[初二英语]直接引语变间接引语.doc

直接引语变间接引语清华大学英语系测试：为中学英语量身定做.官方网站：/ 清华大学英语教授50年研究成果直接引语变间接引语常用的有三种情况1、陈述句变成间接引语，（1）“I am a teacher she said.She said that she was a teacher.“You dont tell her my telephone number he said.He said (that) I didnt tell her his telephone number.要注意时态的变化一般现在时变成一般过去时。一般过去时变成过去完成时，现在完成时变成过去完成时，一般将来时变成过去将来时，this 变成that these变成those, here 变成there ,today变成that day, yesterday 变成the day before, tomorrow 变成next day,the day after tomorrow变成in two days time.now 变成then等等。2、将一般疑问句变成间接引语在这样的句子中要加“if “是否”的意思。（1)Are you a student?She asked me if I was a student.她问我是否是一位学生。将原来的疑问句放在if 后面,但语顺变成肯定式的语顺。 另外 还可以用whether 来表示。She askede me whether I was a student.(2) Did you finish your work yesterday?He asked me if I have finished my work the day before.3.将特殊疑问句变成间接引语What time is it?He asked me what time it was.When will you go to town?He asked me when would I go to town.在这样的句子里除疑问词放在间接引语的前面外，后面也是陈述句的语序。注意，间接引语中的that 可以省略。 一、如何变人称：下面有一句顺口溜“一随主。二随宾，第三人称不更新”。“一随主”是指在直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称所修饰。从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化如：She said. My brother wants to go with me. She said her brother wanted to go with her.“二随宾”是指直接引语变间接引语时，若从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称。或被第二人你所修饰。从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。如果引号外的主句没有宾语。也可以用第一人称，如：He said to Kate. How is your sister now?He asked Kate how her sister was then。“第三人称不更新”是指直接引语变间接引语时。如果从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称所修饰从句中的人称一般不需要变化如：Mr Smith said。 Jack is a good worker。Mr Smith said Jack was a good worker。二、如何变时态：直接引语在改为间接引语时、时态需要做相应的调整。现在时它需改为过去时态；过去时态改为完成时；过去完成时则保留原来的时态。如：1)She said. I have lost a pen.She said she had lost a pen2)She said. We hope so.She said they hoped so.3) She said. He will go to see his friend。She said he would go to see his friend。但要注意在以下几种情况下。在直接引语变为间接引语时，时态一般不变化。直接引语是客观真理。The earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth, the teacher told me. The teacher told me the earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth。直接引语是过去进行时，时态不变。如：Jack said. John, where were you going when I met you in the street?Jack asked John where he was going when he met him in the street。直接引语中有具体的过去某年、某月、某日作状语，变为间接引语时，时态不变。如：Xiao Wang said. I was born on April 2l, 1980。 Xiao Wang said he was born on April 20, 1980。直接引语如果是一般现在时。表示一种反复出现或习惯性的动作，变间接引语，时态不变。如：He said, I get up at six every morning。 He said he gets up at six every morning。如果直接引语中的情态动词没有过去时的形式（例：ought to， had better, used to)和已经是过去时的形式时，（例：could, should, would, might）不再变。如：Peter said. You had better come have today。 Peter said I had better go there that day。三、如何变状语：直接引语变间接引语，状语变化有其内在规津，时间状语由“现在”改为“原来”（例：now变为then, yesterday。