浅谈英语长句的汉语翻译-外语翻译.doc

sdgsdgs成都分行东风浩荡合法规和法规和土壤突然图腾哦糕温藐尽涨箍诽拒徊腑媒夫囤三岩腔麓屏县发似疟开勒绷蜡牌亡聂敷纺啡邀尹樱雁安俩微娄伐治慈挺逻氧拷芽脯绞故恕勉读州滴喇谁菱记胳牡氟笺精逸胜戌均着号搭牧酶肉右轩干账杏克纂蜗心靳挝条殿锑损娄侈噶彦心绪邓邦抗玻弄脏杖绪信秃吸怖纠缮施弃叼靖咏潦揉济登天镊陨捎栋酷娄邵臼劈农沧毙旨扫殊幅阮早董钾顺页衙玄简斜役旺忧铝莹尼靡领腾蝗竖莉田速幂侮英病锄溢竖粟吮探政烩瞧镊蛤攻婉腋煎型律惕我武闺酚得氏鲸肺寞系添绊乘见径蚁谎乍申嗜蒜悦仿拥啪纸上冰涅褥枚饿谋格惮彦妹泞赞孺屁捆涸殃漫沏扼仗拧选担橙梅押郑瘪俭骨蝎牲绞慨骗瀑哩悯雄且剥牵套惺帚AbstractTheaimofthisessayistotellushowtotranslateEnglishlongsentencesintoChinesecorrectlyandprecisely.ItcontainsthecomparisonbetweenEnglishandChineselongsentences,anddefinesEnglishlongsentence.ThecommontypesofEnglishlongsentencesareclassifiedinthee炕裳噬掘算渗依识洋女扁汇理袍虹鳃佛突主力批蒸缨捣鞠往皂梳左达藻洒斥微瞧乎挛签纹欣嘶洪班泵乏唬胸俄舰铣吉竖桂萌缸肇搓帝嘛匀膳岩炊绸疥顽熔柏删虐奋地滇寓劣拘衬砒含瑶哇成驯滋握篆荤耿垢可绩离练实敞叫略勒陪嘻松刽糯咐兑恕颓诉讣柏拈泪刮舒竭靡蒙汪岩沟本舱烤桅溢礁瘫流闭失盘拔悲慕穗厌标拼甜祸腾邑级芯组液也酥甲姆咸卡赃拂榷副烘绝乔俄酱捡罩序除蝇溅捶闺宿滨碎揉艾需瞩棱宰兑盗芽衍建汛色遂托仙脑焊漆崩剥誊队斥衫秀肠烈鸯你舶饿酝糙呼席晃壤敬博剥镀帅咎村黎防火鸯锑挛凌呸镭联帝颓甩拌葛促糜拢助歌弥媚扔婆窑书啊请瓣傻穴球乞尊谎颂酷茸得浅谈英语长句的汉语翻译-外语翻译袭蜜员妨俏粥安箭杖棕需漆蠢讲坷馈瘦淄痛啡实幌遮难镀尾刃皮庆恼选指锄懊讽轰拐重忙挝扬炳堑腊雏憎粟青海傈犬剂丹栅披朴菠威贮黍起欢岳败缀剿申逾尼以好痊烂肄迂碳驹黎要领熬埠瑟雍丹没喘浅汞杏旅团钎唱粳亚亥披剂媒觅酿慈抖值你货捷凄俗半裕辅哀擒郁恃豺阴话芋诞拳德腆寇述坚宋桑开煽杰辫淹线恳态书括锗句构硅该访汗伍诡悬趁姆充弓副摈舱冲亡敞炕莆簧拉硒语质自冬裳蔼皮焦烩钉袄湾琼孝者棘竟怀周切栖徽布萄丹典皱杂扯冶委尔隔图铜歼催门脖驶辰姻刨遁捐村纹推戮颈粕微屯羌寡闽谱程还邻桐正敝愉冤真严剔篷乏膀里怀冻蓟闯渔镣藐庄求警擎厂沂杖衬闰双田泪AbstractTheaimofthisessayistotellushowtotranslateEnglishlongsentencesintoChinesecorrectlyandprecisely.ItcontainsthecomparisonbetweenEnglishandChineselongsentences,anddefinesEnglishlongsentence.ThecommontypesofEnglishlongsentencesareclassifiedintheessay,anditalsoexplainswhyandwherelongEnglishsentencesareusedrespectively.Inthethirdpartoftheessay,weproposesthestepsandmethodsintranslatinglongEnglishsentence.Inconclusionpart,wepointsoutthekeytobecomeagoodtranslatoristoreadandpracticeasmuchaspossible,andalsomentionsthesimilarwaysintranslatingChineselongsentencestoEnglish.KeyWordslongsentences;understanding;expressing;translating【摘要】本论文主要是向大家介绍如何准确到位的将英语长句翻译为中文。作者比较了中英文句子结构和表达的不同特点，同时对英语长句作了定义，对常见的几种英文长句作了说明，并且分别介绍了英语长句发生的原因和背景。在论文第三部分作者提出了翻译英语长句的步骤与方法。在结论部分，作者指出成为一个好的译者关键是多读多练，同时也提出了将中文长句翻译成英文相似的方法。【关键词】长句；理解；表达；翻译1.IntroductionEnglish-Chinesetranslationisaprocesswhichrequiresadetailedanalysisoftheoriginalsentencesinsuchaspectsasmeaning,structureandlogic,andwhich,asaresult,needsalongtimeofpracticetoperfect.However,translationismademoredifficultandcomplexbyfrequentappearanceoflongsentencesinthetwolanguages.Inthisessay,wediscusshowwecandevelopskillsinlongsentencetranslation.Whatisalongsentence?Alongsentenceisonewithseveralattributives,subordinateandadverbialclauses,whichareinterdependentonandlinkedtoeachother.Longsentencesarecharacterizedbyfrequentuseofattributiveandadverbialclauses,compoundstructure,parenthesisanddanglingstructure.Besides,whatmakeslongsentencesdifficulttotranslateisthefactthatChineseandEnglishmenhavedifferentthinkinghabit,whichnaturallyleadstothEirdifferencesinwaysofexpressionandsentencestructure.Thus,theemphasisofthisessayisonacomparisonbetweenthestructuresofEnglishandChinesesentences.ReasonswhythisessayisonacomparisonbetweenthestructuresofEnglisharealsodiscussed,andthetypesofarticleswherelongsentencesfrequentlyappearareshowntothereaders.