动词的接续关系.doc

第四节 动词的接续关系 一、用动词不定式作宾语的动词及结构 1.动词+带to不定式，例如：to expect to seeto fail to pass his drivers testto agree to smoke no more cigarettesto arrange to meet himto ask to see the managerto hope to get a few moreto pretend not to see meto happen to meet常见的还有以下动词：decide 决定， demand 要求， determine 决心，attempt 试图，claim 声称， consent 同意，deserve 值得， long 渴望， plan 计划， prepare 准备， presume 斗胆，冒昧 promise 允诺， refuse 拒绝， resolve 决心， strive 努力，wish 希望， volunteer 志愿， intend 打算， desire 期望， offer 主动提出， mean 意欲， learn 学习， threaten 威胁， try 努力， want 想要， aim 目的在于， undertake 从事、负责， choose 选择， decline 谢绝， seek 寻找， tend 倾向于。Notes:在“动词+带to不定式”的应用中，注意以下几点：(1) 特殊不定式特殊不定式由疑问词+带to不定式构成疑问词是what, where, who(m), when, how, whether, which, why等。是否一定要加疑问词，要看情况。例如：to know how to get thereto decide whether to sell it or notto find out what to do next可以跟疑问词+带to不定式的动词，还有：forget, inquire, learn, see, settle, think, understand, wonder等。(2)如果作宾语用的不定式所表示的动作早于主要动词的动作，不定式要用完成式。例如： They claimed to have uncovered a fraud last month. 他们声称在上月查明了一宗诈骗案。I regret to have been the cause of all this trouble. 我很抱歉引起了这么多麻烦。(3)afford 通常和can(或cant)连用。例如：They can(cant) afford to pay for it.We can hardly afford to fire those engineers.(4)如果作宾语用的不定式结构后面有自己的补足语，就得用it作先行词的形式宾语。例如：I thought it wrong not to tell him.We found it impossible to answer all the questions within the time given.2.若干结构+不带to不定式。例如：You had better have a look at this picture. I would rather not wait.常用的结构有：would rather 宁愿，had rather 宁愿，would sooner 宁 愿，rather than 而不是，had better 最好还是，may (just) as well 还是的好.另外，在let, make, have后跟不带to不定式。例如：Let there be no mistake about this.Ill have Xiao Wang repair the radio for you. (During the lunch he had us laughing all the time.)(Ill have your motor repaired right away.)在help后，不定式作宾语可带to，也可不带。例如：Can I help (to) carry it for you?I help him (to) mend his bicycle.Detergent helps to wash clothes. 3.少数介词+一般不定式一般动词不定式通常不作介词宾语，但下列介词用在含否定意义的句子中，其后可跟不定式(注意带to和不带to的情况)。(1) 介词except有两种情况，若该介词前有do，后跟的不定式不带to，其他情况带to。例如：The child did nothing except weep.He will do anything for you except lend you money.下述句子中跟to不定式He seldom comes except to look at my pictures.There is nothing to be done except to return.(2) 介词besides, than, save(均作“除之外”解)后常常跟不带to的不定式。例如：They did nothing else than laugh.What had she done for her father save leave him at the first opportunity?I hardly remember what I did besides read.(3)当but用作except解时，可跟带to不定式。例如：They had no way out but to surrender.She had no choice but to swallow the letter.但是，在“do nothing but”, “can not but”和“can not help but”(三者 意为“不得不”)短语后，跟不带to的不定式。例如：They could do nothing but wait for the doctors to arrive.She could not but admit that they were justified in this.That cannot help but have an impact on his idea.注意：“cannot help but +不带to不定式”与“cannot help+doing动名词”相区别。后者作“不禁”解。 Seeing that his father is about to die, he cannot help crying sadly.二、只能用动名词作宾语的动词及短语动词，例如：to avoid overtakingto consider changing the jobto keep waiting for sb.to enjoy playing footballto delay sending the book overto finish reading itto suggest going by busto give up smoking这样的动词和双词动词有：miss(错过)，admit(to), avoid, acknowledge, consider, appreciate(赞赏)，delay(耽搁)，dislike, enjoy, escape, deny(否认)，fancy(爱好)，favor(偏爱)，finish, mind, postpone(延期)，quit(放弃)，recall(回忆)，evade(避开), practise, excuse, imagine, include, keep, report, resent(怨恨)，resist(忍住), stop, suggest, risk, resume(恢复)，facilitate, detest(痛恨)，involve, justify, permit, prevent,put off, cannot stand, cant help, give up, object to, feel like, look forward to, persist in, insist on, depend on, approve of(同意)，think about, think of, refrain from(忍住)。