高中英语书面表达常见错误与对策讲练.docVIP

高中英语书面表达常见错误与对策一、规范书写书写是一个人的基本功，是其综合素质的体现。高考书面表达评分标准规定，评分时要注意“拼写及标点符号的准确性”，“如书写较差，以致影响交际，将分数降低一个档次。”1. 移行的规则移行应遵循单词的音节。音节的划分一般为“一归后，二分手，字母组合手拉手”。“一归后”：指两个元音字母之间有一个辅音字母时，在移行划分音节时，这个辅音字母归后，如：studentstu-dent, definitede-fi-nite。“二分手”：指两个元音字母之间有两个辅音字母时，在移行划分音节时要分属前后。如：suppersup-per, middlemid-dle, compoundcom-pound。“字母组合手拉手”：指凡是固定字母组合的发音移行时不可分开，如：picture, national中的ure, tion不能拆开。一下细节问题更要注意：（1）一个字母构成的音节，不能在它的前后拆开移行，如ahead, idea不能拆成a-head, i-dea。（2）单音节词不论其长短都不能拆开移行，如：text, horse, straight。（3）带有铅坠或后缀的词移行时，应在前缀与词根相接处拆开移行，如：carefulcare-ful, boyhoodboy-hood。（4）复合词移行时，应在连字符处或构成的两部分之间拆开。如：bookstorebook-store, headmasterhead-master。（5）有些动词的简略式不可拆开移行，如：arent, dont, havent, shouldnt等。（6）词尾-ed，-es等中的e不发音第 1 页 共 10 页时，就不算一个音节，不能拆开移行，如：walked, stayed, goes。2. 规范三写单词或字母的大小写、拼写和书写达到规范化。（1）考生要把字母写得易于辨认，尤其是a, o；u, r, v；e, t, c；h, l等在手写体中易于混淆的字母，一定要写清楚。（2）应特别注意英语文章标题中的大小写的写法，一般来说实词、拼写较长的介词的首字母要大写，简单做法可以有只大写标题的首单词的首字母，其余均小写；另外有些学生会将小写s占格为大写，这也是要杜绝的。（3）干净整洁的卷面可以打动阅卷老师的心，有可能获得意外的高分。二、正确使用标点符号高考书面表达评分细则规定，评分时“要考虑标点符号的准确性。”英语的标点符号和汉语的标点符号有相似之处，但也有不同之点。尤其是英语中的逗号、句号和分号与汉语的用法不甚相同。1. 逗号英语中最小的停顿。主要用于:(1)逗号和并列连词and, but, or, nor, for, so等一起用来连接两个独立分句。We didnt know the address, but we had their telephone number.We must go now, or it will be late.(2) 逗号用在引导性的介词短语、分词、ing形式、不定式和从句之后。When the sun went down, we started the fire.In the middle of the room, there is a big Christmas tree.Exhausted, she fell asleep on the chair.(3) 逗号用于分隔非限制性句子成分。For most foreigners, who have no knowledge of English, language is the chief problem.Shakespeares tragedy, Macbeth, is one of his greatest plays.(4) 逗号用在一系列结构平行的句子成分中。He speaks slowly, clearly, and emphatically.I studied English, French, and Latin.(5) 逗号用于分隔插入成分、过渡词语和对照词语。The picnic, it seems, will be held on Sunday.You, too, may have a try.The problem, however, remains unsolved.(6) 逗号用来分隔感叹句、呼语词和反意疑问句中的附加疑问句。Goodness, did the bell ring?Excuse me, sir, is this a bank? You will not leave, will?(7) 逗号用来分隔句子的修饰语（独立成分）。Considering the weather, we made a good time.Generally speaking, women are more careful than men.(8) 逗号用来把yes, no与句子的其它部分分开。Yes, he is.No, I dont.(9) 逗号用于分隔日期、地点、地址、数字、书信、头衔、直接引语等。She graduated on July 6, 1996, from Beijing University.He lives in St. Louis, Missouri.1,918,102Dear John,Jerry Smith, M.A., Ph. D.She said, “Only a fool would believe you.”(10) 为避免误解、明确句子意思而必须时，用逗号。As far as I can , the result has not been promising.Whatever is, is right.After he broke his hand, writing was very difficult for him.2. 句号英语中最普通的终止号，它标志着除感叹句、直接疑问句以外的所有句子的结束。主要用于：(1) 陈述句和祈使句后。Honesty is the best policy.Be sure to get here on time.(2) 用于间接疑问句。He asked us where we got the money.(3) 用于缩写词后。Mr. JonesDr. RichardsSt. NickPh. D.Oct.etc.(4) 用在小数的数字中。0.499.9%$3.983. 分号由逗号和句号合并而成，它是强于逗号、弱于句号的分隔号。主要用于：(1) 用于两个独立的分句之间。凡两个分句没有并列连词and, but, or, nor, for等连接时，就必须用分号。The girls did the dishes; the boys swept the floor.First he learned Spanish; later he also took French.(2) 用在由连接副词连接的独立成分之间。在连接副词however, therefore, consequently, nevertheless, moreover, accordingly, also, thus, otherwise等连接的独立分句之间，要用分号。There was more money left; therefore, we decided to plan a trip to Qingdao.Most of the class went on the trip; however, Liu Hua stayed at school.My alarm didnt go off on time; consequently, I missed the train.(3) 分隔带有逗号的一些列词组和从句。He had a car, which he hadnt paid for; a wife, whom he didnt love; and a father, who was very old.The most significant dates of the Civil War were April 12, 1861; July 3, 1863; April 9, 1865.