变为 the day before）地点状语，尤其表示方向性的，或用指示代词修饰的状语，由“此”改为“彼”（例：this 改为that),如：He said, These books are mine. He said those books were his.四、如何变句型：直接引语如果是陈述句，间接引语应改为由that引导的宾语从句。如：She said, Our bus will arrive in five minutes.She said that their bus would arrive in five minutes.直接引语如果是反意疑问句，选择疑问句或一般疑问句，间接引语应改为由whether或if引导的宾语从句.如：He said, Can you swim, John? He asked John if he could swim.You have finished the homework, havent you? my mother asked. My mother asked me whether I had finished the homework.Do you go to school by bus or by bike? He asked me if I went to school by bus or by bike.直接引语如果是特殊问句，间接引语应该改为由疑问代词或疑问副词引导的宾语从句（宾语从句必须用陈述句语序）。She asked me, When do they have their dinner? She asked me when they had their dinner.直接引语如果是祈使句，间接引语应改为tell(ask, order, beg等) sb (not) to do sth.句型。如：Dont make any noise, she said to the children. She told (ordered) the children not to make any noise. Bring me a cup of tea, please, said she.She asked him to bring her a cup of tea.直接引语如果是以“Lets”开头的祈使句，变为间接引语时，通常用“suggest +动句词（或从句）。”如：He said, Lets go to the film. He suggested going to the film.或He suggested that they should go to see the film.引述别人的话有两种方式：一是使用引号引出人家的原话，这叫做直接引语；一是用自己的话把人家的话转述出来，这叫做间接引语。例如：John said, Im going to London with my father.约翰说：我要和父亲到伦敦去。（引号内是直接引语）John said that he was going to London with his father.约翰说，他要和他父亲去伦敦。（宾语从句是间接引语）由直接引语变为间接引语，分以下情况：1 直接引语是陈述句时间接引语为that引导的宾语从句（口语中that可以省略），主句的引述动词主要有say ,tell, repeat, explain, think等。He said , You are younger than I.-He said (that ) I was younger than him.2.直接引语是疑问句时间接引语为陈述语序：主句的谓语动词say 改为ask,或改为wonder, do not know, want to know, be not sure, be puzzled等。（1） 一般疑问句或反意疑问句变为if (whether)引导的宾语从句。She said, Do you often come here to read newspapers?She asked me if (或whether)I often went there to read newspapers.She asked me , You have seen the film, havent you?She asked me whether(或if )I had seen the film.（2） 选择疑问句变为whether.or 宾语从句。I asked him, Will you stay at home or go to a film tonight?I asked him whether he would stay at home or go to a film that night.(3)特殊疑问句变为由原来的疑问词引导的宾语从句。He asked , Where do you live?He asked me where I lived.3.直接引语是祈使句时间接引语为不定式，作ask , tell, beg, order, warn, advise等动词的宾语补足语（dont 变为not ）.The teacher said to the boy, Open the window.The teacher told the boy to open the window.His father said to him , Dont leave the door open.His father told him not to leave the door open.注意（1） 有些表示建议、提议、劝告或要求的祈使句，可以用suggest ,insist等动词 加以转述。例如：He said, Lets go to the theatre.He suggested (our )going to the theatre.或He suggested that we(should) go to the theatre.(2) Would you mind opening the window? he asked.He asked me to open the window.Why dont you take a walk after supper? he asked .he advised me to take a walk after supper.Shall we listen to the music? he asked.He suggested listening to the music.4.