在用动名词作宾语时，注意以下两点：(1) 上述动词中的大多数都可根据需要，在其动词的宾语前增添或去掉逻辑主语。例如：She denied her husband(s) breaking the agreement.The chairman postponed my(me) drafting the plan.We remember theirthem once offering to help us whenever we were in trouble.OurLao Wangs offering to take part in the games was highly praised. (2) 在need, require, want, deserve后通常跟动名词主动形式，但表被动含义, 或被动的不定式形式。例如：The door needs oiling (或to be oiled).The room wants cleaning (或to be cleaned).His letter requires answering (或 to be answered) immediately.三、既可用不定式，也可用动名词作宾语的动词 1.用不定式和动名词作宾语，含义基本相同的动词有：begin, start, cease, continue, cannot bear, hate, like, love, prefer, propose。例如：to begin writing (或to write)to start reading (或to read)to prefer watching (或to watch) televisionto love playing (或to play) football对上述动词的应用注意以下三点：(1) 在like, hate, prefer等表情感的动词后面，如果表示一般倾向，多用动名词作宾语，如果指具体某次行动，用不定式更多。例如：I hate speaking before a big audience.(表示一般倾向)I hate to say so, but really I cant go.(表示具体的某次)I like reading books.(表示一般倾向)Id like to read that book.(具体某次)(2)当谓语动词用进行时时，用不定式作宾语。例如：I am starting to work on my essay next week.(3)在attempt, intend, plan等动词后用不定式较普遍。例如：to attempt to do (少用doing) it by yourself to intend to pay (少用paying) the bill this monthto plan to take (少用taking) a holiday abroad 2.用不定式作宾语与用动名词作宾语，含义有差别的几个动词：(1)动词remember, forget, regret的后面，若用不定式作宾语，不定式所表示的动作发生在上述谓语动词之后，若用动名词作宾语，动名词所表示的动作发生在上述谓语动词之前。例如：“remember+不定式”表示“记住要去做某一件事”“remember+动名词或不定式的完成形式表示“记起过去做过的一件事”。You must remember to write us when you get there.到那里时记住给我们写信。Do you remember writing her last month?(=Do you remember having written her last month?)你还记得上个月给她写信的事吗?Please remember to tell him about it.请记住告诉他这件事。I remember telling you about it.这事我记得和你谈过。“forget+不定式”表示“忘记要做某件事”。“forget+动名词”表示“忘记过去做过的一件事”。Dont forget to meet him when you get there.别忘了到了那里去见见他。I shall never forget meeting him during his inspection of ourfactory. 我永不会忘记，在他视察我们厂时，我见到了他。“regret+不定式”表示“对尚未做，或正在做的事情的遗憾”“regret+动名词”表示“对过去做过的事情的后悔”。We regret to tell you that you cant stay here any longer.我们遗憾地通知你，你不能再在这儿多呆了。They regretted ordering these books from abroad.向国外订购了这些书，他们很后悔。(2) 在动词try, cannot help, mean, stop, go on后，用不定式作宾语(在stop后是状语)，还是用动名词作宾语，其含义有明显的差别。例如：“try+不定式”表示“努力去做某事”。“try+动名词”表示“尝试做某事”。He tried to write better.他尽量写好。He tried writing with a brush.他试着用毛笔写。“cannot help+不定式”表示“不能帮助做某事”。“cannot help+V+ing”表示“禁不住，不能不做某事”。I couldnt help to finish it.我不能帮助结束那件事。I couldnt help finishing it.我不得不结束那件事。“mean+不定式”表示“打算，想要”“mean+动名词”表示“意味着，意思是”I dont mean to say we are perfect.我不是说我们已十全十美了。Revolution means liberating the productive forces.革命就是为了解放生产力。“stop+不定式”表示“停止原来做的事，开始做另外一件事”(这时不定式是目的状语)。“stop+动名词”表示“停止做某事”。He stopped to speak to Martin.他停下来和马丁讲话。He stopped speaking to Martin.他停止了和马丁的谈话。“go on+不定式”表示“放下原来做的，改做另一件事”。“go on+V+ing”表示“继续做一直在做的事”。He went on pointing out mistakes in the paper.他继续指出论文中的错误(指同一动作的继续)。He welcomed the new students and then went on to explain the college regulations.他对新生表示欢迎，接下去就解释学院的规章制度了。四、用不定式作宾语补语的动词(注意不定式带to或不带to的情况) 1.表“感觉”的动词look at, perceive, note, leave(听任), listen to, see, hear, watch, notice, observe, feel, bid(命令,吩咐)等和三个表“致使”的动词make, have, let后跟不带to的不定式作宾补。例如：to see sb. go outto hear sb. singto notice sb. come into the classroomto make sb. laughto have sb. explain it to let sb. go out2.表“致使”的其他动词advise, get, cause, allow, drive, encourage, expect, force, intend, invite, permit, tell, trust, urge, persuade, remind, teach, want, warn, get, ask, forbid (禁止), beg, require, tempt (诱使), enable, lead, instruct等，以及表“情感状态”的动词love, like, prefer, hate等后跟带to的不定式做宾补。