病理生理学名词解释.doc

Health:A normal sate in soma, psyche and social well-being.Disease:An abnormal life process under actions of pathogenic cause with disturbances of “homeostasis”.Death:Heart and breath stop forever over intense resuscitation.Vegetative state:Death of cerebrum cortex with alive brain stem.Pathological process:A process in which some common, regular alterations of function, metabolism and structure take place in many difference diseases, e.g. fever, shock, edema etc.Predisposing factor:The factor that influences the susceptibility or resistance to diseases.Precipitating factor:The factor that promotes, intensifies the disease attack.Brain death:The functions of cerebrum and brain stem stop forever.Hypovolemic hypernatremia: hypertonic dehydrationThe condition with H2O loss sodium loss which causes serum Na+150mmol/L and the osmotic pressure higher than 310mmol/L.Hypotonic dehydration: hypotonic dehydrationThe condition with sodium lossH2O loss which causes serum Na+135mmol/L and the osmotic pressure lower than 280mmol/L.Edema:Excessive accumulation of interstitial fluid.Water intoxication:ICF increases, Na+130mmol/L, and osmotic pressure50g/L-purple blue color of the skin-cyanosis.Enterogenous cyanosis:The methemogloblinemia induced by improper food intake.Fever:The body temperature increases 0.5 above normal value which is caused by the set-point increase due to pyrogens.Hyperthermia:Body temperature increases without set-point upwards.Pyrogenic activator:The substances which can stimulate the endogenous-pyrogen-releasing cells to produce endogenous pyrogens.Endogenous pyrogen:The pyrogenic cytokines which can increase the set-point of body temperature released by EP-releasing cells.Circumventricular organs: CVO环室器Specialized neural regions along the margins of the ventricular system that have fenestrated capillaries and therefore no BBB.Organum vasculosum laminae termilalis: OVLT下丘脑终板血管器A part of CVOs close to the POAH and the neurons in OVLT have conncetion with POAH.Febrile ceiling:The febrile response is controlled within a strict limit, the upper limit almost never exceeds 41.Endogenous cryogen内生致冷原:Biochemical molecules released in the brain which participate in the negative feedback regulation of the increased set-point of body temperature. They control the febrile response within a strict limit, the upper limit never exceeds 41.0.Stress: stress responseNonspecific response to variety of stimuli, mainly with the activation of sympathetic-adrenal medulla and hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenocortical axis.Genaral adaptation syndrome: GAS全身适应综合征An expression for a prolonged stress which finally leads to homeostasis disorder and disease.Stressor:Any factor which can cause stress response.Acute phase protein:A number of plasma proteins which quickly increase during some stresses, such as inflammation, infection, trauma etc.Heat shock protein: stress proteinA group of proteins induced by heat stress or other stressors which function primarily as molecular chaperons分子伴侣 mainly within the cells.Stress ulcer:Acute erosion侵蚀, shallow浅层 ulcer of gastric(or upper digestive tract) mucosa following a great insult损伤.Shock:Acute circulatory failure lead tissue perfusion reduced greatly, severe dysfunction of vital organs, cell damage and eventurally death.Systemic inflammatory response syndrome:Uncontrolled systemic inflammatory response following severe trauma, infection, shock, burns etc.Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome(MODS): multiple system organ failureDysfunciton, failure of more than one organ, system occurs following a significant insult, such as trauma, burns, infection etc.Disseminated intracascular coagulation: DICA pathologic syndrome characterized by the disturbance of the balance of coagulation, anticoagulation and fibrinolytic processes, extensive activation of intravascular coagulation and fibrinolysis causes diffusing formation of microthrombus and bleeding.Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia微血管性溶血性疾病:Hemolytic anemia induced by some chronic or subacute DIC because of mechanical injury of red blood cells blocked in the capillaries.Heart failure: pump failureHeart cant pump enough blood to meet the metabolic need of body.Myocardial failure:The heart failure caused by the defect of myocardium itself.Congestive heart failure充血性心力衰竭:Chronic heart failure courses with an excessive fluid accumulation and an increased blood volume.High output heart failure:Heart failure with decreased cardiac output, but the cardiac output is still at the level of normal peoples or even higher than that.Orthopnea端坐呼吸:Dyspnea appears when patient rest, intenses in recumbent position so the patient must sit up to release breath.Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea阵发夜尿:Patient awakens suddenly from sleep, usually at night with extreme suffocation and taking a sharp sitting and gasps of breath.Respiratory failure:The condition that PaO2 decreases below 60mmHg(8kPa) with or without the condition that PaCO2 increases above 50mmHg.Dead space-like ventilation:Partial alveolar hypofusion without corresponding decrease of ventilation in pulmonary embolism, DIC, pulmonary arteritis.Functional shunt: venous admixtureCOPD-ventilation decreases with normal blood flow-V/Q80mmHg results in CNS depressing such as confusion, coma, convulsion etc.Pulmonary encephalopathy肺性脑病:Dysfunction of brain caused by respiratory failure.Hepatic encephalopathy: HENeuropsychiatric syndrome secondary to severe hepatic disease.Hepatorenal syndrome:Liver cirrhosis, secondary hepatic failure-functional renal failure.False neurotransmitter假神经递质:Phenylethanolamine and octopamine can replace the normal neurotransmitters- NA and dopamine in reticular formation of CNS to cause disorder of consciousness意识, they are called false neurotransmitters.Jaundice:Hyperbilirubinemia with manifestation of yellowish discolorization of skin, sclerae, mucus membranes and other tissues. The serum bilirubin concentration is above 34umol/L(2mg/dL).Hyposthenuria:Urine specific gravity1.020 caused by dysfunction of urine concentration.Isosthenuria:Urine specific gravity1.010 caused by dysfunction of urine concentration and dilution.Acute renal failure:Acute decline of renal function results in disturbances of homeostasis, characterized by azotemia, water electrolytes, acid-base imbalance, usually oliguria.$Chronic renal failure:Progressive and irreversible destruction of kidney leading to disturbances of homeostasis, metabolic wastes and toxic substances accumulation, usually terminating in uremia and death.Azotemia:It is the condition that the nonprotein nitrogenous compounds increase in blood.Uremia:At the end stage of renal failure, severe disturbance of homeostasis, metabolic wastes and toxi