论文资料：东平湖水库综合治理开发和多功能运用.doc

东平湖水库综合治理开发和多功能运用周传平（山东黄河东平湖工程局，济宁，中国，272600）内容提要 根据东平湖水库环境条件的变化，东平湖的治理运用要实践新的治水理念，开拓“以防洪为主，兼顾蓄水兴利”、综合治理开发和多功能运用的新的思路，以配合经济社会的全面、协调、可持续发展。应运用信息技术和系统科学等手段，统筹解决东平湖“以防洪为主，兼顾蓄水兴利”的水库综合治理开发和多功能运用中存在的矛盾，求得最优规划方案。并提出了有关建议和初步设想。关键词 东平湖水库 综合治理开发 多功能运用 防洪 洪水资源131 东平湖水库综合治理开发和多功能运用是新的治河理念的客观要求东平湖水库担负着削减黄河洪峰、调蓄黄河和汶河洪水、控制艾山下泄流量不超过10000m3/s的防洪任务。并准备超标准运用，以确保济南市、津浦铁路、胜利油田及黄河两岸广大地区的防洪安全。这是东平湖经历了建国初期的初步治理、位山枢纽工程建设以后，在六十年代形成并一直保持的防洪治理运用目标。但四十多年来，社会经济的发展与水资源供求之间的矛盾日益突出，东平湖所在地域的人为和自然因素对防洪运用产生了不利影响，东平湖防洪治理运用规划所依据的黄河水文、库区运用、经济社会发展等自然、社会条件已经或正在发生巨大的变化，使东平湖水库面临着发展的机遇和挑战。新的治水实践呼唤着新的治水理念。“维持黄河健康生命”这一全新的治河理念为东平湖的治理运用提供了指导性理论。东平湖治理运用的具体实践必须以科学的发展观和新的治水理念为指导，在加强防洪功能的基础上，兼顾兴利开发，谋求功能全面、内外协调、与经济社会发展同步的可持续发展方略。统筹防洪治理和水资源开发，实现多功能运用，进一步制订 “以防洪为主，兼顾蓄水兴利”建设规划，开拓东平湖新的发展空间。2 东平湖水库环境条件的变化2.1 东平湖老湖防洪高水位出现的成因是内部要素的变化目前，仅有陈山口和清河门两座出湖闸下游排水入黄河道，没有其他排水渠道。这是2001年8月东平湖出现最高水位的因素之一。虽2002年对排水入黄河道进行了开挖治理，但在2003年黄河秋汛期间，由于受黄河水位的顶托，向黄河排水仍存在困难。在东平湖老湖区运用过程中，围湖造田生产堤减小防洪库容的矛盾突出。这些生产堤使一定水量下的水位升高。金山坝是规模最大的围湖圩堤。因金山坝以西老湖区群众不能做异地安置，使金山坝得到地方官民防守并不断进行加固。但由于利益冲突的矛盾以及解决这些矛盾的复杂性，金山坝在东平湖防洪系统中的地位尚未确定。2.2小浪底水库的建成运用为东平湖水库提供了新的运用条件当小花间发生百年一遇的洪水时，可使东平湖水库的分洪量减小到3亿m3以下，一般可只利用老湖分洪。东平湖水库蓄滞黄河洪水的运用几率减小，其重现期老湖由原来的六年一遇1提高到百年一遇，新湖由原来的百年一遇提高到千年一遇2。小浪底水库的减淤运用采用2600m3/s以上流量和2030kg/ m3的含沙量进行调水调沙，在来水量许可的情况下采取减淤运用方式。这将使“河床不抬高”在一定时期内变为现实，增加了进湖闸前河势及出湖闸后黄河水位的稳定性。2.3 黄河水资源短缺的严峻形势制约经济社会的可持续发展，对东平湖水库的水资源开发和利用提出了要求黄河径流量的利用率已达65%，居世界第一位。由于水环境保护力度不足等因素的影响，加剧了水资源的严重短缺。严重影响到社会和经济 的可持续发展。开源节流，综合治理，是包括东平湖水库在内的全流域的任务。2.4 南水北调东线工程将对东平湖老湖的开发运用产生影响国家南水北调东线工程运用东平湖老湖蓄水必定占用老湖现有的部分库容，导致老湖对黄河、大汶河洪水的调蓄能力降低。南水北调东平湖老湖运用水位为40.542.5m以上，相应库容为1.654.86亿m3。将占用老湖库容2亿m3左右。同时也为东平湖发挥洪水资源化的调蓄作用创造了条件。3 新的条件下东平湖水库运用格局存在的问题3.1 东平湖水库防洪运用存在的问题3.1.1黄汶相遇时向东平湖新湖分洪的概率增大大汶河受其水系形状特征的影响，洪水陡涨陡落。在上述运用条件下，虽东平湖二级湖堤在近期将达到设防水位46.00m的工程标准，但老湖一旦蓄洪即可达到较高水位，加大了向新湖分洪的几率。大汶河在有实测水文资料以来的42年 内，天然年最大12日洪量在8亿m3以上的洪水有5个年份。当大汶河出现相当于1990年、1996年、2001年典型洪水时，在老湖南排河道开通的条件下，入湖流量也将远大于排水流量。黄汶相遇，在黄河不必向东平湖分洪时，不能向黄河排水；在大汶河来水在前并使老湖达到较高水位后，为及时削减黄河洪峰，迫使新湖运用；在黄河洪水在前，大汶河又发生较大洪水，即使有向南的排水渠道，老湖库容也不能满足滞洪需要。3.1.2 新湖分洪时各级水量下损失相同新湖区面积418km2，一次性淹没损失50亿元左右，蓄洪运用对东平、梁山两县湖区的农业生产和群众居住条件的损失较大，恢复周期较长，严重制约地方经济发展。对附近地区的生态环境造成一定影响。启用新湖分洪时，无论水量大小，将会淹没全部新湖面积，造成重大损失。新湖运用的淹没面积无法根据蓄水量进行控制。3.2南水北调等供水工程的实施要面临洪水资源的开发和管理权分割问题南水北调等供水工程的实施为东平湖水资源的远距离输送和供给创造了条件，利用东平湖老湖开发、储蓄大汶河和黄河洪水资源将是必然趋势。这是因为：南水北调等供水工程的调水成本较高。尽可能多地开发、储蓄和利用成本极小的河流自然水资源，以减小调水量，其效益是明显的。现有的东平湖水库工程设施已经奠定了储蓄河流自然水资源的基础。是黄河流域水资源全面开发和利用的需要。特别是大汶河水资源，发生频率较高，并能够直接储蓄。黄河流域管理机构具有对东平湖水资源实施开发、利用、节约、保护、管理、监督的法定职责。南水北调东线工程由国家统一组织实施。由于基础设施投资大，调水成本较高，其水资源的使用权和经营权必然统一归属于专门的管理机构，同时存在着东平湖老湖蓄滞的天然水资源的管理权和经营权的归属、南水北调水量和天然水量的分割问题，以及利用天然水量，凭借南水北调东线工程设施对外供水，与南水北调的调度和管理机构之间的权益任何分配等水法规和水行政问题。4 东平湖水库综合治理开发和多功能运用规划的可行性4.1 东平湖的洪水资源4.1.1 大汶河洪水资源大汶河流域1952年2001年年平均径流量为10.6亿m3，最大实测年径流量为60.7亿m3。大汶河上游已建大中型水库22座，小型水库117座，总库容14.9亿m3，兴利库容9.6亿m3。上游水库密集分布在大汶河南北支上游，受前期蓄水量和降雨区域影响,年际拦截水量也不均衡，对中常洪水的影响较大，对大洪水影响不明显,最大不超过4亿m3。因此，进入东平湖老湖的水量在时间分布上也表现不均衡。从年际分布来看，随机性较大；从年内分布来看，以汛期来水为主。在有实测资料的44年 内，大汶河发生天然年最大12日洪量在2亿m3以上的洪水的年份有28个，发生天然年最大12日洪量在5亿m3以上的洪水的年份有12个，发生天然年最大12日洪量在8亿m3以上的洪水的年份有6个。