注意：在任何一种位置上，分号都仅出现在并列成分之间，即两个语法成分相同的成分之间。再如：A hundred years ago, 50 percent of Americans were farmers; today, only 4 percent are farmers.独立分句之间的连接方式有三种：1. 用并列连词连接；2. 用分号和连接副词或由分号单独连接(意义比较紧密的句子)；3. 用句号连接。在书面表达中，有不少考生不注意标点符号的使用，或都是句号，或一逗到底，因此失分，甚为可惜。还有一些是因为受汉语的影响而出现错误。如：His house is next to the school, he is always the first to come.这个句子是错误的。这种用逗号分开，而又不相互依存的两个或多个简单句构成的整句在英语中是错误的。可改为：His house is next to the school, so he is always the first to come.Because his house is next to the school, he is always the first to come.三、书面表达常见错误讲练1. 关系不一致英语语法要求意义一致。所谓意义一致，不仅知主谓在人称或数上一致，还应取决于主语所表达的实际意义。违反了这一原则，就会产生不一致的错误。误If she have much money, she can buy many things that she want.正If she has much money, she can buy many things that she wants.巩固练习1) The secretary and manager were present at the meeting yesterday.2) Joan with other three girls have been to Beijing.3) In spite of its small size, these cameras can take very good pictures.4) He closed the door and hurries away to class.5) He lived in the countryside for two years, and his life there was always remembered by him.6) If I were your, I wont do that.7) We have been to Europe many time.答案1) werewas2) havehas3) itstheir 4) hurrieshurried 5) He lived in the countryside for two years, and he always remembered his life there. 写作中，同一主语和语态最好贯彻到底，不要随意地忽而主动语态，忽而被动语态。6) wontshouldnt 语气一致7) timetimes2. 词性混淆误When people have difficult, we should help them.正When people have difficulty, we should help them.析词汇对于写作相当重要，词汇量越大越便于写作。但是，很多学生平时在记单词时，光记拼写、读音和词义，忽视词性，这是不对的。因为英语句子的各个成分都是由一定词性的词来充当的。巩固练习1) He against your plan.2) She often by bus to school.3) A week past before his letter arrived.4) She always does her homework careful.5) Can you tell Asia elephants from African elephants?6) Fortunate, people are beginning to realize how serious the pollution is.7) My brother down into the cold water.答案1) againstis against2) She often goes to school by bus. 3) pastpassed4) carefulcarefully5) AsiaAsian6) FortunateFortunately7) downjumped down3. 用词累赘误If you lend me 50 dollars, Ill repay back you next week.正If you lend me 50 dollars, Ill repay you next week.析“累赘”现象普遍存在于学生习作中，要避免这一现象的发生，必须加强语言基本功训练，学习中要勤思多练，同时熟记一些易于出现“累赘”现象的单词和语句。巩固练习1) The teacher repeated that sentence again.2) Lesson Nine is more easier than Lesson Ten.3) Her future plan is that she is going to study abroad.4) Li Ping hurries to go to school every day.5) I have returned you the book you lent it to me last week.6) The old man lives alone by himself.7) He woke at six a.m. in the morning.8) Wei Hua is frightened with fear by the strange sound coming from the next room.9) I received a letter from Jim in last week.10) The box is too heavy for the weak girl to carry it.答案1)去掉again2) 去掉more 3)去掉future 4)去掉go to，因为hurry to本身具有“匆忙去”之意5)去掉it 6)去掉by himself 7)去掉a.m.或in the morning8)去掉with fear9)去掉in，last month/year/week； next month/year/week； every month/year/week前均不加介词in10)去掉it，too句式中主语是不定式的宾语时，不定式宾语要省略4. 无连接词错误误You practice more reading, your reading ability will be improved.正If you practice reading more, your reading ability will be improved.析英语句子的特点之一是重“形合”，句子的各个部分要由各种连词、关系词等连接起来；而汉语句子是重“意合”，句子前后连接主要是通过上下文的逻辑意义来实现的，连接词的使用远远少于英语，由于这一特点，很多学生在写作时往往忘了使用连接词，造成诸多病句。