非谓语动词课堂讲义二.doc

非谓语动词课堂讲义（二）to do动词不定式doing 动名词doing 现在分词done 过去第一节 动词不定式to do（一）不定式的句法功能1 主语To learn English is very important.It is very important tolearn English.It took me 100 Yuanto buy the clothesIt takes sb time /money/energy to do sth（动词不定式的逻辑主语）It is very important for us to learn English.It is considerate /thoughtful of you to give me help.You are considerate to give me help.It is very important for students to observe/obey/abide by the rule.2 宾语(1)主+谓+宾I hope to meet you next week. He pretended to read books.(2)主+谓+宾+宾补 I think it easy to learn English.3 表语His dream is to go to college.He is to blame for the caraccident. 4 充当定语 He is the first one to come. I like the lab to be built. There is no seat to sit on.5宾语补足语/主语补足语（1）普通动词后面所带的宾语补足语 He warned me not/never to be fired. inspire sb to do sth encourage sb to do sth urge sb to do sth appeal sb to do sth allow sb to do sth（2）感官动词和使役动词后面所带的补足语find see hear watch make have She was heard to singa song next door.make have I made him hand in his assignment. He was made to hand in his assignment 6状语（1）目的状语 To/In order to earn a living, thousands of people went to south.（2）结果状语 He hurried to the railway station only to find that the train had gone. He hurried to the station, only to find that the train had gone.（3）原因状语 He was delighted to find that he passed the exam.注：一. 主动形式-被动意义 1 . 充当定语He had a lot of work to do.2. 充当表语He is to blame for the car accident.3. 充当宾语 The chair looks hard, but the chair is comfortable to sit on.4.复合谓语The lecture is hard to understand.I think the lecture hard to understand.二.不定式的否定式(放在不定式的前面)1.充当宾语He pretended not to see me. 2 充当表语His goal is to go to college, not to work.3.补足语 He warned us not/ never to befired.4.状语 He worked hard in order not to learnsomething.三. 疑问词 + to do （it）what to do how to do it why to do it when to do it where to do it which one to choose1.充当主语 How to solve the problem is still unknown. What to do is a problem.2. 宾语 I dont know what to do.(二)动词不定式的时态与语态(充当宾语时的特征)1一般式I hope to see you next week.2进行式He pretended to be reading books.3完成式 Im sorry to have given you so much trouble.注一：固定结构 It is reported that he has gone abroad.= He is reported to have gone abroad.is supposedis saidis considered 二：一般过去时用to have done或者to have been done He planed to have gone abroad I wanted to have beaten him should/would love to have done should /would like to have done三： 动词不定式的省略 1. -Do you want to attend the evening party? - Id love, but I have a lot of work to do. 2Why not +do=Why dont you do Why not study hard?= Why dont you study hard 3不定式在介词but, except,besides后，若介词前有do的各种形式，省略to, 否则用to. Theres no choice but to wait till it stops raining. There is nothing to do but wait till it stops raining.第二节 动名词 doing （一）动名词的句法功能1 充当主语Living in the western part of the country has its problems.Obtaining fresh water is not the least problem of problems.2. 充当宾语(1)动宾结构的宾语 She practices playing piano every day. She risked losing her life to save the person. I appreciate being invited to your party.(2)介宾结构的宾语 I am looking forward to getting your reply . The key to solving the problem is to repeat. My dream of passing the ZSB exam is far from me, so I should work even harder.3.做表语 His aim is mastering English in the shortest time. The girls being educated in an atmosphere of simple living was what her parents wished for.（二）动名词的语态和时态(宾语)1一般式:表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前,之后,同时She practices playing piano every day.2动名词的完成式:表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前I apologize for having broken my promise. 我没有遵守诺言，我道歉。第三节 现在分词和过去分词1 描写人的心理的形容词做表语 物 ving 人ed 或vingThe situation is encouraging. I am encouraged. 2做定语（1）前置定语 a描写人的心理的现在分词和过去分词充当前置定语The frightened girl was sitting in the corner, crying bitterlyThe frightening girl feels lonely, because no one wants to make friends with he The moving story attracted lots of audience.b 现在分词表示动作正在进行过去分词表示动作已经完成 boiling water boiled waterc固定结构Spoken English is more difficult than written English.This is the newlyinvented machine（2）后置定语a限制性后置定语 The girl who/that is driving a car is my sister. The girl driving a car is my sister. The book which/that tells us how to cook sells well. The book telling us how to cook sells well. The worker who/that told me the notice is Johns father.The worker telling me the notice is Johns father. The lab which/that is being built is high. The lab being built is high.Any student having a keen interest in swimming can apply for membership. The people inviting the artists to attend the party came from south of $2. Most of the artists invited to attend the party were from south of $2.b 非限制性后置定语 He changed his mind, which made us angry. He changed his mind, making us angry. The sun heats earth, which makes it possible for plants to grow. The sun heats earth, making it possible for plants to grow. I know the person under the tree, who is writing a novel recently. I know the person under the tree, writing a novel recently.3 做宾语/主语补足语感官动词和使役动词之后 hear see find watch make have keep get leave I heard her sing a song next door.He made me clean the window.I was made to clean the window.He made himself heard by raising voice.He had me show him around the campus. He had his TV repaired.I had my hair cut.I had cut my hair.4 做状语(时间，条件，原因，让步，结果，伴随)When he heard the good news, he jumped with joy.On hearing the good news, he jumped with joy.Since the man had been found guilty, the man was given a severe sentence by the judge.Having been found guilty, the man was given a severe sentence by the judge.It rained for two weeks on end and it completely flooded the village.It rained for two weeks on end, flooding the village completely.“It is raining again” said Tom, and looked out of the window.“It is raining again” said Tom, looking out of the window.Since the little boy is being beaten by his father, the little boy is crying bitterly. Being beaten by his father, the little boy is crying bitterly.If the park is seen from the top of the hill, the park will look more beautiful.Seen from the top of the hill, the park will look more beautiful. Losing his watch, he was late for school. Lost in though, he didnt notice that I was passing by.第四节 分词独立主格结构一 现在分词独立主格结构Since weather is hot, we all want to have cold boiled water.weather being hot，we all want to have cold boiled water.Since the old lady is talkative, we all dislike him.The old lady being talkative, we all dislike him.If weather permits, we will go on outing to the beach tomorrow.Weather permitting, we will go on outing to the beach tomorrow.Since the meeting has lasted for three hours, all of us feel sleepy. The meeting having lasted for three hours, all of us feel sleepy.二 过去分词独立主格结构Since the plan was carried out successfully, everything worked out perfectly.The plan successfully carried out,