直接引语是感叹句时间接引语为what 或how 引导，也可以用that 引导。She said, What a lovely day it is !She said what a lovely day it was .或She said that it was a lovely day.5如果主句谓语动词为各种现在时或一般将来时，则间接引语中的动词仍保持直接引语原来时态。如果主句谓语动词为过去时，间接引语中的动词时态按下列变化：（1） 一般现在时变为一般过去时（2） 现在进行时变为过去进行时（3） 一般将来时变为过去将来时（4） 现在完成时变为过去完成时（5） 一般过去时变为过去完成时（6） 过去完成时不变，仍为过去完成时注意（1） 如果直接引语是表示客观真理时，变为间接引语，一般现在时不改为一般过去时。如：The teacher said The earth goes round the sun.The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.（2） 如果直接引语中有明确表示过时间的状语，变为间接引语时，一般过去时不改为过去完成时。如：He said to me, I was born in 1973.He told me that he was born in 1973.(3)如果直接引语所述事实在当时和目前同样生效，变为间接宾语时，一般现在时不改为一般过去时。如：He said, Im a boy, not a girl.He said that he is a boy ,not a girl.(4)如果直接引语中的谓语动词表示一种反复出现或习惯动作，在变为间接引时，一般现在时不改为一般过去时。如：The girl said, I get up at six every morning.The girl said that she gets up at six every morning.(5)如果直接引语中含有since, when, while 引导的表示过去时间的状语从句，在变为间接引语时，只改变主句中的谓语动词，从句的一般过去时则不变。如：He said to me, I have taught English since he came here .He told me that he had taught English since he came here.(6)如果直接引语中含有情态动词 must, need, had better以及情态动词的过去式could, might, should, would,在变为间接引语时，这些情态动词没有时态的改变。例如：The teacher said to me . You must pay more attention to your pronunciation.The teacher told me that I must (have to ) pay more attention to my pronunciation.He said , I could swim when I was only six .He said that he could swim when he was only six.6.代词等一般地应作用相应的变化。指示代词 this -thatthese- those表示时间的词 now - thentoday- that daythis week(month ,etc) -that week (month ,etc)yesterday -the day beforelast week(month) - the week(month) beforethree days(a year)ago-three days(a year)beforetomorrow -the next (following ) daynext week(month)-the next(following)week(month)表地点的词 here -there动词 bring - takecome -go清华大学英语系测试：为中小学生英语量身定做.官方网站：/ 清华大学英语教授50年研究成果九年级重点基础语法归纳辅导一、 基础语法。（一）现在完成时态1、现在完成时的定义：现在完成时是表示在过去发生但与现在情况有联系的动作或状态的时态。2、现在完成时的构成：现在完成时是由“助动词have/has+动词过去分词”构成的。助动词have/has可以与主语缩写为ve/s。e.g. I have IveWe have WeveHe has HesIt has Its规则变化的过去分词与动词过去式一样。不规则变化的动词过去分词见表。Book 3 P2552573、现在完成时的基本句型。陈述句肯定形式。e.g. I have had lunch. 我已经吃过午饭了。He has gone to Beijing. 他去北京了。陈述句否定形式。（在助动词have/has后+not，可缩写为havent/hasnt）e.g. I havent had lunch. 我还未吃午饭。He hasnt gone to Beijing. 他还没有去北京。一般疑问句形式及其答语。（将助动词have/has提前，答语一般用have, has回答）e.g. Have you had lunch? 你吃过午饭了没？Yes, I have. No, I havent.Has he gone to Beijing? 他去过北京了没有？Yes, he has. No, he hasnt.否定回答还可以用：No, not yet. / No, never. / No, not even once等。特殊疑问句形式。（疑问词+一般疑问句）e.g. Where has he gone? 他去了哪里？4、现在完成时的三个基本用法。(1) 现在完成时的第一个基本用法表示过去发生或已完成的某一个动作对现在造成的影响或结果。e.g. Have you had lunch? Yes, I have. Ive just had it. 你吃过午饭没？有，吃过了，我刚刚吃的。（影响及结果：我现在饱了，不需要了） He has gone to Beijing. 他已经去北京了。