初中英语动词时态和语态讲解.doc

初中英语动词时态和语态讲解（一） 英语语法中的时态（tense）是一种动词形式，不同的时态用以表示不同的时间与方式。 是表示行为、动作、状态在各种时间条件下的动词形式。英语动词有16种时态，但是中考常考时态包括6种：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时.下面分别介绍。 1、 一般现在时的用法 1） 表示经常性、习惯性的动作；表示现在的状态、特征、客观事实和真理。句中常用 often, usually, every day 等时间状语。例如： a. I get up early every morning. （经常性的动作）b. He is very upset. （状态）c.The earth moves around the sun. (客观事实）d.Knowledge is power(真理）（2013武汉）-What does Toms uncle do?-He is a teacher. He ( )physics at a school now. A.will teach B.has taught C.teaches D.taught 2) 在由连词if, unless, before, as soon as, when, once, however, until 等引导的状语从句中，主句用将来时，从句必须用现在时代替将来时。如： a. If it rains tomorrow, well put off the game.b. When he comes, Ill let you know.c.I will wait till he comes. When you ( ) at a restaurant, please order just enough food.（2013陕西）A .ate B.will eat C.eat D.have eatenHenry will give us a report as soon as he (arrives).(2013 河北）A.arrives B.arrived C.is arriving D.will arrive3) 有时这个时态表示按计划、规定要发生的动作（句中都带有时间状语），但限于少数动词，如：begin, come, leave, go ,arrive, start , stop, return, open, close等。例如： a. The meeting begins at seven. b. The rain starts at nine in the morning. 4) 表示状态和感觉的动词(be, like, hate, think, remember, find, sound 等)常用一般现在进行时。 a. I like English very much. b. The story sounds very interesting. 5) 书报的标题、小说等情节介绍常用一般现在时。 2.一般过去时的用法 1） 表示过去某一时间所发生的动作或存在的状态。常和表示过去的时间状语连用(常见的有：yesterday, last night , two days ago,in 1940,just now, then,the year before last, in the past, before,at that time等）。如：a. He saw Mr. Wang yesterday. b. He was born in 1960. The school boy( ) to the blind man.on his way home yesterday afternoon.(2013 上海）A.apologizes B.apologized C.will apologize D.has apologized-Thats a nice mobile phone.-So it is.My aunt( )it for my last birthday.(2013 武汉）A.buy B.will buy C.have bought D.bought2)在过去一段时间内的经常性或习惯性动作。如：We often played together when we were children. 我们小时候常在一起玩。（2013 宁波）Tony(played)football every weekend when he was young注：表示过去经常发生的动作还可用used to 和would。如：He used to smoke a lot, but he doesnt now. 他过去经常抽烟，但现在不抽了。Whenever we were in trouble, he would help us. 每当我们遇到困难，他都会帮助我们。3.一般将来时的用法 一般将来时表示将来的动作或状态。表达形式1）“will、shall/am、be going to+动词原形”表示即将发生的或最近打算进行的事,也用来表示自然现象。(常与一般将来时连用的时间状语： next time，tomorrow，tomorrow evening, the day after tomorrow, this afternoon, next year, before long, in the future.)a)I/we will/shall have a meeting .b）You/He/She/It/They will leave for Tianjin.c )It is going to rain. d )We are going to have a meeting today. (2013北京）Mr.Green, a famous writer,(will visit) our school next week.2）“be to + 动词原形” 表示按计划进行或征求对方意见，或按职责、义务和要求必须去做的事或即将发生的动作。 a )The boy is to go to school tomorrow. b) Are we to go on with this work? 3) “be about to + 动词原形” 表示客观就要发生的事，马上就要发生。意为 be ready to do sth. 后面一般不跟具体的时间状语连用。 We are about to leave. 4) go , come , start, move, sail, leave, arrive ,stay 等可用进行时态表示按计划即将发生的动作。Im leaving for Beijing. 5) 某些动词(如come, go ,leave, arrive, start, get , stay 等)的一般现在时也可表示将来。 a )The meeting starts at five oclock. b )He gets off at the next stop. 4.现在进行时的用法 1） 现在进行时表示现在正在进行尚未完成的动作或状态，由“to be + 现在分词” 构成。另外， “系动词 + 介词或副词” 也表示进行时的意义。a.What are you doing? b.The bridge is under construction. (2013 上海）Look, so many passengers(are playing）with their smart phones on the underground.注：由 while(when）引导的状语从句，动词通常要用进行式（现在进行式，过去进行式）。