例如：to want sb. to work together with themto expect sb. to succeed in the examto advise sb. to do thatto allow me to introduce sb.to get sb. to talkto tell sb. not to wait any longerto warn sb. not to do sth.to prefer sb. to stayto love sb. to come againto hate sb. to do that3.表“心理状态的动词think, know, believe, discover, feel (=think), imagine, judge, suppose, understand, consider, declare, find (=consider)等后面常跟to be结构作宾补，上述动词中的consider, declare, find, prove, think后跟的to be往往可以省去。例如：to prove sb. (to be) wrongto think sb. (to be) a good studentto believe sb. to be reliableto imagine sb. to be above fiftyto declare sb. to be innocentto find sb. (to be) dishonestto consider sb. (to be) foolish五、用分词作宾语补足语的动词1.表“致使”动词+宾语+现在分词。例如：to set sb. thinkingto keep sb. waitingto get the clock goingto start sb. coughingto have sb. doing sth.He sent the ball flying. to catch sb. cheatingleave sb. sleeping2.表“感觉”动词+宾语+现在分词。例如：to smell something burningto watch sb. swimmingto find sb. listening to the recorder这样的动词，还有：see, hear, feel, notice, observe, look at, listen to等。注意：从上述可以看出，表“感觉”的动词，既可以用不带to的不定式作宾语补足语，又可以用现在分词作宾语补足语，但二者有含义上的差别。现在分词作这些动词的宾语补足语，表示动作的进行。I heard her playing the violin.我听到她在拉小提琴。以不带to的不定式作这些动词的宾语补足语，表示动作的完成。例如：I didnt see the ball break the window.我没有看到球砸坏窗户。We saw him swim across the river. Therefore he escaped being captured by the enemy.We saw him swimming across the river. Later someone told us he was drowned. 六、用名词或“as+名词(或v+ing)”作宾语补足语的动词1.用名词直接作宾语补足语的动词有：name(命名)，nominate(提名)，call(称呼)，choose(选择)，elect(选举)，define(定义为)。例如：We elected John monitor.We call him Iron Ox.(当然不是说这些动词的后面只能用名词作宾语补足语。)2.用as+名词或as+doing作宾补的动词(1) (把看成) regard, see, recognize, think of (2) (把当成) treat, take, mistake,(3)(把认为是) consider, look upon, refer to, accept, acknowledge(4)(描述为) describe, depict（描绘）, represent, 另外，还有：declare (宣布)，denounce (谴责)，employ (使用)，use (利用)，show (证明)，organize (组织)，express (表示)，等。例如：to describe sb. as a teacherto describe sb. as being very cleverto treat them as honored gueststo denounce sb. as a traitorto see sb. as a basically kind personto acknowledge sb. as an authority七、可带两个宾语的动词一般地说，间接宾语指人，放在前面，直接宾语指物，放在间接宾语的后面。例如：to buy sb. a new camerato send sb. the billto lend sb. a bookto award sb. the first prize如果间接宾语放在直接宾语的后面，这类动词应使用介词“to”或for”，如上句应变为to award the first prize to sb.; to buy a new camera for sb.可带双宾语的动词有：bring, buy, cost, deny, give, tell, offer, lend, make, pass, pay, promise, read, send, refuse, show, take, write, cook, fetch, find, hand, prepare, return, sell, wish, throw, choose, allow, teach等。还有：accord(给予)，assign(分派)，award(授予)，catch(捕)，deny(拒绝)，grant(授予)，order(订购)，reach(伸手拿)，recommend(推荐)，render(给予)，reserve(保留)等。测试性练习一、非谓语动词做宾语1.Do you know _ the repairs? A.to do B.how to do C.to make D.how make2.Tom said that he wouldnt mind _. A.to wait for us B.wait for us C.waiting for us D.for waiting us3.Here we found little snow, as most of it seemed _ blown off the mountain. A.to have been B.to be C.that it was D.that it had been4.Nancy isnt here. Its my fault. I forgot _ her. A.telephoning B.to telephone C.to telephone to D.the telephoning to5.She had nothing in mind except _ her personal power. A.to achieve B.achievement C.achieving D.achieved6.I could not help _ around with a good deal of curiosity. A.having looked B.to look C.looked D.looking7.There is nothing _ in his usual place beside Mrs. Jackson. A.for him to sit