英美音标、音变、方言(Eric).doc

可在本人的网盘里下载元辅音发音的音频/share/link?shareid=494371&uk=3710262675 Phonetic symbols理清概念：国际音标，英语国际音标，英式（dj）音标，美式（kk）音标。国际音标（IPA）International Phonetic Alphabet狭义:狭义上的国际音标就是指英语国际音标广义：（23vowels 72consonants）英语国际音标（20Vowels 28Consonants）狭义的英语国际音标就是指英式音标(DJ音标）英语国际音标20Vowels 常规字母组合发音 three tree green sheep meet beef see seek eat tea meat leave lead teacher team mean speak clean pleasehe she me piece receive ceiling sit picture it is list six mix fix fit pig big build missmyth many twenty happy dictionary defect decide delicious head bread pleasure elephant electric remember sell shell lesson better bed desk hotel yes many any bag hand and ant happy hat map mad bad black back glad flag shall man girl shirt skirt thirty thirteen third bird turn burn murder nurse turtle Thursday burgerlearn earn earth heard term her nerd serve work worm work world teacher leader remember player speaker farmer powderdoctor actor mayor author tractor delicious gracious pleasure familiar collar dollar together tomorrow today shallop lesson Washington control polite around account ago elephant manta banana Canada Japan china men listen famulus Saturday up supper lunch fun gun hunt cup buscome mother dose brother love above trouble rough flourish blood floodcar farm card arm gardenfast class last glass plant aunt calm small wall talk tall hall ball call walk short more lord horse for forty sport door floor store author caught autumnfour mourn court bought warm quarrel quarter hot lost lot fox box mop hop loss collar notwant wash watch food moon room gloom broom doom goose toothshoe do two true truth blue full prudelook good foot book wood should could put full bull pull push woman wolf name cake late gate plane April play say may way great break rain paint plain they grey bike fine find die nine light night high my try fly eyeboy toy joy oil soil voice choice beer deer ear near here fierce ideapear bear chair air fair there where carehour tour flower showerhouse out flour ground account count sound loud around mouseflower down now cow how townhome cold go no phone host ghost know low below grow blow show flow boat coat goal/acadtech/phonetics/english/frameset.htmlphonetics the sounds of american english发音: 美国英语语音第一 按发音方法分类(辅音)：manner(发音)方式1.stop爆破音-是指发音器官在口腔中形成阻碍,然后气流冲破阻碍而发出的音。2.fricative摩擦音-由发音器官造成的缝隙使气流产生摩擦而发出的声音。3.affricate塞/破擦音-有塞音和擦音紧密结合所构成的音，发音时注意最初形成阻碍部位要完全闭塞，然后渐渐打开。4.nasal鼻音-口腔气流通路阻塞,软腭下垂,鼻腔通气发出的声音。5.liquid流音/舌边音-舌端齿龈测流音 ,舌端紧贴上齿龈,舌前部向硬腭抬起,气流从舌的一侧或两侧滑出。6.glide滑音/半元音-指发音器官移向或移离某一发音动作的过度音。第二 按发音位置分类(辅音)：place (发音)位置1.bilabial双唇音-由上唇和下唇接触，使语流受阻而构成的一种辅音。2.labiodental唇齿音-由唇与牙齿的咬合而发出的辅音。3.lingua-dental舌齿音-牙齿咬着舌头发出的音。4.palatal上腭音-舌头贴着上腭发出的音。5.lingua-velar软颚音-舌头贴着软颚发出的音。6.glottal声门(声带)音-自声门发出的音。第三 按嗓音分类(辅音)：voice 嗓音1.voiced浊音-振动声带所发出的辅音，除气流受到阻碍外，同时振动声带发出乐音。2.voiceless清音-发音时不振动声带所发出的辅音，即清音纯粹由气流受阻所构成的且不带乐音。第四 元音的分类：1.monophthongs 单元音2.front 前元音3.central 中元音4.back 后元音5.diphthongs 双元音, 复合元音单元音发音的共性： 1. 舌位不移动； 2. 在发音过程中，没有摩擦； 3. 不受发音器官的任何阻碍。单元音发音的特点： 1. 前元音发音时，舌端靠近下齿，舌前部抬高； 2. 中元音发音时，舌端离开下齿，舌中部抬高； 3. 后元音发音时，舌端离开下齿，舌后部抬高。Pronouncing skills以下列出给听力造成很大障碍的五种音变现象(这些发音技巧不是一定要在句子中体现出来的，但是native English speakers之间的对话中经常体现在出这些发音技巧，所以用不用视情况而定。)一、连读/略读Vowels = a, e, i, o, u, and sometimes yConsonants = b c d f g h j k l m n p q r s t v w x y z连读有两种：1，consonantvowel：When a word ends with a consonant sound, we often move the consonant sound to the beginning of the next word if it starts with a vowel sound.Example: Turn off We write “turn off” We say “tur noff”Remember its the sound that matters. In the next example “have” ends with the letter “e” (vowel) but the sound “v” (consonant)Example: Can I have a bit of egg?Since “have” ends with the sound “v” we link it to the next word “a” (vowel)We write: Can I have a bit of egg.We say: “Ca ni ha va bi to fegg. 2，vowelvowelWhen one word ends with a vowel sound and the next word