年入湖水量在保证率50%、75%、90%时，分别为5.06、2.79、0.63亿m3。即按照0.03元/ m3的水价计算,年收入水费1518、837、189万元的保证率分别为50%、75%和95%，如果按照南水北调水价进行一定程度的攀升，经济效益更大。因此，大汶河洪水资源具有很高的利用价值，应考虑利用东平湖老湖蓄滞大汶河汛期洪水，使大汶河洪水资源化。4.1.2 黄河洪水资源黄河发生洪水时，在运用东平湖蓄洪的情况下，可按照兴利调度方案予以利用。对不必分洪的中小洪水，在大汶河来水偏枯的情况下，通过黄河穿堤涵闸、沉沙设施引水入东平湖。4.2水库发展规划的总体思路要保证社会经济的全面、协调、可持续发展，必然要求水利事业特别是水资源以同样的水平发展。这是新的治水理念产生的根源。小浪底水库的建成运用改变了东平湖水库的分洪运用几率，如何充分发挥东平湖水库的使用价值？黄河水资源匮乏和南水北调东线工程的建设为东平湖老湖水资源的利用提供了优势，如何全面开发东平湖水库的蓄水功能？ 对于出现频率较高的汶河洪水，能否发挥其利用价值，使之资源化？东平湖老湖作为现成的蓄洪工程设施，能够直接接纳大汶河来水，引蓄黄河来水，洪水的储蓄利用是迫切需要我们考虑的问题。 制订“以防洪为主，兼顾蓄水兴利”的水库发展规划，统筹防洪和水资源开发的多功能治理运用。进一步提升与老湖蓄水有关的工程标准，加大老湖库容，在增强老湖分洪运用能力，减小向新湖分洪的几率的同时，开发老湖水资源调蓄的兴利功能，通过分区运用，发挥老湖的综合效益；提高新湖堤防工程的抗洪强度，在保证发挥新湖防洪效益的前提下，解决在分洪水量不均衡条件下的全部淹没问题。根据调蓄黄汶组合洪水的需要，统筹全湖分洪运用格局，实行分区运用，将淹没损失降到最低限度，使东平湖水库综合治理开发运用方案达到最优解。这是东平湖水库发展规划应该确认的总体思路。5 东平湖水库综合治理开发和多功能运用的初步设想5.1 老湖治理运用的设想将金山坝改建为“老湖隔堤”，并按照二级湖堤工程标准予以加高和预设爆破口门或闸门，将老湖划分为东西两区运用。继续加高东区蓄水堤防，提高老湖的蓄水标准，实现一定的兴利库容，使其承担起蓄洪与兴利的任务。在只发生汶河洪水时不启用西区蓄洪，减小移民迁安几率。东区为蓄洪兴利多功能区，西区为蓄洪预备区。并利用南水北调东线工程进湖引渠解决老湖南排问题。金山坝作为分洪闸下游阻水障碍时，其破除不会有人为的阻力。金山坝保护着3.28万人口、耕地4.16万亩的土地资源、交通便利的基本社会经济结构和生态环境。从理论上，应该根据黄河和汶河对于老湖蓄洪运用几率的分配权值，以及对于社会、经济、资源、环境的综合效益论证金山坝的取舍或标准问题。不能作为违章的围湖生产堤予以彻底清除，不能作为东平湖防洪系统中的技术冲突目标进行处理。在黄汶相遇，大汶河洪水使老湖达到较高水位后，黄河又需要运用老湖分洪的情况下，金山坝的存在可迫使老湖水位抬高，增强排水能力，尽快使水位回落，为接纳黄河洪水腾出库容。同时，在水位回落较慢，黄河向东平湖老湖分洪困难时，金山坝的保护区作为老湖西区，实行老湖内的分区运用，可在分洪先期保证“分得进”的积极效果。因此，保留金山坝并采取黄河分洪暂时迁安救护的措施具有合理性。金山坝应考虑双向泄洪措施，依照二级湖堤标准修建，并更名为“老湖隔堤”。5.4 新湖治理运用的设想继续加固新湖原有堤防工程，新修小安山至八里湾 “新湖隔堤”，将新湖划分为南北两区,采取二级运用的方式，以解决在分洪水量不大的情况下新湖都要全部淹没、损失难以把握的问题。将新湖化整为零，分区运用。尽量提高新湖一级运用区堤防工程建设运用标准，增大其库容，缩小其淹没面积。利用流畅河闸和隔堤上的八里湾排水闸向南排水。6 结 语东平湖水库综合治理开发和多功能运用，应根据经济社会发展对水资源的需求和客观条件，与时俱进，研究和实施新的发展规划。这是一项系统工程，有待于采用信息技术、系统科学等现代的研究方法，利用“数字黄河”技术措施，以优化内部结构、利用边界条件为主攻方向，以完善运用功能为目标，统筹解决“以防洪为主，兼顾蓄水兴利”的水库综合治理开发和多功能运用中存在的矛盾，使东平湖的治理运用适应经济社会全面、协调、可持续发展的需要。（作者简介： 周传平，男，50岁，中国山东黄河东平湖工程局总工程师，高工。长期从事东平湖范围内防洪工程建设与管理和科技管理工作）参考文献：1胡一三.黄河防洪M.郑州:黄河水利出版社，1996.2刘红宾.小浪底水库建成后黄河下游洪水调度原则研究 J.人民黄河,2000，(6):13. 联 系 人 周传平联系地址 中国山东梁山县城人民北路11号(邮政编码：272600)联系电话传真子邮箱 Dongping Lake reservoir comprehensive program of public order development and multi-purpose utilizationZhou chuanping (Dongping Lake Engineering Bureau, YRSB, Jining, China, 272600) Content summary According to the Dongping Lake reservoir environmental condition change, Dongping Lakes government utilization must practice newly regulates waterways the idea, the development prevents floods primarily, the proper attention to both stores water is popular the advantage, the comprehensive program of public order development and the multi-purpose utilization new mentality, comprehensively coordinates the economic society, to be coordinated, the sustainable development. Should utilize method and so on information technology and systems science, the overall plan solves Dongping Lake to prevent floods primarily, the contradiction which the proper attention to both stores water is popular advantage in the reservoir comprehensive program of public order