非谓语(分词作半伴随状语).doc

非谓语1. 定义：非谓语动词是指在句子中不是谓语的动词，在句子中充当除谓语以外的各种句 子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语，即动词的非谓语形式。 2. 形式：主要包括不定式、动名词和分词（现在分词和过去分词），3. 功能：非谓语动词除了不能独立作谓语外，可以承担句子的其他成分。非谓语动词与谓语动词是相对的概念。4. 非谓语动词的形式（肯定式）非谓语动词 主动形式 被动形式不定式一般式to do to be done 进行式 to be doing _完成式 to have done to have been done 完成进行式 to have been done _现在分词动名词一般式 doingbeing done 完成式 having donehaving been done过去分词done5. 非谓语动词的句法功能 成分形式主语宾语补语 表语 定语 状语不定式动名词 分词6.非谓语的作用（1）非谓语动词可以有名词作用（如动词不定式和动名词），在句中做主语、宾语、表语。（2）非谓语动词可以有形容词作用（如动词不定式和分词），在句中做定语、表语或宾语补足语。（3）非谓语动词可以有副词作用（如动词不定式和分词），在句中作状语。（4）谓语动词在句中作谓语，受主语的人称和数的限制；非谓语动词在句中不能单独作谓语，它不受主语的人称和数的限制。 (5) 非谓语不能单独做句子的谓语。7. 非谓语动词的复合结构（1）动名词（V-ing）的复合结构: 在V-ing前加上它的逻辑主语，形式：名词所有格形容词性的物主代词+V-ing ，简而言之，sbssths+ V-ing, 如果动名词的复合结构作宾语时，可以用名词的普格或代词的宾格做逻辑主语. eg. His not coming to my party made me a little anxious. I remember him goinghis going Tom goingToms going there. （2） 不定式的复合结构为：for sb.sth. + 不定式 eg. It is a must for us to have a good command of English.8. 非谓语的否定：直接在非谓语之前加否定词not。eg. I warned him not to be late again.板块一：不定式、分词作状语的用法一 不定式、分词作状语的基本原则：不定式、分词的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一 致。二不定式做状语（目的，结果，原因状语等） 1. 目的状语 常用in order toso as to (不用于句首) Mary took down my telephone number in order not to forget it 2. 结果状语 常用于soas to, suchas to, enoughto, only to(常表示以外的结果或事与原违的结果)，tooto等 eg. I am not so stupid as to write it down. Jane hurried back only to find her mother dead in the hospital. I am too tired to stay up longer. 3. 原因状语 形容词或过去分词作表语时，后面常接不定式作状语，表原因，常见的有：happy， lucky，glad，sorry, proud, surprised, disappointed, delighted, ready, fortunate 等。 eg: I am very glad to see you.三 分词做状语 主动 被动一般式（谓语动词同时发生）doingbeing done完成式（谓语动词发生之前）having donehaving been done done 表被动，完成，没有一定的时间性 eg. Seeing from the window, we know there is a match. Seen from the top of the mountain, the house is small. Having heard of the news, he ran to his home quickly. Having been told many times, he still repeated the same mistake. 四 分词做状语的句法功能分词或分词短语做状语时，可以表示时间，原因，结果，条件，让步，伴随等，为了强调，还可以与while，when，once，if，unless等连词使用1. When offered help, one often says” Thank you. ” or “Its very kind of you.” (时间)2. Be careful while crossing the street. （时间)3. Separated from other continent for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other country in the world. (原因)4. Generally speaking, when taken according to the directions, the drug has no side effect. (条件)5. He glanced at her, noting that though she was tiny, she seemed very well. (结果)6. Having been told many times, he still made the same mistake. (让步)7. The teacher came into the lab, followed by some students. (伴随)五 独立成分做状语有些分词或不定式作状语，其形式的选择不受上下文的影响，称作独立成分。常见的有：generally speaking 一般来说，frankly speaking 坦白讲，judging fromby根据来判断，consideringtakeinto consideration 考虑到， to tell you the truth 说实话，compared with 与相比 eg. Judging from his accent, he is from the south.Considering your health, you had better have a rest.练习 1. _, the pay isnt attractive, though the job itself is quite interesting. A. Generally speaking B. On the contrary C. In particular D. To be honest 2. _, the more expensive the camera, the better its quality. A. General speaking B. Speaking general C. Generally speaking D. Speaking generally六独立主格结构 非谓语动词作状语时， 它的逻辑主语应和主句的主语保持一致，如果非谓语的逻辑主语不是主句的主语，我们就要添上相应的逻辑主语，在句子中做状语，我们称之为独立主格结构。（一）独立主格结构的特点：1. 独立主格的逻辑主语和主句不同，且独立存在。 2. 独立主格结构中的逻辑主语与后面的分词不定式等构成逻辑上的主动与被动关系。 3. 独立主格结构用逗号与主句隔开。、（二）独立主格结构的构成1.逻辑主语（名词代词）+ 现在分词过去分词形容词副词不定式2.with + 逻辑主语+ 宾补（doing，to do, done, 介词短语等）eg. The test finished( When the test was finished), we began our holiday. The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. He came out of the library, with a large book under his arm.练习 1. The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecraft, themost recent _ at the end of last March.A. has been laun