巩固练习1) A person has not enough food, he will not have a healthy body.2) I am tired, I must go on working.3) China is still a developing country, most people can not afford a car yet.4) You use your head, you will find a way.5) The teacher spoke slowly, the students might understand her.6) I arrived at the station, the train had left.7) We all went home after the picnic, it had started to rain.8) We were looking for your new coat, we could not find it.9) The sun warms the earth, this makes it possible for the plants grow.10) His bedroom seemed empty there were only two chairs, a small desk and a bed.答案1)A person will not have a healthy body if he has not enough food.2)Although I am tired, I must go on working.3)Because China is still a developing country, most people can not afford a car yet.4)If you use your head, youll find a way./ Use your head, and youll find a way.5)The teacher spoke slowly in order that/ so that the students might understand her.6)I arrived at the station after the train had left./ When I arrived at the station, the train had left.7)We all went home after the picnic because it had started to rain.8)We were looking for your new coat, but we could not find it.9)The sun warms the earth, which makes it possible for plants to grow./ The sun warms the earth and this makes it possible for plants to grow.10)His bedroom seemed empty and there were only two chairs, a small desk and a bed.5. 非完整句错误误The woman talked to you just now is our English teacher.正The woman who talked to you just now is our English teacher.析一个句子至少包括主语和谓语两部分（祈使句除外），如果将句子的某一部分当作一个完整的句子，就会导致非完整句错误。写作中，很多学生会犯此错误，应特别引起注意。巩固练习1) China is no longer what used to be.2) Although is ten years old, this little boy plays the piano very well.3) The picture is about a poor little boy lived in old China.4) The person came to see me that afternoon is an old friend of mine.5) I cant imagine what life would be like if havent any TV sets.6) Without a friend will feel lonely.答案1)China is no longer what she used to be.2)Although he is ten years old, this little boy plays the piano very well.3)The picture is about a poor little boy who lived in old China.4)The person who came to see me that afternoon is an old friend of mine.5)I cant imagine what life would be like if we hadnt any TV sets.6)One will feel lonely without a friend.6. 选词或搭配不当误Peter is a warm-hearted person, so everybody likes to have friends with him.正Peter is a warm-hearted person, so everybody lies to make friends with him.析在理解英语词汇时，不能仅停留在了解其字面意义上，而应掌握内在涵义。同时要熟悉它们的习惯搭配。平时学习词汇时，要仔细思考，勤查词典，尤其要多记英语解释，弄清它们的确切意思和用法，以免造成类似错误。巩固练习1) It only spends us 15 minutes to go to the park from the center of the city by bus.2) I hope you to become a lawyer.3) Mr Wang forgot his wallet in the classroom yesterday.4) She will remember firmly what her teacher said and did.5) Can you borrow me your dictionary?6) I must keep your words in mind and work hard to raise my English.7) John caught a bad cold, so he had to live in hospital.8) I saw an animal this afternoon.答案1)spendstakes/ We spend 15 minutes going to the park from the center of the city by bus.2)I hope that you will become a lawyer./ I wish you to become a lawyer.3)forgotleft “遗忘某物在某处”不可用forget，应用leave4)firmlyclearly 汉语中可以讲“牢牢记住”，但英语中firmly却不可与remember搭配。常和remember搭配的副词有clearly，perfectly，thoroughly等5)borrowlend6) raiseimprove 7)livestay live表示“在某处居住”，病人“住院”用stay8)此句应该用具体词却误用了概括词，应将animal改为lion，tiger等7. 逻辑错误误Liu Hua is a kind-hearted girl; she will be successful in anything she tries.正As she has a strong will and confidence in herself, Liu Hua may be successful in anything she tries.