英语定语及定语从句的翻译

第八章 定语及定语从句子翻译,一、英语定语的语法特征,1. 英语的定语的位置：中心词在中间，前后都可有修饰语，即“修饰词+中心词+修饰词。,后置修饰语： 英语的后置定语一般以短语或句子为主，如：,中心词,后置定语,前置定语,前置修饰语：,英语的前置定语一般以词为主，如：,单个的形容词、数词、物主代词、普通名词、分词、动名词和所有格等，,examples： a stone building faded flowers boiling water Johns house the changed world。,特殊的单个修饰词、介词短语、形容词短语、分词短语、不定式短语、定语从句等。,2. 英语中后置单词作定语现象,1）以 等结尾的形容词。中心词前大都有 之类的词修饰，而且形容词和名词关系较不紧密。,able、ible,形容词最高级或all、only,This is the only reference book available her on the subject. He is the only person reliable. We must try to help them in every way possible.,2)修饰 等构成的不定代词和名词 的形容词。,some、any、no、every,There is nothing unexpected about it. No one else came to the party. Is there anything new?,things、matters,3) 一些副词，如表方位和时间的副词，如：here, there, in, out, above, below, abroad, before, today, yesterday，home等。,the way ahead、the meeting yesterday、 the day before。 He has just returned from his trip abroad. All the buildings around were built in 2009. They live in the room above. The sentence below is very important. The newspapers today are boring ?,4) 起强调用的单个分词。 The man speaking The department concerned,被牵涉到的人员,The people involved,讨论的问题,The problems discussed,完成的工作,The work done,他们坐上船时，一阵微风徐徐吹来。,他们的高水平表明了他们所取得的进步。,When they got into the boat there was a light breeze blowing,Their high standard showed the progress made.,6)一些外来词和成语，其形容词修饰语放在名词后面。,Heir,Heir,The body,Court,Postmaster,Secretary,Things,Things,Chapter,Matters,The mistake,the day,The third person,法定继承人,假定继承人,政治团体,军事法庭,邮电局长,外国事物,秘书长,艺术品,第三章,政治上的问题,所犯的错误,第三人称单数,次日,apparent,presumptive,politic,martial,general,general,foreign,artistic,three,political,made,following,singular,7） 由 等并列连词连接的两个意义相反或相互映衬的形容词作定语时， 。 当修饰性的形容词达到两个以上，最好全体后置，或把最有概括性的形容词放在被修饰语的前面，其余形容词后置。 People，old and young， love him very much. He bored us with a speech, long, tedious and incoherent. The dry weather, cold and invigorating ,made March a very bracing month.,Every nation, big or small , has its strong and weak points.,Teachers, old and new, must respect each other.,He read all kinds of books, ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign.,国家不论大小，都有长处和短处。,新旧老师应相互尊重。,他看了各种各样的书，古今中外都有。,必须后置,and、but或or,例如： You can ask someone else. Have you looked for it anywhere else? What else did they say?,else,8） 用来修饰复合不定代词、复合不定副词、疑问代词、疑问副词等时，必须后置,3.英语中短语定语后置,1) 英语中介词短语作后置定语： It was a bolt from the blue. The picture on the wall is very beautiful. The men over there are our teachers.,他是个十岁左右的男孩。,On the top of the hill stands a pagoda about a hundred feet high.,He carries a girl about 1.8 meters tall.,He is a boy about 10 years old.,山顶上有一座十丈高的宝塔。,他背着个1.8米高的女孩子。,2) 英语中形容词短语作后置定语： Its a bag full of money.,Chinese is a language easy to learn but difficult to master.,他提了一个既经济又切实可行的办法。