(2013 广东）Todays young people cant live without smart phones. They keep their hands on the phones wherever they go, even while they( are having)meals.2） 表示感觉、愿望和状态的某些动词（如have, be , hear, see, like 等 ） 一般不用进行。 5.过去进行时的用法 1） 过去进行时过去某一时刻、某一阶段正进行的动作，由 “ was (were) + 现在分词”构成。 a .In 1980 he was studying in a university. b .He was reading a novel when I came in. (2013天津）I saw him in the library yesterday. He( was reading)a book at that moment.(2013 杭州)Sally took a photo of her friends while they(were playing)computer games.6.现在完成时的用法现在完成时由 “have + 过去分词其使用有两种情况： 1） 现在完成时所表示的动作在说话之前已完成，但对现在有影响。句中没有具体时间状语。 I have just come back from the United States.（2013 连云港）Julies father went to London last month.He(has been) there three times.注：用法比较 have gone to 与have been to Have gone to 表示的意思为“去而未归”，而have been to 的意思是“去过”He has gone to Fuzhou. He has been to Fuzhou. 2) 现在完成时所表示的动作开始于过去，持续到现在，也许还会持续下去常用 for 和since表示一段时间的状语或so far , now, today, this week (month, year ) 等状语。 a )He has studied English for 5 years. b ) He has studied English since 1985. c )Now I have finished the work. (2013北京）Miss Lin (has done) a lot of work for the poor area since 2010注意：表示短暂时间动作的词（如come, go , die, marry, buy 等）的完成时不能与for, since 等 表示一般时间的词连用。 3）现在完成进行时还可用时间和条件状语从句中，表示将来某时完成的动作。 a )Ill go o your home when I have finished my homework. b )If it has stopped snowing in the morning, well go to the park. （二） 动词语态 1 当句子的主语是动作的执行者时， 谓语的形式叫主动语态。句子的主语是动作承受者时，谓语的形式叫被动作语态。被动语态由助动词be + 过去分词构成，时态通过be 表现出来。中考语态的考查侧重于以下几个方面：主动语态和被动语态的选择，各种时态的被动语态形式，被动语态中的动词形式，主动形式表示被动意义的常见结构。 1） 一般现在时：You are required to do this. （2013 天津）-What languages(are spoken) in that country?2） 一般过去时：The story was told by her. (2013 北京）Flowers(were planted) along the road last year.3） 一般将来时：The problem will be discussed tomorrow. (2013 南京）It is said that an Asian Culture Village(will be built) inside the AYG Village in Nanjing in the coming Asia Youth Games period.4） 现在进行时：The road is being widened. 5） 过去进行时：The new tool was being made. 6） 现在完成时：The novel has been read. 7） 过去完成时：He said that the work had been finished. 8） 过去将来时：He said that the trees would be planted soon. 2. 一些特殊的被动结构 1） 带情态动词的被动结构：The problem must be solved soon. (2013 黄冈）-How often do I need to feed the dog?-It(must be given) food every day, or it will be hungry.2） 带不定式的被动结构：The room is going to be painted. The homework needs to be done with care. (2013 包头）-Nobody likes(to be laughed at), so we should to be kind to everyone;-I agree with you.3) 短语动词的被动： a.（不及物）动词+介词：若这类短语动词是及物性的，则可用于被动语态中，如：laugh at, look after, talk about, think of 等。若这类短语动词是不及物性的则不可用于被动语态中，如：book up, look down. 等 b.（及物）动词+副词：bring about, carry out, find out, make out, put away, put off, take up, turn down, turn out, wipe out等 (2013 茂名）The children were hungry and the salad was quickly(eaten up)c. 动词+副词 +介词：do away with, face up to, give into ,look down upon, make up with等 d. 动词+名词+介词：catch sight of, keep on eye on, make a fool of , pay attention to , put an end to , set fire/light to , take notice of 等 4) 带复合宾语的动词在改为被动语态时，一般把主动结构中的宾语改为主语，宾语补足语保留在谓语后面。We always keep the classroom clean. (比较：The classroom is always kept clean.) 5)主动形式表示被动意义的词。常见的有： a.主动形式，这时动名词同句中的主语有动宾关系。 The children need looking after. The windows wants /requires repairing. This point deserves mentioning. b.有些及物动词后须加副词 （如：well, easily等）， 有些可不加，如：act, clean, cut, draw, lock, open, play, read, sell, shut, strike, wash, write 等。 The cloth washes/ sells well. The door wo