析“一个心地善良的人能保证事事都能成功”这个推理不合理。“一个具有坚强意志和信念的人可能会取得成功”这才合乎逻辑。在写作时，不少学生从语言角度考虑得多，而从逻辑角度考虑得少。因此，常常出现不少逻辑错误。巩固练习1) Americans are tall.2) Every bird can fly.3) She must be ill because I saw a doctor going into her room.4) When I was going out, it began to rain.5) The armymen had been marching all day and their uniforms were green.6) I was born and grew up in the town of Yidu in 1953.答案1)Many Americans are tall.2)Most of the birds can fly.3)She must be ill, for I saw a doctor going into her room. because表直接原因，表示的原因和产生的结果有必然的因果关系。原句意思是：她生病是因为医生走进了她的房间。这是不合逻辑的。改成for引起的分句是对前句作推测性解释。4)I was going out when it began to rain. 我正要出门，这时天突然下起雨来。分析原句得出这一结论：天要在我准备外出时下雨。 这是不符合逻辑的。5)The armymen had been marching all day, and their uniforms were dusty. 原句“行军与军衣颜色”逻辑上无必然联系。6)I was born in 1953 and grew up in the town of Yidu. 原句时间概念不清。8. 不合英语表达习惯误The price of oil is more expensive than before.正The price of oil is higher than before.析英语中价格只有高低(high/ low)，商品才有贵贱(expensive/ cheap)。写作中，不少学生受汉语思维方式、表达习惯、文化习俗的影响，写出许多不符合英语表达习惯的句子。要避免此类错误的发生，平时训练就要多比较、归纳英汉两种语言在表达方式上的差异。巩固练习1) Chinas population is the most in the world.2) Zhang Hang studies in Jiangxi Province, Wanzai County, Kangle High School.3) Li Ping has four classes in the morning. Afternoon has two classes.4) Since the telephone was invented, peoples life has taken place great changes.5) My parents both dont like to go to the cinema, I also dont.6) Everywhere can see red flowers and green grass.7) Today there are still some students dont know how to use English dictionaries.8) If use your head, this problem can be solved quickly.9) Is your work busy?10) Your student has gone to a work post.11) Its he suggested that I write to you.12) Modern science technology development makes society great changes.13) After graduated from Beijing University, my uncle became a teacher.答案1)Chinas population is the largest/ highest in the world.2)Zhang Hang studies in Kangle High School, Wanzai County, Jiangxi Province.3)Li Ping has four classes in the morning and two in the afternoon.4)Since the telephone was invented, great changes have taken place in peoples life.5)Neither of my parents likes to go to the cinema. Nor do I.6)Everywhere you can see red flowers and green grass.7)Today some students still dont know how to use English dictionaries.8)If you use your head, you can quickly solve this problem.9)Are you busy with your work?10)Your student has gone to work.11)Its he who suggested that I (should) write to you.12)The development of modern science and technology has brought about great social changes.13)After graduating / he graduated from Beijing University, my uncle became a teacher.9. 句子缺乏统一性误To control the birth rate in the world, scientists are looking for new sources of energy.正To control the birth rate in the world, all the governments must take strict and effective measures.析错句前后两部分意思无关紧要，违背了统一性原则。统一性要求一个句子必须表达一个单一的完整思想。如果把不相连的思想放在同一句子里或一个句子表达的思想不完整，就破坏了句子统一性原则。巩固练习1) Being an honest man, Mr Wang worked very hard.2) Some television programs are harmful to children, so parents must be prevented from watching TV.3) Henry was ill and it was the reason why he was absent so long.4) My niece is not good at maths and seldom comes to see me, and she got married last week.5) This mountain is six thousand feet high, and it is only four miles from the airport, and the field is not a very large one, but no plane has ever crashed on it.