping who broke the glass ? - No. It _ be Wu Dong who did it . A. Can , must B. Must , Can C. Must , Must D. May , need 8. The boss went to see Mr King , and _ him for his work . A. praised B. praising C. and praising D. praise 9. Abu Simbel , _ is in Egypt was moved stone _ stone above the water level . A. that ; by B. that ; after C. which ; by D. who ; after 10. - Do you like Chinese food ? - Yes . But I _ eating a big meal for such a long time . A. dont feel like B. would like not C. feel like not D. would not like 11. The parents _ the boys name before they sent him to the nursery . A. were marked the clothes with B. marked the clothes with C. were marked with the clothes D. marked with the clothes 12. If you go _ his plan , you will be punished . A. through B. ahead C. on D. against 13. Be careful _ to turn off the light . A. not forget B. not to forget C. forget not D. forget to not 14. She told me the castle which _ from the 14 century . A. dated B. came C. leaned D. heard 15. -_ ? - Im sorry , but its not allowed . A. Is Lizzy in B. Is that Lizzy speaking C. Would you mind my talking here D. Would you like some help 16. The farmers thought of ways _ their trees . A. of protect B. protecting C. to protect D. to protecting 17. Not the wonderful views but the warmth of the hosts _ moved us all . A. has B. have C. was D. are 18. I heard the clock but then I _ and went on sleeping , A. moved back B. came back C. turned over D. came out 19. This is the concert hall _ he has given very successful performances . A. where B. which C. that D. when 20. Will you please keep a certain _ a way from the fire ? A. condition B. sign C. far D. distance II. 完形填空(共20小题; 20分) 阅读下面短文, 掌握其大意, 然后从2645各题所给的四个选项中, 选出一个最佳答案。 Two years ago I moved to a new neighborhood . There seemed to be very _21_ people in this area _22_ are without telephones , _23_ I hoped to get a new phone quickly . I _24_ one as soon as I moved into my new house . “We arent _25_ many new phones in your area ,”an engineer told me . “A lot of people want new phones _26_ and the company is employing _27_ engineers than last year so as to _28_ money . A new phone _29_ you much money , but it will _30_ a little time . We cant do anything for you before _31_ . ” You need a lot of _32_ if youre waiting for a new phone and you need a few _33_ whose phones you can _34_ as well . Fortunately , I had _35_ . December came and _36_ , but there was _37_ sign of phone . I went to the companys office to ask about it . “They told me Id have a phone _38_ December , ”I said _39_ . “ _40_ ?”the assistant asked . 21. A. few B. many C. much D. such 22. A. which B. whom C. whose D. who 23. A. because B. so C. though D. since 24. A. looked after B. asked for C. found out D. picked up 25. A. supplying B. selling C. building D. repairing 26. A. for a long time B. at the moment C. at that time D. for a moment 27. A. more B. fewer C. less D. enough 28. A. waste B. make C. save D. get 29. A. will pay B. wont pay C. will spend D. wont cost 30. A. take B. spend C. do D. have 31. A. December B. this year C. Christmas D. next year 32. A. money B. time C. patience D. help 33. A. friends B. engineers C. lawyers D. guides 34. A. lend B. use C. answer D. choose 35. A. one B. either C. both D. neither 36. A. went B. gone C. going D. to go 37. A. not B. no C. a D. the 38. A. in B. after C. by D. for 39. A. quickly B. anxiously C. angrily D. happily 40. A. Really B. Is that proper C. Are you right D. Which year III. 阅读理解(共20小题。A节每小题2分, B节每小题1分; 满分35分) A) 阅读下列短文, 从每题所给的四个选项中选出最佳答案。1 Great Britain is an island that lies off the northwest coast of Europe . The nearest country is France which is 20 miles away . Great Britain is separated from France by the English Channel . The island is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , to the west , and the North Sea , to the east . It includes the main lands of England , Wales and Scotland . Scotland is in the north while Wales is in the west . Ireland , which is also an island , lies off the west coast of Great Britain . It is made up of Northern Ireland and the Irish Republic . Great Britain together with Northern Ireland forms the United Kingdom (U.K.). So the U.K. is made up of four countries . The largest of these is England which is divided into 43 counties (县、郡) . The capital city is London which is on the river Thames . 