初一同步辅导英语Unit3.doc

本周学习重点七年级上册Unit 3 The Earth重点语法：1.可数与不可数名词2. there be 句型重点及难点解析一、可数与不可数名词教材典句1. The earth provides us with air, water and food.2. There are many differentplants.3. There are also many people like youand me on Earth.4. There is a lot of pollution.5. We must stop doing thesethings.以上5个句子是本单元的主要句型，也是我们本单元的语法知识点。语法全解 名词详解考点归纳1可数名词的复数变化1) 规则变化(1) 大多数都直接在名词后加-s。(2) 以-s , -x , -ch , -sh结尾的名词加-es。(3) 以元音字母+y结尾的名词加-s，如boys，days；但以辅音字母+y结尾的名词，先变y为i，再加-es,如babies，flies，libraries;以辅音字母+y结尾的专有名词直接加-s，如Marys，Henrys等。(4) 以-o结尾的名词，大多数在词尾加-s，如bamboos，radios，photos，kilos，但也有少数加-es，如potatoes，tomatoes，heroes; 而zero两种形式均可。(5) -f，-fe结尾的名词，大部分将-f，-fe改成v，再加-es，如knives，halves，thieves,shelves，leaves，wives，wolves；但也有少数直接加-s，如roofs，beliefs，safes；而handkerchief和scarf两种均可。背记小口诀：妻子(wife)持刀(knife)去砍狼(wolf)，小偷(thief)吓得发了慌； 躲在架(shelf)下保己（self）命(life)，半(half)片树叶(leaf)遮面包（loaf）。2) 不规则变化(1) 单复数同形sheep，fish，deer，Chinese，Japanese。(2) 变内部元音man men，toothteeth，mouse mice，foot feet，goose geese。(3) 其他形式。childchildren ox oxen grown-up grown-ups（成年人） passer-by passers-by（过路人）brother-in-law brothers-in-law（姐夫，妹夫）man与woman作定语修饰的名词改为复数时，两者都要改为复数，如：two women doctors，many men leaders。但是boy, girl作定语修饰复数名词时用单词形式。例如two girl students.3) 特殊的复数形式(1) 只有复数，没有单数形式。如：trousers裤子，clothes衣服，shorts短裤，goods商品，glasses眼镜，shoes鞋子等。(2) 集合名词不能用具体的数字修饰，只能在其前加the表示全体，如：the police，the English，the people，动词也用复数形式，但family，class，team，group等集合名词，若指整体，看作单数形式，若指其中的成员，则看作复数形式，动词也应该有相应变化。【注意】：可数名词的量可以用many，few，a few，several,a(large/great) number of，等来修饰，而some,any，enough，a lot of，lotsof，plenty of，等既可以修饰可数名词，也可以修饰不可数名词。而much,a little ,little , a great deal of 修饰不可数名词。2不可数名词(1)不可数名词一般只有单数形式，前面不能直接加冠词，但在一些固定短语中有些不可数名词也可转化为可数名词， 如havea good time，a heavy rain，a strong wind等。(2)不可数名词一般没有复数形式，只有单数形式，它的前面不能用不定冠词a / an ，若要表示它的个体意义时， 一般需要将其量化。不可数名词如何量化：就是在不可数名词前面加上“数词+量词+of”，比如：paper(纸),cloth(布),news(新闻),advice(意见),information(信息),meat(肉)）apieceofpaper一张纸条twobottlesofink两瓶墨水;apieceofbread一块面包。3常以复数形式出现的名词People(人)，clothes(衣服)，trousers(裤子)，police(警察)，glasses(眼镜)，这些名词做主语时，同学们应特别注意它们的谓语要用复数。4. 复数形式的单数名词有些名词看似复数形式，实际上是单数。这一点是同学不易掌握的，应特别加以记忆。如：news(消息)，maths(数学)，physics(物理)，Nonews is good news5. 名词的所有格(1) 名词所有格一般都是在结尾加 s，如Kates，但以-s结尾的复数，只加“ ”，如Teachers Day; of+名词用来表示无生命东西的所有关系，如the problem of the Americans。但表示时间、距离、国家、地点等无生命的名词，所有格也有s的形式，如twodays trip。(2) 当某物为两人共有时，名词所有格为A+ Bs，eg. Jim and Toms room (共同所有)。 而当某物为各人所有时为As+Bs， Jims and Toms rooms（各自所有）。(3) 双重所有格则指：of+名词所有格名词性物主代词，如a cousin of my fathers，afriend of mine。链接中考题【例1】The biggest 32 isthat in Japan，only girls and women give chocolatesto boys and men.(2012广州市中考试题） Adifference Bdifferences Cdifferent Ddifferently【解析】本题出自于语法填空，指最大的一个不同点，所以应该选择名词的单数形式，C different是形容词形式，D differently 是副词形式，因此正确答案为A。【例 2】Most people look forward tothe 43 , a time when they can enjoy a change from their normal life.(2008广州市中考试题）43. A.dreams B. gifts C. meals D. holidays【解析】本题出自于完型填空，根据题目的意思，应该是指大部分的人都期待一个假期来过一段不同于日常生活的时光，所以正确答案为D.