development and the multi-purpose utilization exists, obtains the most superior plan. And put forward the related proposal and the preliminary idea. Key word The Dongping Lake reservoir comprehensive program of public order develops the multi-purpose utilization flood prevention flood resources1 Dongping Lake reservoir comprehensive program of public order development and the multi-purpose utilization are the new river improvement idea objective requestThe Dongping Lake reservoir shoulders is reducing the Yellow River flood peak, stores and regulates Yellow River and the Dawen River flood, controls the Aishan Mountain to excrete the current capacity not to surpass 10000m3/s the flood prevention duty. And prepares the ultra standard utilization, guarantees Jinan, jin-Pu Railroad, the Victory oil field and the Yellow River both banks general areas flood prevention security. After this was Dongping Lake has experienced the early years of the new nation preliminary government, the position mountain key project constructed, in the 60s forms the flood prevention government utilization goal which and continuously maintained. But the last four decades and more, the social economy development and between the water resources supply and demand contradiction has been day by day prominent, the Dongping Lake locus territory artificial and the natural factor has the adverse effect to the flood prevention utilization, Dongping Lake has prevented floods nature, the social condition and so on Yellow River hydrology, storehouse district utilization, economic society development which the government utilization plan rests on already or is having the huge change, causes the Dongping Lake reservoir to face the development opportunity and the challenge.New regulates waterways the practice newly to summon to regulate waterways the idea. Maintained the Yellow River healthy life this brand-new river improvement idea to provide the instruction theory for Dongping Lakes government utilization. Dongping Lake governs the utilization the concrete practice to have and new regulates waterways the idea take science development view as the instruction, in strengthens the flood prevention function in the foundation, the proper attention to both is popular the advantage development, seeks the function to be comprehensive, inside and outside coordinates, develops the synchronized sustainable development plan with the economic society. The overall plan flood prevention government and the water resources development, realizes the multi-purpose utilization, further draws up prevents floods primarily, the proper attention to both stores water is popular the advantage the construction plan, develops the Dongping Lake recent development space.2 Dongping Lake reservoir environmental condition change2.1 Dongping Lake old lake flood prevention high water mark appears the origin is the internal essential factor changeAt present, only has the