begins with a vowel sound, we link the words with a sort of “w” or “y” sound. If our lips are round at the end of the first word, we insert a “w” sound. Example: Too often We write “too often” We say: “tooWoften”Who is We write: Who is We say: Who WisSo I We write: So I We say :So WIDo all We write: Do all We say: DoWallIf our lips are wide at the end of the first word, we insert a “Y” sound.Example: “I am” We write “I am” We say “I Yam”Kay is We write: Kay is We say:Kay YisThe end We write: the end We say: The YendShe asked We write: She asked We say: She Yasked略读：When a word ends with the same consonant that another begins with, dont break the sound.Example: Went to We write “went to” We say “wento”What time is he coming? Whati mis he coming?I went to the beach. I wento the beach.That was so nice of her That waso ni sof herJames is so intelligent Jame sisoWintelligent You can take it or leave it You can ta kit or lea vit二、 失音 由于失去爆破是失音的一种现象，摩擦音也会被失去，所以统称为失音。 注意： 爆破音并不是完全失去，仍然形成阻碍，把气流堵在里面，但不爆破，直接发出相邻的辅音。 规则： 1、 辅音爆破音或摩擦音后面跟的是爆破音、摩擦音和破擦音等，前面的辅音要失去爆破。 Sit downBig cake Dad told me Huge change 三、 浊化 （清音浊化只是一种发音现象，不是一种硬性的发音规则）2、美音中：t 在单词的中间被浊化成d， writer 听起来和 rider 的发音几乎没有区别。s后面的清辅音被浊化，只是清辅音浊化的一小部分，很多时候不用加 s 也可能被浊化。 如water, happy, meeting, walking等等也不是所有s后的清音都要浊化，如coast，best总的来说规则是：清辅音跟着一个元音，前面又有一个s，无论是在单词的最前面还是中间，只要是在重读音节或次重读音节里（一个单词里面有重读音节或次重读音节），一般都读成对应浊辅音。四、 音的同化 音的同化也是一种连读的现象，两个词之间非常平滑的过渡，导致一个音受临音影响而变化。主要是以下三种方式： 五、 弱/重读 Content words（重读） ：nouns (person, place or thing), most verbs (action words), adjectives (words describing nouns), adverbs (words describing verbs)Structure words（弱读） ：determiners (some, a few, the, a), Auxiliary verbs (Do, Be, Have, dont am, can, were), Prepositions (before, next to, opposite), conjunctions (and, but, or), pronouns (she, they, us) These words are content words or the “stressed” words in a sentence. Stressed words are the important words that give the sentence its “music” or rhythm. It changes the speed of how we speak. English is a “stressed” language. We say words that arent stressed more quickly. Say words that are stressed slower with more emphasis. “Will you SELL my CAR because Ive GONE to FRANCE.”“my” said slower. “because Ive” said fasterWe change the speed of the small structure words so the rhythm of the stressed content words stays the same. 英美方言介绍：由于英美国家的政治制度和地理，历史等原因，他们不像我们国家那样硬性的把普通话的发音定位成官方语言的标准发音。英国方言介绍RP在中国，普通话是最正确、最标准的官方语言，而在英国，虽然没有官方规定，但在英语的发展历史中，有一种发音逐渐形成其重要性，成为公认的最标准英式发音，这就是Received Pronunciation，简称为RP。 追溯其历史，Received Pronunciation最早是11世纪时形成于英格兰中南部的一支方言。这个区域从今天的Midlands地区一直向东南延伸到伦敦，其中包含了牛津和剑桥这两个大学城。14世纪时，Received Pronunciation被广泛在贸易商人中使用，又由于牛津和剑桥大学的崛起，这种方言被两所大学的学生所采用，于是成为受过良好教育人士的语言。在19世纪到20世纪，Received Pronunciation成为英国公立学校的教学语言，也被英国广播公司（BBC）的播音员使用，于是又被称为Public School English 和BBC English。 Received Pronunciation这一概念，最早是英国语言学家Daniel S. Jones在1918年的一本专着中提出的。总结起来，Received Pronunciation有如下几个基本特点： 一、 Received Pronunciation是一种标准的中性口音，被认为不带有某个特定地域的方言特点。而在英伦三岛中，Received Pronunciation仅在英格兰使用，并且也不限区域。 二、 Received Pronunciation有明确的社会界定。在英国，RP被认为是受过良好教育的体现，因此它特别多地和上流社会和中上阶层联系在一起，有时又被称为Oxford English 和Kings/Queens English。一个来自威尔士的煤矿工人，是绝对不懂得，也不可能操一口优雅的Received Pronunciation的。 三、 Received Pronunciation和一些具体的职业紧密联系在一起。使用RP的主要职业有：律师、证券交易员、政治家、外交官、高校及公立学校教师，以及全国性广播电视公司的播音员。显然，这些职业同时也体现出高尚和优雅的社会地位。 各地方言口音 Received Pronunciation的地位虽然重要，但在英国，真正讲RP的人占总人口的比例非常小,据说只有不到3%的local说纯正的RP。英国国土面积小，会给广大英语学习者一种错觉，认为英国人讲的英语都是一样的。事实上，各地的英语差异相当大。英国60多个城镇，遍及英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士的各个方位，深感各地人讲英语，的确有或大或小的差别。 美国方言介绍美国的主要方言：There are many different accents in the US but there are 2 or 3 main accents and all of the other accents come from these 2 or 3. They are: Northern（ Midlands）, and Southern。1.northern accent (midlands)：there are two branches of the northern accent. Theres the New England version then as you travel west the northern acce