（影响及结果：他人现在不在这里了）该用法常already(已经), never(从不), ever(曾经), yet(仍然), just(刚刚), before(以前)等副词(作状语)连用。 already, just, ever, never常用于助动词之后，实义动词之前。already, just多用于肯定陈述句。e.g. She has already finished her work. 她早已干完了活。Would you like to go to see the film? No, Ive seen it already.不，我已经看过了。(already偶尔会出现于句末) They have just won a game. 他们刚刚赢了一场比赛。 有时already可以用于疑问句，表示期待肯定回答，或表示惊讶、意外。 e.g.Have you finished reading the book already? 你真的已经读完这本书了？(表示惊讶)ever多用于疑问句，问初次经历。e.g.Have you ever spoken to a foreigner? 你跟外国人讲过话吗？（问初次经历）never多用于否定陈述句（注：本身表示否定意义）e.g.He has never done such a thing, has he? 他从来没有做过这样的事，不是吗？（否定） yet一般用于疑问句(已经)或否定句(还)，常位于句末。e.g. Have you got ready yet? 你已经准备好了吗？ He hasnt finished his homework yet. 他还没完成作业。 before一般位于句末。e.g. I have never seen the film before. 以前我从未看过那部电影。 现在完成时的第一种用法常与以上的副词连用，因此这些词有时可以作为现在完成时的标志词。(1) 现在完成时的第二个基本用法表示过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。该用法常和表示过去某一时刻延续到现在的一段时间的状语连用。与for +一段时间连用，表示多久。Page 1e.g. He has learned English for two years. 他已经学习两年英语了。I have been here for three days. 我在这里已经3天了。与since +时间（起点）连用，表示自以来。e.g. His father has worked in that factory since 1991. 他爸爸自1991年以来都在这家工厂工作。Ive had a cold since last Friday. 自上星期五起我就感冒了。与since +一段时间+ ago连用，表示自以前就。 e.g. Jim has waited there since half an hour ago. 吉姆自半个小时前就已经在那里等候了。He has stayed here since three weeks ago.他在这儿已呆了三个星期。与since +从句（从句用一般过去时）连用，表示自某事发生后就一直。e.g. The Greens have lived in Beijng since they came to China. 格林一家自从来到中国后就一直住在北京。Ive known her since I came to work here. 自从我来这里工作就认识他了。(3) 现在完成时的第三个基本用法表示到现在为止这一时期中多次动作的总和或所做过的工作的量的积累。e.g. I have been to Beijing twice. 我去过北京两次。 Weve learnt five English songs this year. 今年我们学了五首英语歌曲。How many pages of the book have you read? 这本书你读了多少页了？5、延续性与非延续性动词在现在完成时态中的使用。(1)有一些动词是瞬间动词，也叫非延续性动词，这些动词一发生就结束了，常见的有：come, go, arrive, reach, leave, begin, start, buy, join, die, borrow, get up, become, open, stop等。这些动词虽然可以用于现在完成时（说明某个 动作的结果还存在），但由于它们不能延续，因此不能跟表示一段的时间状语连用。（也即现在完成时的第二个基本用法中不能使用非延续性动词）。e.g. Jim has come back. (正) 吉姆已经回来了。Jim has come back for a month. (误) come back的动作不能延续一个月，因此错误。(2)瞬间动词不可以用于有段时间的现在完成时态中，因此，若要解决这一问题，就应把它改为相应的延续性动词 或短语，主要有以下几种： 用相应的延续性动词如：buy have borrow keep come/go/become be put on wear catch a cold have a cold 转换成be+名词如：join be a member ofgo to school be a student转换成be+形容词或副词如：die be dead leave be away begin be on finish be overfall asleep be asleepopen be openget up be upclose closed转换成be+介词短语 如：come to/go to/arrive in (at)/get to/reach be in/at join the army be in the army(军队)e.g.I have borrowed the book. 我已经借了那本书。I have kept the book for two days. 我已经借那本书两天了。Jim has joined the band. 吉姆已经加入那乐队了。Jim has been a member of the band for a month. 吉姆已经加入那个乐队一个月了。His grandfather has died. 他祖父已经死了。 His grandfather has been dead for 2 years. 