Chenshankou and Qinghemen two leaves lake floodgate downriver draining water to enter the yellow river course, does not have other drainage channels. This is in August, 2001Dongping Lake appears one of maximum high-water factors. Although in2002 entered the yellow river course to draining water to carry on has excavated the government, but in 2003 Yellow River fall flood season, because goes against the Yellow River water level the request, drained water to Yellow River still has the difficulty.In the Dongping Lake old lake district utilization process, reclaims land by surrounding and filling in lake bottom the production dike to reduce the flood prevention storage capacity the contradiction to be prominent. These production dikes cause under the certain water volume the water level to elevate. The Jinshan dam is the scale biggest encircles the lake levee. Because the populace cannot be done by on the west of the Jinshan dam lake district the other places, that causes the Jinshan dam to obtain the place officials and people defense and unceasingly to carryon the reinforcement. But because the benefit conflict contradiction as well as solves these contradictory complexity, the Jinshan dam not yet determined in Dongping Lake flood prevention system status.2.2 Xiaolangdi reservoir completed the utilization to provide the new utilization condition for the Dongping Lake reservoirWhen between the Xiaohuajian has the flood which hundred years as soon as meets, may cause the Dongping Lake reservoir a minute magnanimity to reduce to 300 million m3 below, generally may only use the old lake flood detention. The Dongping Lake reservoir gathers stagnates the Yellow River flood the utilization probability to reduce, in its Reappears the time old lake as soon as meets 1 from the original six years to enhance to hundred years as soon as meets, the new lake as soon as meets from the original hundred years enhances as soon as meets 2 to the millennium.The Xiaolangdi reservoir reduces the silt utilization to use above2600m3/s the current capacity and 20 30kg/ m3 silt content carries on to adjusts the water and sand, in comes in the situation which the water volume permitted to adopt reduces the silt utilization way. This will make the river bed not to raise in the certain time will be a reality, after increased has entered in front of the lake flood gate the river potential and the lake floodgate the Yellow River water level stability.2.3 The Yellow River waters resources short stern situation restriction economic society sustainable development, set the request to the Dongping Lake reservoir water resources development and the useThe Yellow River diameter current capacity use factor has reached 65%, occupies the first in the world. As a result of factor the and so on water environmental protection dynamics insufficiency influence, intensified the water resources seriously to be short. Seriously affects social