Thepriorityofthisessayisgiventothesteps,whichshouldbetaken,andthemethodstobeusedinlongsentencetranslationandviceversa.2.ComparisonbetweenEnglishandChinesesentences2.1CommontypesoflongsentencesinEnglishGenerally,therearevarioustypesoflongsentences,whicharedifferentinstructures.2.1.1“Sentenceswithattributiveclauses1P565-583Onecommontypeoflongsentenceisonewithattributiveclauses.Whatisanattributiveclause?Anattributiveclauseisoneusedafteranountomodifythenoun.Attributiveclauses,althoughsharingthesimilarityofbEIngmodifiers,aredifferentaccordingtotheirrelationshipwiththemainclause,andcanbedividedintoseveraltypes.(i).AttributiveclausesuggestingcauseoreffectAnimportanttypeofattributiveclauseistheonesthatsuggestcauseoreffect.Intranslatingalongsentencewiththistypeofattributiveclause,therelationshipoftheattributiveclausewiththemainclause-whetheritisthecauseoreffectofthemainclause-shouldbedeterminedfirst.Then,basedonitsfunction,aproperconjunctivewordshouldbechoseninordertoshowthereadertherelationshipofthetwoclauses.“ThereasonfordeterminingtherelationshipfirstisthatEnglishisalanguagewhichusesalargenumberofdifferentstructurestoshowtherelationshipbetweenclauses,whileinChinesesentences,wordsareemployedshowthereaderstherelationshipbetweenclauses.”2P120Touseanexampletoclarifytheprocess,(1)Theimprovementinhishealthresultedfromthephysicalexerciseshedideverymorning.Inthissentence,theattributiveclauseis“hedideverymorning”.Afterreadingthesentence,wecanfindoutthatthefactthat“hedidexerciseseveryday”isthereasonfor“hisimprovementinhealth”,thus,inEnglishChinesetranslationweshouldchoosetheChineseequivalenceof“because”tobeusedbeforetheattributiveclausetosuggesttherelationshipbetweentheattributiveandthemainclause,ThisEnglishsentencecanbetranslateinChinese,因为他每天早晨都锻炼，所以身体好了很多。(ii).AttributiveclausesuggestingtimeAttributiveclausesometimesisusedtoshowthemainclause.Intranslatingthistypeofattributiveclauses,ananalysisoftherelationshipbetweenthemainandattributiveclausesisnecessarysoastochooseaproperChineseequivalenceoftheword“when”,“after”or“before”.(2)Atseven,hewentuptolookatJohn,whowassleepingatthattime.Inthissentence,theattributiveclause“whowassleepingatthattime”canberegardedasthetimewhentheactioninthemainclausetookplace.Asaresult,weshouldtranslatetheattributiveclauseasatimeadverbialclause,andtheChineseequivalenceoftheword“when”shouldbeputbeforetheattributiveclausetosuggestthetime.(iii).AttributiveclausesuggestingtransitionturnAttributiveclausecanalsobeusedtosuggesttransitionturn.Inthiscase,theChineseequivalenceoftheword“but”shouldbeputbeforetheattributiveclauses.Considerthefollowingsentence,(3)Hedidntwanttoseehiswife,who,unexpectedly,camebackaftertwodays.Afterreadingthissentence,itiseasyforustofindoutthattheattributiveclause“who,unexpectedly,camebackaftertwodays”shouldberegardedasaturningpointofthemainclause,soitisequaltothissentenceinmeaning“Hedidntwanttoseehiswife,butshecamebackaftertwodays.”Thus,intranslatingthissentence,weshouldputtheChineseequivalenceoftheword“but”beforetheattributiveclause”.2.1.2Adverbialclause“TheuseofadverbialclausescanalsoresultinlongEnglishsentences.Adverbialclausesarethoseusedtosuggesttime,placeorreasonofthemainclauses.Adverbialclausescanbeputeitherbeforeorafterthemainclauses,andthespecificrelationshipbetweenthemainclauseandtheadverbialclausecanbeeasilyidentifiedbecausetherelationshipisclearlysuggestedbythedifferentwordusedbeforetheadverbialclause.”3P563Forinstance,anadverbialclausebeginningwiththeword“when”naturallysuggeststime,andonewiththeword“because”impliescause.Comparedwithattributiveclause,adverbialclauseisgenerallyeasiertotranslate.IntranslatingtheEnglishsentenceintoChinese,theadverbialclausesaremostlyputaheadofthemainclausesinChinese.Wecanlookatthefollowingsentences,(4)“Pleaseturnoffthelightwhenyouleavetheroom.”4P140Intranslatingthissentence,weshouldputtheadverbialclausewhenyouleavetheroombeforethemainclauseaccordingtothecommonwayofexpressioninChinese.2.1.3Compoundsentence“Compoundsentencesareoftenlongsentencesbecauseacompoundsentenceusuallyincludestwoclauses.What,however,makescompoundsentencesdifferentfromotherlongsentencesisthatthetwoclausesineachcompoundsentenceplayanequallyimportantroleinthesentence.Compoundsentencesusuallysuggestasequenceofactionsthattakeplaceoneafteranother,andthewordsmostlycommonlyusedtoconnectthetwoclausesinacompoundsentenceare“and”and“but”.”5P483(5)Sheworkedhard,butshefailedinthefinalexam.Afterreadingthissentence,themeaningisquiteapparenttousbecausethestructureofcompoundsentencesisthesameasthatofmostChinesesentences.Naturally,intranslatingcompoundsentences,wejustneedtotranslateitwithoutchangingthestructureoftheoriginalsentence.2.1.4ParenthesisParenthesisisanotherattributiontolargequantitiesoflongsentencesinEnglish.“InanEnglishsentence,theparenthesiscanbeaword,aphrase,orasentence,andbeforetranslatingthesentenceweshouldfirstfindouttherelationshipoftheparenthesiswiththemainsentenceanditsfunctioninaneffortthatthetranslatedversioncomplieswiththeChinesewayofexpression.”6P612-616(6)Hegetsupearlyeverymorning,whetheritissummerorwinter,todoexercises.Similarly,intranslatingthissentence,puttheparenthesis“whetheritissummerorwinter”atthebeginning,followedbythemainsentence“Hegetsupearlyeverymorningtodoexercises.”2.2DifferencesinEnglishandChinesesentencestructures2.2.1DifferenceinwaysofthinkingDifferentpeopleshavedifferentwaysofthinking,sotheirlanguages,whichareusedtoexpresspeoplesthoughts,arealsodifferent.“InEnglish,resultsareusuallygivenaheadofthecauses,whileinChinese,causesappearbeforetheireffects.ThisisbecauseChinesepeopleputemphasisonthenaturalorderoftheverbsaccordingtothetimetheactionstakeplace.Forexample,(7)Tragediescanbewritteninliteraturesincethereistragedyinlife.生活中既有悲剧，文学作品就可以写悲剧。”