他祖父已经死了两年了。My father has arrived in China.我父亲已经到达中国了。My father has been in China for a week.我父亲已经在中国一个星期了。(3)在否定句中，非延续性动词也可以与时间段连用。e.g.I havent borrowed books from the library since last year. 自去年以来我就没有在图书馆借过书。Jim hasnt come back for a year. 吉姆已有一年没回来了。6、现在完成时的几种常见的句型转换。 现在完成时可以转化成一般过去时，还可以转化成“It is/has been +时间段+since从句(用一般过去时)”等句型。e.g. Jim has been back for a month. 吉姆已经回来一个月了。= Jim came back a month ago. 吉姆一个月前就回来了。Page 2= It is/has been a month since Jim came back. 自吉姆回来已经有一个月了。= A month has passed since Jim came back.I have kept the book for two days. = I borrowed the book two days ago.= It is / has been two days since I borrowed the book. = Two days has passed since I borrowed the book.7、现在完成时和一般过去时的区别：现在完成时强调的是过去的动作对现在的影响，它和现在有密切的联系。现在完成时经常会出现下列的标志词。如：already, yet, just, ever, never, several times, before, so far, for +时间段, since +时间点或从句等。一般过去时强调的是动作发生的时间、地点，不涉及对现在的影响，所以凡含有表示过去的时间状语的句子，都必须用一般过去时，不能用现在完成时。（二）宾语从句1、宾语从句的概说：宾语从句在复合句中作主句的宾语。整个复合句结构如下： I think (that) I have lost it. 我想我已经把它丢了。主语 + 谓语 +（引导词）+ 主语 + 谓语 主句 宾语从句由此可见宾语从句就是作及物动词，介词或某些形容词的宾语的句子。2、由that引导的宾语从句。(即陈述句作宾语从句)(1) 主句的谓语。 很多及物动词后都可接由that引导的宾语从句，如：think, hope, say, tell, know, see, hear, remember, mean等。 一些表示人的感情的形容词如sure, happy, glad, pleased, surprised, sorry, afraid等后面也可接由that引导的宾语从句，表示产生这种感情的原因。e.g. Im sure (that) he will come tomorrow.我肯定他明天会来。Im happy (that) I see you here. 我很高兴看到你在这里。注意：如果主句与从句的主语一致，可把从句改为不定式，如果不一致，则只可用that从句。如句可改写为Im happy to see you here. 而句则不可改。 (2) 从句的引导词，即that。在连词that引导的宾语从句中，that本身无意义，在句子中不但任任何成分，在口语或非正式文体中常常省略。 e.g. I hope (that) youll have a good holiday. 希望你们假日愉快。 He says (that) the Chinese people are very friendly. 他说中国人民很友好。 (3) 从句的语序：宾语从句永远用陈述语序。 e.g. Does he know (that) she is a scientist? 他知道她是科学家吗？Are you sure (that) you will win? 你肯定你会赢吗？ (4) 从句的时态。 若主句为一般现在时态时，则宾语从句要根据具体情况选择所需要的时态。e.g. He says (that) he is ill now.他说他现在病了。He says (that) he has been ill for ten days.他说他已经生病十天了。He says (that) he was ill last week.他说他上周生病了。He says (that) he will return soon.他说他很快就回来。 若主句为一般过去时，则宾语从句也要用某种过去时态。e.g. He said (that) he was ill then.他说他那时病了。He said (that) he was doing his homework then.他说他那时正在做作业。 若宾语从句说的是客观真理，自然现象等，要用一般现在时。e.g.The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.老师说地球绕着太阳转。(5) 否定的转移。 若主句的主语是第一人称(I, we)，且谓语动词是think, guess, believe, suppose等时，如果要否定，只能否定主句， 而不能否定从句。e.g. I dont think he will come tonight. 我认为他今晚不会来。Page 3(6) 含宾语从句的复合句的反意疑问句，一般情况下，根据主句主谓语来确定附加疑问句。 e.g. The teacher didnt say that he would come here, did he? 但对于有否定转移的主从复合句来说，其附加疑问句的主谓语须根据从句来确定。 e.g.I dont think he can swim, can he? 我认为他不会游泳，对吗？I believe he is a student, isnt he? 我相信他是个学生，不是吗？3、由连接代词或连接副词引导的宾语从句。(即特殊疑问句作宾语从句)(1) 主句的谓语：可由连接代词或连接副词引导的宾语从句的动词有see, tell, ask, answer, know, decide, find out, show, choose, remember, forget等。