考点精练. Choose the bestanswer1. Well have a _ holiday. What aboutgoing to the West Lake? A.two days B. two-day C. two-days D. two-days2. Linda, Ive bought many _. Now letsmake the birthday cake. A.fresh eggs B. chocolate milk C. frozen food D. rice dumplings3. Do you know whose thispair of _ is? A. taxis B. flowers C. jeans D. umbrellas4.In his letter, Uncle Lee told us many _ about his visit to theUnited States.A. news B. stories C.information D. truth5. Li Dong is a friend of my _. We often play card games together.A. brother B. brothers C. brothers D.brothers6. Miss Smith doesnt have _ housework to dotoday.A. a piece B. many C. a lot D.much7. I didnt think it easy fora young girl to finish so much work in _. A. two days time B. two-days time C. two days time D. two days time8. Wehad many pens, but ink.A. few B. a few C. not many D. not much9. He wrote letter to his parents yesterday.A. a 800 words B. an 800word C. an 800words D. a 800word10.A _ usually helps people put out the fire. A. farmer B. managers C. fisherman D. fireman11.There are_ birds inthat big tree. A. hundredsof B. five hundreds of C. five hundred of D. hundred ofKeys:1-5 BACBC 6-11 DADBDA重点及难点解析二、therebe 句型学习there be 句型基本认识1、定义：There be句型表示某处存在某物或某人。2、结构：(1) There is +单数可数名词/不可数名词+ 地点状语.(2) There are +复数名词+地点状语.注意事项： there是引导词，在句中不充当任何成分，翻译时也不必译出。句子的主语是某人或某物，谓语动词be要与主语（某人或某物）的数保持一致。当主语是两个或两个以上的名词时，谓语动词要与跟它最近的那个名词一致。如： There is a bird in thetree. 树上有一只鸟。 There is a teacher and manystudents in our classroom. 我们教室里有一位老师和许多学生。 There are two boys and a girlunder the tree. 树下有两个男孩，一个女孩。there be 句型的常考点考点一：各种句型转化。1：变成否定There be句型的否定式的构成和含有be动词的其它句型一样，在be后加上not或no即可。注意not和no的不同：not是副词，no为形容词，not a/an/any + n. 相当于no+ n.。例如： 1）Thereare some pictures on the wall. There arent any pictures on the wall. =Thereare no pictures on the wall. 2）There is a bike behind the tree. There isnt a bike behind the tree. =There is no bike behind the tree.2：变成一般疑问句There be句型的一般疑问句变化是把be动词调整到句首，再在句尾加上问号即可。但同时要注意：当肯定句中有some时，要将其改为any（否定变化也一样）。Thereis some water on Mars. Is there any water on Mars?There are some fish in the water. Arethere any fish in the water?3：特殊疑问句对主语提问：当主语是人的时候，则用who 引导，当主语是物的时候，则用what 引导。注意：无论原句的主语是单数还是复数，对之提问时一般都用be的单数形式(回答时却要根据实际情况来决定)。如： There are many things over there.Whats over there? There is a little girl in the room.Who is inthe room?4 对地点状语提问：则用where 引导。如：Thereis a computer on the desk. Where is the computer?There are four children on theplayground. Where are the four children?5. 对数量提问：一般有两种句型结构：How many+复数名词+are there+介词短语？How much+不可数名词+is there+介词短语？考点二：therebe 句型的时态。be可以有现在时（there is/are）、过去时(there was/were)、将来时(there is/are goingto be或there will be)和完成时(there have/hasbeen)；还可用there must be ,there cant be, there used to be等。如：【典例】 -There _ aconcert this evening. -Yeah. Exciting news! A. are going to be B. isgoing to be C. is going to have D. will haveKeys: B考点三：therebe 句型反意疑问句的构成：be (not) there?如：【典例】There is some milk in the bottle,_ ? Aisnt there Barent there Cisnt itDare thereKeys: A考点四：therebe 句型的主谓一致：There be 结构中的be动词要和后面所跟名词保持一致,遵循就近原则。如：1.There _ any rice in the bowl.A. areB. is C. isntD. arent 2.There _ many apples on the treelast year. A. havebeen B. were C. areD. isKeys: 1) B 2) B考点五：therebe 句型用的其他动词：there be 句型中有时不用动词be ，而用come , live ,stand , lie, seem to be , happen to be ,等。