and the economical sustainable development. Taps new resources and reduces expenses, the comprehensive program of public order, is includes the Dongping Lake reservoir the entire basin duty.2.4 East route of south north water transfer project will have the influence to the Dongping Lake old lake development utilizationThe national east route of south north water transfer project stores water using the Dongping Lake old lake surely takes the old lake existing partial storage capacity, causes the old lake to Yellow River, the Dawen River flood to store and regulate the ability to reduce. The northward rerouting of southern river Dongping Lake old lake utilization water level is above 40.5 42.5m, the corresponding storage capacity is 1.65 486 million m3. Will take about old lake storage capacity 200 million m3. Simultaneously also stored and regulated the function for the Dongping Lake display flood resources to create the condition.3 Under new condition Dongping Lake reservoir utilization pattern existence question 3.1 Dongping Lake reservoir flood prevention utilization existence question3.1.1 The Yellow River and the Wen River meets one another when reduces the flood the probability to the Dongping Lake new lake to increaseThe Dawen River its river system shape characteristic influence, the flood sudden rise drops sharply. Under above utilization condition, although the Dongping Lake two levels of lakes dikes in the near future achieved garrisons the water level 46.00m project standard, but the old lake once stores floodwater then achieved compares the high watermark, has enlarged the probability which reduces the flood to the new lake. Since the Dawen River in has had actual hydrological data in 42years, the natural year is biggest on 12th the magnanimity to have 5years above 800 million m3 flood. When Dawen River appears will be equal in 1990, in 1996, in 2001 the typical flood, in an old Hunan row of river course clears under the condition, will enter the lake current capacity also far to be bigger than the draining water current capacity. Yellow River and Dawen River meets one another, when Yellow River does not need to the Dongping Lake flood detention, cannot drain water to Yellow River; Comes the water in Dawen River and enables the old lake after front to achieve compares the high water mark, for promptly reduces the Yellow River flood peak, forces the new lake utilization; In the Yellow River flood in front, Dawen River has a bigger flood, even if has to the south drainage channel, the old lake storage capacity cannot meet the needs of suppression flood. 