答案1)Being an honest man, Mr Wang never tells a lie to his students.2)Some television programs are harmful to children, so parents must prevent their children from watching TV. 3)The reason why Henry was absent so long was that he was ill./ Henry was absent for such a long time because he was ill. 不对等的意思不要用等立连词。4)My niece got married last week. 过多的细节会使读者抓不住主要思想。5)Although this mountain is six thousand feet high and only four miles from the small airport, no plane has ever crashed on it. 这里一系列并列句显得很单调，表达不出彼此间的关系，破坏了统一性原则。10. 句子缺乏连贯性连贯性是指句子无论长短，在安排上要合乎逻辑，衔接自然，使句内语义关系明确，让人一目了然。学生习作中不连贯的句子主要包括垂悬修饰语、指代不清、未用过渡性词语、非平行结构和语义不完整的分割短句等方面的错误。误My best friend in high school was our English teacher. Her name was Gao Hui. She taught us English for three years.正My best friend in high school was our English teacher, Gao Hui, who taught us English for three years.析原句把一个简单的思想内容各列成三个短句来表达，尽管这些句子语法正确，但不连贯，显得乏力。巩固练习1) Rose is in love with John, John is in love with Mary.2) Tom wrote a quick note. It was to Nancy. She was his friend.3) Speaking before a crowd of people for the first time, my knees shook.4) She likes to play tennis and watching basketball games.5) He told my brother that he was wrong.6) Every university has many rules and regulations and they must obey all of them.7) I returned to my room. There was a note under my book. It was from Jack. He said he was in the city looking for a job. He hadnt found anything yet. He added that he was sorry not to have seen me.答案1)Rose is in love with John, but John is in love with Mary.2)Tom wrote a quick note to Nancy, his friend.3)When I was speaking before a crowd of people for the first time, my knees shook. speaking的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致，产生“垂悬”修饰语。4)She likes playing tennis and watching basketball games. 两个平行的思想to play tennis和watching basketball games用了不同的结构，破坏了句子的连贯性。5) “I am wrong,” he said to my brother./ He said to by brother, “You are wrong.”6) theythe students, 代词they无指代对象。7)When I returned to my room, I found a note from Jack under my book. He said he was in the city looking for a job, but he hadnt found anything yet. He added that he was sorry not to have seen me. 此段出现了一连串的短句，这些短句提供的信息量小，语义支离破碎，缺乏连贯性。11. Chinglish(汉式英语)错误许多学生在写英语作文时由于受汉语思维模式的影响，不知不觉地用汉语的表达方式来表达自己的意思，写出的句子只有懂汉语的英语老师才能意会。产生Chinglish的直接原因是很多学生把整个英语学习视为机械的word-for-word translation的过程，生搬硬套，久而久之，便养成了机械对应的习惯，不会在特定的上下文中正确遣词造句，选用句型，只会按汉语逐字逐句转译为英语。要减少汉式英语，必须做到：尽量使自己养成用英语思维进行写作的习惯，注意中西文化差异带来的不同表达方式。平时要归纳总结、纠正汉式英语。广泛阅读，多收听英语广播、收看电视中的英语新闻节目等。巩固练习1) My home has a dog.2) They played very happily last night.3) We find that to learn English well is difficult.4) I think she can not swim.5) Her age is very young.6) We didnt know evening had fallen.7) He has a lot of students go to college.8) Learn English well is not easy.9) There are many teachers taught me English.10) I very like English.11) Though he was ill, but he went on working.12) Because she is ill, so she is absent today.13) He was married with Anna last month.14) Have you suggested him to try again?15) He has reached the age of going to school.16) In winter it is colder in Changsha than Guangzhou.17) Its a good chance that the sky gave me.18) All the students had started reading English before I did not get up.19) Beijing rains much in August.20) The hospital broke out a fire yesterday.21) She at home.22) This is Jiangxi Province, Jiujiang County, No.4 Middle School.答案1)My family has a dog./ We keep a dog at hom