如：【典例】There _ a knife and a fork on the table.A. seems to be B. seem to be C. is seeming to be D. are 剖析：根据就近原则，首先排除B、D，而 there be 句型中有时不用动词be ，而用come , live ,stand ,lie, seem to be等，所以答案应从A、C中选。感官动词一般不用进行时，故C也不正确。答案：A注意事项：there be 句型与have句型的区别(1) There be 句型和have都表示“有”的含义。区别如下：There be表示“某处存在某物或某人”；have表示“某人拥有某物/某人”，它表示所有、拥有关系。如： He has two sons. 他有两个儿子。Thereare two men in the office. 办公室里有两个男人。(2)当have表示“包括”、“存在”的含义时，There be 句型与其可互换。如： Aweek has seven days.=Thereare seven days in a week. 一个星期有七天。一. 单项填空。( )1.There_ not _ milk in the cupon the table . A. are, many B. are, much C. is ,many D. is ,much( )2.How many _ are there in the room? A. apple B.students C. milk D. paper( )3. Is this the last exam we have to take ? No, but there _ another test threemonths later from now. A. will be going to B. is C. will be D. has been( )4. -There is no air or water onthe moon. Is there? - _. A. Yes, there are B. No, there isnt C. Yes, there isnt D. No, there is( )5.There_ a film tomorrow evening Awill haveBhaveCis going to be Dhas( )6.There _ a football match onTV this evening. A. will have B. is going to be C. hasD. is going to have( )7.There _ a school at the foot ofthe hill. Ahave BstandCare Dstands( )8.Theres going to _ in tomorrowsnewspapers. A. have something new B. have new something C. be something new D. be new something( )9. There is little water in the glass, _? A. isnt there B. isnt itC. is it D. is there( ) 10.There _ a lot of good news intodays newspaper. A. is B. areC. was D.were( )11.There _ pencil-box, two booksand some flowers on the desk.A. is a B. aresome C. has a D.have somekeys:1-5 DBCBC 6-11 BDCDAA自我检测做一做一选择题（） 1.Look! Thereare many _ over there!（广州市西关外国语学校2012学年第一学期期中考试卷）A woman doctors B womandoctor C women doctors D womans doctors（）2 . Are thereany_ we can do to protect our earth?（华师附中2012-2013学年度上学期期中考试） A. other things B. the other things C. others things D.things other（ ）3 There are_ and some bread on the table for breakfast.（ 2012-2013学年第一学期天河区期末考试卷）A two glasses of milk B. two glass of milkC.two glasses of milksD. two glass of milks（）4 There_ somemoney and two bottles of juice on the desk.（广州市第二中学2012学年第一学期英语期中考试） A. is B. are C.has D. have( ) 5.People in Guangzhouthrow _ rubbish away every day.（广州市第二中学2012学年第一学期英语期中考试） A.many B. a lot C. much D. a few（）6. What can I dofor you, sir?（广州市第二中学2012学年第一学期英语期中考试）- Id like two bottles of _ and a piece of _. A. milk, bread B. orange, eggs C. apple juice, breads D.water, oranges（）7. You can go todifferent kinds of cinemas. There will be a lot of _36_ for you to enjoy. 36. A. films B. books C.pictures D. animals（广州市第二中学2012学年第一学期英语期中考试完形填空题）( ) 8. You can also go shopping in_37_ to buy things from all over the world. . A. bookshops B. supermarkets C. houses D. museums（广州市第二中学2012学年第一学期英语期中考试完形填空题）（）.But there areserious _38_ in big cities too. The cost of living is high, and there are_39_ people in some of big cities. 38. A.competition B. problems C. people D. questions 39. A. many B. no C.few D. every（广州市第二中学2