过去分词和不定式讲义.docVIP

过去分词和不定式（三）过去分词：过去分词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有形容词和副词的句法功能。1.过去分词的形式：过去分词只有一种形式：规则动词由动词原形加词尾-ed构成。不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的规则要求，要一一记住。2. 过去分词的句法功能：1过去分词作定语：Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行。Those elected as committee members will attend the meeting. 当选为委员的人将出席这次会。注意当过去分词是单词时，一般用于名词前，如果是过去分词短语，就放在名词的后面。过去分词做定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。2过去分词作表语：The window is broken. 窗户破了。They were frightened at the sad sight. 他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。注意：be + 过去分词，如果表示状态是系表结构，如果表示被动的动作是被动语态。区别：The window is broken.（系表）The window was broken by the boy.（被动）有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的，不表示被动，只表示完成。如：boiled water（开水） fallen leaves（落叶）newly arrived goods（新到的货） the risen sun（升起的太阳）the changed world（变了的世界）这类过去分词有：gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。3过去分词作宾语补足语：（1）过去分词可以在see, hear, notice, watch, find, get, have, feel, make, leave, keep等词后与一名词或代词构成复合宾语，用作宾语补语。如：I heard the song sung several times last week.上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。When will you go to the hospital and have your tooth examined? 你什么时候去医院检查你的牙齿？When you are making a speech, you should speak louder to make yourself heard.当你在作报告时，你应该讲响一点使自己被人听清。（2） 当这类句子变成被动语态时，过去分词用作主语补语。如：One of the glasses was found broken. 有人发现其中一个杯子破了。They should be kept informed of the situation there. 应该让他们知道那儿的形势。（3）have somebody/something done 过去分词作补语，宾语和补足语之间有逻辑上的被动关系，通常有两种情况：主语让别人做某事，强调主语的意志。如：He had his hair cut yesterday. 他昨天理发了。Later on the center had a great many new trees planted.后来，这个中心让人种了很多树。主语遭到某种不幸或陷入恶劣的环境，说明宾语的一种无意识的被动行为。如：He had his leg broken in the match last month.他在上星期的比赛中摔断了腿。He had one eye lost in the war. 在战争中，他失去了一只眼睛。（4）有时过去分词做with短语中的宾语补足语：With the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了，他们出去玩去了。4过去分词作状语：过去分词和-ing分词作状语一样，也可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。表时间，相当于一个时间状语从句，有时过去分词前可加连词when或while来强调时间概念。如：Seen from the top of the hill, the city looked like a big garden. 从山顶上看，这个城市就像一个大花园。表原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。如：Encouraged by the speech, the young people made up their minds to take up the struggle. 受到了讲演的鼓舞，年轻人决定起来从事斗争。表条件，相当于一个条件状语从句，有时过去分词前可用if等词。如：Given another chance, he will do better.再给他一次机会，他会做得更好。If heated, water can be turned into steam. 水如果被加热，会变成水蒸气。表让步，相当于一个though/although引导的让步状语从句。如：Laughed at by many people, he continued his study. 尽管被许多人嘲笑，他还是继续他的研究。表方式或伴随情况。如：The old man went into the room, supported by his wife.那个老人在他的妻子的搀扶下走进了房间。Seated at the table, my father and I were talking about my job. 我和父亲坐在桌子旁边讨论着我的工作问题。(四)动词不定式动词不定式在句中可起名词、形容词或副词的作用，在句中作主语、宾语、定语、状语和宾语补足语。动词不定式的形式：不定式主动语态被动语态与谓语动词的关系一般式To doTo be done动作发生在谓语动作之后进行式To be doing与谓语动作同时发生完成式To have doneTo have been done动作发生在谓语动作之前 (1)语态如果动词不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者，不定式一般要用被动语态形式。如：Its a great honour to be invited to Marys birthday party.（不定式作主语是被动语态to be invited是被邀请）It was impossible for lost time to be made up.（不定式作主语） I wish to be sent to work in the country.（不定式作宾语） Can you tell me which is the car to be repaired?（不定式作定语） He went to the hospital to be examined.（不定式作状语） 在There be结构中，修饰主语的不定式可用被动，也可用主动。如：There are still many things to take care of (to be taken care of).但有时两种形式表达的意思不同，如：There is nothing to do now.( We have nothing to do now.) There is nothing to be done now.(We can do nothing now.)(2)时态1) 现在时：一般现在时表示的动词，有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。He seems to know this.I hope to see you again. = I hope that Ill see you again.我希望再见到你。2) 完成时：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。Im sorry to have given you so much trouble.He seems to have caught a cold.3) 进行时：表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。He seems to be eating something.4) 完成进行时：She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years. 2. 动词不定式的句法功能：一、作主语动词不定式作主语时，句子的谓语动词常用单数，其位置有以下两种：(1)把不定式置于句首。如：To get there by bike will take us half an hour. (2)用it作形式主语，把真正的主语不定式置于句后，常用于下列句式中。如：It+be+名词+to do Its our duty to take good care of the old. It takes sb+some time+to do How long did it take you to finish the work? It+be+形容词+for sb+to do It is difficult for us to finish writing the composition in a quarter of an hour. It+be+形容词+of sb+to do It is stupid of you to write down everything (that) the teacher says. It seems(appears)+形容词+to do It seemed impossible to save money. 