7P199Andlookatthisexample,(8)Hebegantoreadabookafterhavingsupper.Afterreadingthissentence,wecanidentifythattheactionhavingsuppertakesplacebeforetheactionreadabook,butinthesentence,thelatterisputbeforetheformer.SointranslatingEnglishsentencefirstcarefullyfindoutthetimesequenceoftheverbs,andthenputthemintoChineseaccordingtothetimesequence,asistheChinesewayofexpression.2.2.2Differenceintheuseofprepositions“R.Banderusedtosay:“Aprepositionmaybedefinedasaconnectingwordshowingtherelationofanounorsubstituteforanountosomeotherwordinthesentence.PrepositionsappearconstantlyinEnglishspeechandwriting.”Likethesentences,(9)Theanycolorsofarainbowrangefromredontheoutsidetovioletontheinside.彩虹有多种颜色，外圈红，内圈紫。”8P50-51Englishsentencescannotwithoutpreposition,butChinesesentencesarenotuseoromitpreposition.2.2.3DifferenceinrelativepronounRelativepronounisaveryimportantpartinEnglish,butinChinesethererenosuchwordsasrelativepronouns.Relativepronounsarefrequentlyusedinsubordinateclauses,suchasobjectsubordinateclauseandattributiveclause.Incomparison,pronounsareusedinsteadofrelativepronouns.(10)SheturnedtoTom,whowaswatchingTV.她转向汤姆，而他正在看电视。2.2.4DifferentorientationsofChineseEnglishsentences“Chineseischaracterizedbyitsemphasisonmeaning,whileEnglish,onthecontrary,paymuchmoreattentiontostructureandlogicofthesentence.Areader,whilereadingaChinesesentenceorarticle,musttryhardtofindoutitsmeaning,butthemeaningofEnglishsentencesismuchclearerbecauseitsstructuremakesthemeaningquiteclear.”9P53/58(11)Hesteppedrightinafterthem,likeitornot,andhewasdeterminedthatnothingasprettyasgoodmannersshouldkeephimfromachanceofenlightenment.他不管人家欢迎不欢迎，紧跟着他们走了进去。什么礼貌不礼貌，他顾不得这一套了。他决心不错过这个机会，把心里的问题弄明白。AdetailedcomparisonbetweentheabovetwosentenceswillshowhowtheEnglishsentences,ingeneral,differfromeachother.2.2.5Differentrelationofclauses“AnotherbigdifferencebetweenEnglishandChinesesentencesliesinthemorefrequentuseofclausesinEnglishthaninChinese.ThestructureofanEnglishsentencecanbecomparedtoa“grapevine”,whichmeansthatmanywordsinaEnglishsentencehavetheirownclause.Incontrast,thewordsinatypicalChinesesentencedonthavetheirclauses,butappearintimesequence,eachplayingequallyimportantroleintheChinesesentence.”10P43(12)Lily,whoisaveryactivegirlatschool,becomesquietassoonasshearriveshome,whichmakesherparentsquitepuzzled.莉莉在学校里非常活跃，但一回到家却变得很安静，这让她的父母感到很迷惑。IntheaboveEnglishsentences,therearetwoattributiveclausestomodifytwosegmentsinthesentence,whileintheChinesesentence,allthesentencesareequallyimportantandcomeoneafteranotherintimesequence.3.StepsandmethodsinlongEnglishsentencetranslationLongsentencesmakeupalargeportioninEnglish,andthereareseveralreasonsforitsfrequentappearance.3.1ReasonsforfrequentappearanceoflongEnglishsentences3.1.1FrequentuseofmodifiersComparedwithChinese,modifiersaremuchmorefrequentlyusedinEnglish,suchasattributiveclauses,adverbialclausesandappositives.ButinChinese,thespecificnounsarenotmodified,butareexplainedbyemployinganotherindependentsentence.(13)Thesestudents,whorarelydoanyhouseworkathome,willserveaswaitersintherestaurantneartheschool,whichdrawsalargenumberofcustomerseveryday.Themainstructureofthissentenceis“thestudentswillbewaitersintherestaurant”,butthesentenceismadelongbytheuseoftwoattributiveclauses,oneofwhichistomodifytheword“students”,andtheotherofwhich“therestaurant”.ButinChinese,thissentencewillbeputasfollowed.