3.1.2 When new lake flood detention under all levels of water volume loses sameNew lake district area 418km2, the disposable submergence loses about 5 billion Yuan, stores floodwater the utilization to the Dongping, the Liangshan two counties lake districts agricultural production and the populace housing conditions loss bigger, restores the cycle to be longer, seriously restricts the place economy development. Has the certain influence to the nearby regions ecological environment. When begins using the new lake flood detention, regardless of the water volume size, will be able to submerge completely the new lake area, will cause the heavy losses. The new lake utilization submergence area is unable according to the water-holding capacity to carry on the control.3.2 Water supply project and so on northward rerouting of southern river implementation must face the flood resources the development and the authority division questionWater supply project the and so on northward rerouting of southern river implementation has created the condition for the Dongping lake water resources remote transfer and the supplies, using the Dongping Lake old lake development, will deposit Dawen River and the Yellow River flood resources will be the inevitable trend. This is because:(1) Water supply project the and so on northward rerouting of southern river accent water cost is higher. Many develops, the deposit and the use cost minimum rivers natural water resources as far as possible, reduces the folk song water volume, its benefit is obvious. (2) The existing Dongping Lake reservoir project facility already established has deposited the rivers natural water resources the foundation. (3)Is the Yellow River valley water resources comprehensive development and the use need. Specially the Dawen River water resources, has the frequency to be higher, and can directly deposit.TheYellow River valley management structure has to the Dongping lake water resources implementation development, the use, saves, the protection, the management, the surveillance legal responsibility. East route of south north water transfer project implements by the national unification organization. Because the infrastructure invests in a big way, adjusts the water cost to be higher, its water resources right of use and the operating right inevitably unify the ownership to the special management structure, simultaneously has the natural water resources authority and the operating right ownership, the northward rerouting of southern river water volume and the natural water volume division question which the Dongping Lake old lake gathers stagnates, as well as using the natural water volume, relies on the northward rerouting of southern river east line project facility foreign water supply, with northward rerouting of southern river between dispatch and management structure water laws and regulations and water administration question and so on rights and interests any assignment.4. Dongping Lake reservoir comprehensive program of public order development and multi-purpose utilization plan feasibility4.1 Dongping Lakes flood resources4.1.1 Dawen River flood resourcesThe Dawen River basin 1952 - 2001 average diameters current capacities were 1.06 billion m3 year after year, the most gr