二、作宾语1) 以下动词后，只能跟不定式作宾语afford （付得起），agree（同意），aim(力求做到)，appear（显得），arrange（安排），ask（要求），attempt （试图），care（想要），choose（决定），claim（声称），decide（决定），demand（要求），determine（决心），expect（期待），fail（未履行），help（帮助），hesitate（犹豫），hope（希望），learn（学会），manage（设法），neglect（疏忽），offer（主动提出），plan（计划），prepare（准备），pretend（假装），promise（答应），prove（证明），refuse（拒绝），seem（觉得好像），swear（发誓），tend（往往会），volunteer（自愿做），want（想要），wish（希望） 举例：The driver failed to see the other car in time.司机没能及时看见另一辆车。I happen to know the answer to your question.我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。2） 动词+疑问词+ 不定式decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tellPlease show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做。There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I cant make up my mind which to buy.有这么多的录音机，我都拿不定主意买哪一种。3)当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时，先用形式宾语it代替不定式，把不定式置于补语之后，即：主语+动词+it+补语+to do句式。如：We think it quite important for us to learn a foreign language well. He feels it his duty to help the poor. I find it difficult to learn English well.三、作补语1) 动词+宾语+不定式(to do)adviseallowbelievecausechallengecompeldeclareencourageforbidforcefindhireinduce instructinvitelikeorderpermitpersuaderemindrequestrequireselectsendsupposetelltrainurge例句：a.Father will not allow us to play on the street.父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。b.We believe him to be guilty.我们相信他是有罪的。2) to + be 的不定式结构，作补语的动词。Acknowledge,believe,consider,think,declare(声称),discover, fancy(设想),feel,find,guess,judge,imagine,know,prove,see(理解), show,suppose,take(以为),understand We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。3) to be +形容词Seem,appear,be said,be supposed,be believed,be thought,be known,be reported,hope, wish,desire,want,plan,expect,meanThe book is believed to be uninteresting.人们认为这本书没什么意思。4)there be+不定式believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish,undrstandWe didnt expect there to be so many people there.我们没料到会有那么多人在哪里。有些动词需用as 短语做补语，如regard,think believe,take,consider.We regard Tom as our best teacher.我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。Mary took him as her father .玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。5)秃头不定式作补语秃头不定式， 即不带“to”的不定式，其语法功能一般在句子中作宾语的补语（宾语补足语）。用秃头不定式作宾语补足语的常用动词如下：口诀：“五看、三使役“，“两听、一感”要记住，若是“宾补”变“主补”，主补“to”字不能无。动词let属例外，其宾补/主补“to”均无。说明：五看-see/watch/notice/observe/look at；三使役-have/make/let；两听-hear/listen to；一感-feel。例句：I often see him go to school on foot.(秃头不定式作宾语补足语) He is often seen to go to school on foot.(不定式作主语补足语，要带“to”) Let him try again.- He is let try again.(let的主补与宾补均用秃头不定式)四、作表语不定式作表语表示具体动作或将来动作；动名词作表语表示抽象的一般行为。To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people. My chief purpose is to point out the difficulties of the matter. What I would suggest is to put off the meeting. 当主语和表语都是不定式时，其含义一是条件，一是结果（例）。当主语是aim,duty,hope,idea,mista ke,plan,purpose,suggestion等为中心词的名词词组（例）时，或以what引导的名词性分句（例），不定 式说明主语的内容。Our work is serving the people. What he likes is taking a walk after supper. The story told by Mr.Wang is interesting. 句动名词作表语，与主语部分可以转换，如Serving thepeople is our work,而句中是现在分词作表语，说明主语的性质、状态，现在分词具有形容词的各种特征，另外，动名词作表语还应与进行时态区别开来。五、作状语不定式作状语可以表示行为的目的、结果、原因等。 不定式作目的状语，有时也可以用in order (not) to, so as (not) to结构。注意：so as (not) to do不可以置于句首。如：In order to protect the young plants from the sun, Mother put them in the shade.为了保护幼苗不被太阳晒坏，妈妈把它们放到了阴凉处。He got up very early this morning so as not to be late for school again.今天早上他起身很早以免上学再迟到。不定式作结果状语，常见的结构有tooto, enoughto, soas to, suchas to, only to(与only连用常出乎意料的结果)等。如：The question is too difficult for me to answer. 对我来说，这个问题很难回答。He said he was clever enough to deal with it by himself.他说他足够聪明可以独自应付这件事。Will you be so kind as to turn down the radio? 请你帮我把收音机调低一点好吗？He woke up only to find himself in hospital. 他醒来发现自己在医院里。注意：tooto通常表示太而不，但在下列句子中没有否定的意思。She is only too glad to stay at home. 她太想留在家里了。He is too anxious to know the examination results. 他很急切地想知道考试结果。另外还有ready(现成的，乐意的), eager（迫切的）。等不定式作原因状语，通常用来修饰表示情感、心理状态、性格等的形容词。常见的形容词有：happy, glad, lucky, fortunate, surprised, angry, anxious, ready, quick, slow, cruel, clever, frightened, shocked, sorry, ea