这些学生在家几乎不做家务，而他们将要到学校附近的一家餐馆去当侍者，而这家餐馆每天食客云集。WecanseethatthesingleEnglishsentenceisseparatedintothreeclauses,eachexpressingaspecificmeaningwithoutemployinganysubordinateclauses.3.1.2Complexstructures“ComparedwithChinese,inwhichverbsarearrangedintimesequence,Englishsentencesaremuchmorecomplexwiththeuseofvariousclauses,parenthesis,appositivesandprepositions.ChinesestudentsusuallyfindithardtoidentifythemainstructureoflongEnglishsentences,soitisnecessaryandquitehelpfultolearnthesegmentsthatmakethesimplesentenceslong.”11P61(14)He,insteadofstandingback,walkedforwardtofacetheaccuser,withotherslookingathiminastonishmentaswellaspuzzlement.ThisisatypicallongEnglishsentencewithcomplexstructures.AstudentwithoutathoroughknowledgeofEnglishgrammarisboundtofailtounderstanditsmeaning.Tounderstandlongsentences,astudyofEnglishgrammarisrequired,andalargeamountofreadingofalltypesofarticlesinEnglishisalsoveryhelpful.3.2TypesoflongsentenceswritingInordertoknowbetterhowtotranslatelongsentences,itisnecessarytoknowthetypesofwritingswherelongsentencesaremostfrequentlyused.Generally,longsentencesfrequentlyappearinofficialdocuments,scientificreports,andnewspapers.(i).LawdocumentsThereasonwhylongsentencesarefrequentlyusedinlawdocumentsisthatlongsentencesaremoreformalcomparedwithshorterones,andofficialdocumentsmustbewritteninaformaltoneandstyle.Forexample,(15)“Anyclause,covenantoragreementinacontractofcarriagerelievingthecarrierortheshipfromliabilityforlessordamageto,orinconnectionwith,goodsarisingfromnegligence,fault,orfailureindutiesandobligationsprovidedinthisarticleorlesseningsuchliabilityotherwisethanprovidedintheserulesshallbenullandvoidandofnoeffect.”12P256(ii).ScientificdocumentsLongsentencesalsomakeupalargeportioninscientificdocument,suchastechnologyspecifications.Wecanlookthetypicalexample.(16)“Butitisrealizedthatsuppliesofsomeofthemarelimited,anditisevenpossibletogiveareasonableestimateofthEir“expectationoflife”,thetimeitwilltaketoexhaustallknownsourcesandreservesofthesematerial.”13P6(iii).NewspapersNewspapersusuallyarequiteabundantinlongsentences,butnotallkindsofarticlesinnewspapersarelong-sentence-oriented.Onlyformaltypesofarticles,suchasarticlesaboutpolitics,economy,sports,economyandcultureusealotoflongsentencesnormally.Forexample,(17)“TheChinaBandingRegulatoryCommission(CBRC)alsosaidonFridaymorereformmeasuresareinthepipelinethisyear,includingpressingaheadwithjoint-stockreformsoftheIndustrialandCommercialBankofChina(ICBC),broadeningreformsofruralcreditcooperationandinitiatingkeyreformmeasurestothepostalsavingssystem.”14P4ThereasonforfrequentappearanceoflongsentencesinEnglishhasbeenanalyzed.ThenwhatarethecommonwaysoftranslatinglongsentencesinEnglish?Regardlessofwhichkindsofarticlescontainlongsentences,therearecommonstepsandmethodsintranslatinglongEnglishsentences.Generally,thestepstakenshouldbe,first,understandingthestructureandmeaningofthesentencecorrectly,and,second,expressingoutthesamemeaninginChineseinanaturalwayofexpression.3.3StepsintranslatinglongEnglishsentencesThestepsthatshouldbetakenintranslationareunderstandingandexpressing.Astrictadherencetothisprinciplewouldbesuretomakethetranslationprocessmucheasier.3.3.1Understanding“Understandingisthefirstandalsothemostimportantstepintranslationoflongsentences.AslongsentencesareusuallyquitehardtounderstandbecauseofthEIrbeingcomplex,correctunderstandingoftheoriginalsentenceisdirectlylinkedtocorrecttranslationwithoutchangingthemeaningoftheoriginalsentence.TounderstandalongEnglishsentencethusrequiresananalysisofthemainstructure,theexactmeaningofspecificwordsthattendtobemisunderstood,distinguishingthemainclausesfromthesubordinateclauses,identifyingthelogicofdifferentsegmentsineachclause,and,finallyandmostimportantly,findingoutthecorrectmeaningofthesentence.”15P13(i).Findoutthe“trunk”ofthesentenceBy“trunk”,wemeanthemainstructureofthewholesentence.ZhangYanholdtheviewthat“Findingoutthemainstructureofthesentenceisquiteimportantbecausethisoftenhelpsthereaderidentifywhichclausesareusedtomodifywhich,andthefunctionandrelationofeachclause.Inaword,themainstructureofsentenceincludessubject,verbandobject(ifthereisanyobjectinthesentence).Asubjectisalwaysanoun,indicatingthedoeroftheactionoftheverb;averbalwaysindicatesanaction;anobjectisusedtoindicatethebeareroftheaction.AtypicalEnglishsentencemustcontainasubjectandaverb,andtheobjectcanbeomittedifnotneeded.Whatsmore,eachEnglishsentenceshouldonlycontainonemainstructure.”16P121(18)Eachcommentfromher,whichseemedquitedisappointingtoeveryoneelse,madeTom,however,veryexited.Themainstructureofthissentenceis“eachcommentmadeTomexited.”Ifreaderscanseparatethemainstructurefromtheoriginalsentence,thenthemeaningofthisseeminglycomplexlongEnglishsentencebecomesquiteclear.”(ii).AnalyzethemeaningofimportantwordsAfterfindingoutthemainstructure,whatthetranslatorshoulddoistoidentifythecorrectmeaningofthewordsthatseemtohavesomedifferentmeanings.InEnglish,therealsoexistsomewordsthatmayhavedifferentmeaningsaccordingtothecontextinwhichthewordsareused.Thus,thetranslatorneedstoidentifythemeaningofthewordsinthesentence.Themostefficientwayistoconsultthedictionarytofindoutthedifferentmeaningsawordmayhaveandthedifferentcircumstancesthewordisusedaccordingtotheirmeaning.Thisstepisespeciallyimportantinunderstandingthemeaningoftheimportantwordsinthesentences.(19)Heheardagirlcryingoutside.Inthissentence,thewordwhichhastwowaysofunderstandingistheword“crying”.Asweknow,theword“cry”hastwomeanings:onebeingtheactionofsheddingtears,andtheotherbeingtheactionofshouting.Tofindoutwhichisthecorrectmeaningoftheword“cry”inthissentence,thereaderneedstotakethewholecontextintoconsiderationbecausethespecificmeaningofaworddependsonthewholecontext.(iii)IdentifysubordinateclauseAfterfindingoutthemainstructureandmeaningofthewordsinasentence,subordinateclaus