B.for him to do but sit C.for it sit D. for him sit8.I cant understand _ at that poor child. A.you to laugh B.you laugh C.why laugh D.you laughing9.This plan _ for the young girls to be trained as pilots. A.it possible B.that possible C.made it possible D.made possible it 10.I feel it an honor _ to speak here. A.to ask B.asking C. to be asked D.having 11.I remember my father _ me to the beach when I was a very small child. We forgot _ a towel and I felt very cold. A.taking/to take B.to take/taking C.take/taking D.take/taken 12.You mustnt delay _ the medicine over. A.to send B.sending C.sent D.send 13.I know it is not important but I cant help _ about it. A.except to think B.thinking C.think D.to think 14.I dont like _ at me. A.them shouting B.them shout C.their shout D.that they shout 15.Although he doesnt like most sports, he _. A.enjoys swimming and golfing B.is a swimmer and golfs C.likes swimming and he golfs D.likes to swim and a golfer 16.I would perfer _ at home tonight. A.stay B.stayed C.to stay D.to be stayed 17.The right suggestions may help the patient to stop _. A.being anxious B.to be anxious C.anxious D.being anxiety 18.I didnt know _ him or not. A.whether to help B.if to help C.to help D.if that I should help 19.They admitted _ by his ideas. A.having influenced B.being influenced C.to be influenced D.to having been influenced 20.I dont _ the letter but perhaps I read it. A.remember to see B.remember seeing C.remind to see D.remind seeing 21.He avoided _ his opinion on the subject. A.to give B.giving C.give D.gave 22.I would appreciate _ it a secret. A.you to keep B.that you would keep C.your keeping D.that you are keeping 23.I remember _ the book last month. It was very interesting. A.to read B.reading C.to be read D.being read 24.The bank refused _ . A.to cash the check of the mans B.to cash the man a check C.to cash a check for the man D.the mans check he wanted cashing 25.We must not pretend _ when we do not know. A.knowing B.to know C.having known D.know 26.Many people favour _ more nuclear power plants. A.to build B.built C.build D.building 27.I feel it my duty _ your shortcomings. A.to point out B.to mention C.to pick out D.to remind of 28.The question is so trivial, it hardly justifies _ any more time discussing it. A.our spending B.for us to spend C.us spending up D.spent 29.We couldnt help _ by his speech. A.to be impressed B.to have been impressed C.being impressed D.to get impressed 30.The bad element admitted _ rumours among the masses. A.to spread B.spreading C.spread D.to have spread参考答案: 1.B 2.C 3.A 4.B 5.A 6.D 7.B 8.D 9.C 10.C 11.A 12.B 13.B 14.A 15.A 16.C 17.A 18.A 19.D 20.B二、非谓语动词做宾语补足语1.“I cant see the blackboard very well.”“Perhaps you need _.”A.to examine your eyesB.to have examined your eyesC.to have your eyes examinedD.to be examined your eyes2.We consider it a pity _ like that.A.as saying a thing B.on saying a thingC.to say a thing D.as said by a thing3.Shes going to the photographers _.A.to take her photographB.to have her photograph takenC.to have taken her photographD.that he takes her photograph4.She gave them _ that there was some sort of secret attached to it. A.to understand B.to be understoodC.understanding D.being understood5.There was so much noise that the speaker couldnt make himself _.A.hearing B.to hearC.heard D.being heard6.He caused a false account of the event _ in a newspaper.A.had published B.to have publishedC.to be published D.being published7.I could not make _ English.A.myself und