42. Great Britain is separated from France by _ . A. the North Sea B. Suez Canal C. English Channel D. Thames 43. Great Britain lies on the _ of the Atlantic Ocean . A. west B. north C. east D. south 44. The United Kingdom is made up of _ . A. England , Wales , Scotland and Ireland B. England , Wales , Scotland and Northern Ireland C. Great Britain and Ireland D. Great Britain and the Irish Republic 45. It is true that England is _ . A. the smallest of the four countries in U. K. B. only larger than Wales C. as large as Ireland D. the largest country in U. K. 2 who doesnt love sitting beside a cosy fire on a cold winters night ? Who doesnt love to watch flames (火苗) curling up a chimney ? Fire is one of mans greatest friends , but also one of his greatest enemies. Many big fires are caused by carelessness . A lighted cigarette thrown out of a car or train window or a broken bottle lying on dry grass can start a fire . Sometimes , though , a fire can start on its own . Wet hay (草) can begin buring by itself . This is how it happens : the hay starts to rot (腐烂) and begins to give off heat which is trapped inside it . Finally , it bursts into flames . Thats why farmers cut and store (贮存) their hay when its dry . Fires have destroyed whole cities . In the 17th century , a small fire which began in a bakers shop burnt down nearly every building in London. Moscow was set on fire during the war against Napoleon . This fire continued burning for seven days . And , of course , in 64 A. D. a fire burnt Rome . Even today , in spite of modern fire - fighting methods , fire causes millions of pounds worthy of damage each year both in our cities and in the countryside . It has been wisely said that fire is a good servant but a bad master . 46. The writer considers it _ to sit beside a fire on a cold winter night . A. nice B. dangerous C. unhappy D. painful 47. Which of the following describes the way how hay begins burning on its own ? A. wet hay becomes dry gives off heat burns B. dry hay gets too much heat from the sun gives out heat starts to burn C. wet hay begins to rot gives out heat starts to burn D. dry hay gives off heat starts to rot starts to burn 48. Many big fires are caused _ . A. by cigarette B. by their own C. by dry grass D. by peoples carelessness49. how many examples did the writer give to show fires can destroy the whole city ? A. One B. Two C. Three D. Four 50. Which of the following statement is not true ? A. Fires still cause much damage now although there are modern fire - fighting methods . B. Fires cause less damage in the country than in the city . C. Fire can be mans good friend and also great enemy . D. One should be careful not to throw a lighted cigarette everywhere . 3 The king of the oil field is the driller . He is a very skilled man . Sometimes he sends his drill more than a mile into the earth . During the process (过程) of drilling , gas and oil at great pressure may suddenly be met , and if he rushes out and catches fire that oil well may never be brought into operation at all . This danger is well known and steps are always taken to prevent it. There is a lot of luck in drilling for oil . The drill may just miss the oil although it is near ; on the other hand , it may strike oil at a fairly high level . When the drill goes down , it brings up soil . the soil is examined for traces (痕迹) of oil . If they are disappointed at one place , the drillers go to another . A lot of money has been spent , for example , in the deserts of Egypt , in “searching”for oil . Sometimes little is found . When we buy some petrol (汽油) for our cars , we pay not only the cost of the petrol , but also part of the cost of the search that is always going on . 51. The word “drilling”in this passage means _ . A. doing exercises B. searching for oil C. preventing fires D. training workers 52. The driller is unlucky when the drill _ . A. goes very near the oil without striking it B. brings up oil C. strikes oil at a fairly high level D. does not bring up oil 53. The soil the drill brings up is _ . A. useful B. poor C. of no use D. colorful 54. The cost of unsuccessful drilling is _ . A. met by the driller B. paid by the government C. included in the selling price of petrol D. returned by the oil wells 55. According to the passage , which of the following is right ? A. The drillers are the kings of the oil field , and the engineers are their people . B. The drillers always send their drills more than a mile into the earth . C. Sometimes the oil wells may be destroyed by the fire because the great pressure of gas and oil . D. If you go t