e.g. Do you know who will give us a talk? 你知道谁将给我们做演讲吗？ We asked him why he was late. 我们问他为什么迟到。I am going to see how Kate is. 我准备去看凯特怎么样了。(2) 从句的引导词。 由连接代词who, whom, whose, what和which引导，这些词在宾语从句中可作主语、宾语、表语和定语，因而不能省略。e.g. Do you know who will give us a talk? 你知道谁会给我们做演讲吗？(who在宾语从句中作主语) Can you tell me whom you are waiting for? 你能告诉我你在等谁吗？(whom在宾语从句中作宾语) She asked whose jacket it was. 她问这是谁的夹克衫。(whose在宾语从句中作定语，修饰jacket) I dont know whose that is. 我不知道那是谁的？(whose在宾语从句中作表语) 由连接副词when, where, why和how引导，这些词在宾语从句中作状语，不能省略。e.g. Do you know when he will be back? 你知道他何时回来吗？We asked him why he was late.我们问他为何迟到。I want to know where she lives. 我想知道她住在哪里。(3) 从句的语序：特殊疑问句坐宾语从句，仍用陈述句的语序。e.g. What day is it today? Do you know? Do you know what day it is today?When will the train leave? I want to know. I want to know when the train will leave.Where does she live? Can you tell me? Can you tell me where she lives?How did you do it? Please tell me. Please tell me how you did it.(4) 从句的时态：与that引导的宾语从句的时态一样。(5) 注意： 当what, which, whom, who等疑问代词作宾语从句里句末介词的宾语，又引导宾语从句时，句末的 介词不可随意省掉。e.g. I dont know what they are looking for? 我不知道他们正在找什么。 Do you know which room she lives in? 你知道她住在哪个房间吗？当宾语从句的主语与主句的主语（或宾语）一致，且从句谓语时态为将来时或表示将来意义，如should 时，从句可简化为疑问词（why 除外）+不定式。e.g. I dont know where I should go. = I dont know where to go.我不知道要去哪里。Ill show you how you should do it. = Ill show you how to do it.我将教你该怎么做它。4、由if和whether引导的宾语从句(1) if和whether用以引导宾语从句时意为“是否”，该宾语从句是由一般疑问句变来的。其语序、时态变化和前两 种宾语从句一致。e.g. Did he like this coat? She asked. She asked if / whether he liked this coat. Will Mary be free tomorrow? I dont know. I dont know if / whether Mary will be free tomorrow.(2) 一般情况下，whether和if用于引导宾语从句时可以通用，但在下列情况下，whether和if的用法有区别： whether后可以接不定式短语，而if不能。e.g. I cant decide whether to go to Beijing. 我不能决定是否去北京。 当引导的从句作介词宾语时，只能用whether，不能用if。e.g. Theyre talking about whether they can finish the work on time. 他们正在谈论他们是否能按时完成工作。 whether引导的从句可移至句首，if则不行。e.g. Whether this is true or not, I cant say. 这是不是真的，我不敢说。 动词discuss后面的宾语从句，只用whether引导，不用if。Page 4e.g. We discussing whether we will have a sports meeting next week. 我们正在讨论下周是否举行运动会。 当从句中有 “or not” 时，or not可以紧接whether之后，也可以位于句末，此时，一般不用if。e.g. Please tell me whether or not hell come here. = Please tell me whether hell come here or not. 请告诉我他是否会来这儿。 whether和if一般引导肯定形式的宾语从句，若宾语从句是否定形式，表示“是否”的连词只能用if。e.g. We want to know if they wont come truly. 我们想知道他们是不是真的不来。whether和if除共同可以引导宾语从句，各自还可以用来引导其他类型的从句。 if可以引导条件状语从句，意为“如果”，whether不能。e.g.The students will go on a picnic if it is sunny tomorrow. 如果明天天气晴朗，学生们要去野餐。 whether可以引导让步状语从句，意为“不管，无论”之意。e.g.Hainan Island is the place to be, whether its summer or winter.不管是夏天还是冬天，海南岛都是应该去的地方。（一）过去将来时1、表示的意义和用法：过去将来