,We found a rope long enough.,Marriage is a matter hard to handle.,He suggested a method at once economical and practical.,汉语是一门易学却难以掌握的语言。,我们找到了一根够长的绳子。,婚姻是个难以处理的问题。,3) 英语中不定式作定语 I have much housework to do on weekends. I give you some paper to write on.,This may not be the best book to start with.,Do you have enough food to last a week?,你有足以维持一周的食物吗？,一开始读这本书不一定最适合。,分词或分词短语作定语，相当于一个定语从句。 The cooling water(=the water that is cooling) the water being cooled(=the water that is being cooled) the cooled water(=the water that has been cooled) Is this the problem being discussed?(=Is this the problem that is being discussed?) I received an e-mail sent only five minutes ago. (= I received an e-mail ,which was sent only five minutes ago.),The woman holding a baby in her arms is waiting to see the doctor.,He had made a thorough study of all the dialects spoken in Scotland.,4) 英语中分词短语作定语,他对苏格兰所有的方言都做了透彻的研究。,那个手里抱着婴儿的妇女正等着医生看病。,5)英语从句作定语,由关系代词和关系副词所引导的从句，在句中做定语，便构成了定语从句。 定语从句一般是对某一名词进行修饰和限定。被修饰的中心词称为先行词，而定语从句则置于先行词之后。,定语从句可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。,非限制性定语从句的句子，主句意思是不完整的，必须靠从句的补充说明，全句意义才能表达清楚。如果去掉，意义则会不清楚，甚至有所改变。,限制性定语从句对所修饰的先行词起限制作用，与先行词关系密切，定语从句和先行词之间不用逗号分开。,Do you know the old man who lives in the little house? The house whose windows are broken has been empty. He wont wear any clothes which will make him different from others. He wont wear any clothes， which will make him different from others. He wont wear any clothes， which will make him different from others.,他不愿意穿任何会使他显得与众不同的衣服。,他不愿意穿衣服，（因为）衣服会使他显得与众不同。,他不愿意穿衣服，这样会使他显得与众不同。,4. 英语单词定语的排列顺序,英语单词定语排列顺序表：,中两个或两个以上的单词定语放在中心词前共同修饰一个名词时，遵循两个原则：,The three Japanese cities,A small round wooden table,The ancient Chinese writer,A powerful ,industrial ,socialist country,日本的三座城市,中国的古代作家,社会主义工业强国,一张木头小圆桌,汉语恰恰相反，翻译时，应按汉语的习惯对英语的词序进行调整。,1.由小范围到大范围，由次要意义到重要意义，由程度弱到程度强，由一般到专有,2. 意思越具体，物质性越强，就越近名词。,The advanced foreign experience,外国的先进经验,英语,A round chalk-white face,A good deep-water harbour,A large new building,一个深水良港,一座新大楼,A high steep mountain,陡峭的高山,一片白色孤帆,A lonely white sail,英语中表示大小、高低、形状和一些泛指性的形容词用单词表示时，其词序往往与汉语不一样，它们常远离被修饰的名词。,汉语恰恰相反，它们常靠近被修饰词。,灰白的圆脸,二、英汉定语的差异对比,1. 位置 汉语：中心词在最后，修饰语一律前置，即修饰语+中心词。汉语中心词之后是封闭的，朝前开放的，要增加修饰语就向左扩展。,英语：中心词在中间，前后都可有修饰语，即“修饰词+中心词+修饰词。英语中心词的两端都是开放的，但向前，即向左扩展是有限的，而中心词之后，即向右扩展是自由的。,中心词,前置定语,中心词,前置定语,后置定语,英语： Beijing girls Pretty Beijing girls Young and pretty Beijing girls Two young and pretty Beijing girls Two young and pretty Beijing girls with a fair complexion Two young and pretty Beijing girls with a fair complexion and slender figure Two young and pretty Beijing girls with a fair complexion and slender figure who are looking at us Two young and pretty Beijing girls with a fair complexion and slender figure who are smiling, looking at us,汉语： 姑娘 北京姑娘 漂亮的北京姑娘 年青漂亮的北京姑娘 身材苗条年青漂亮的北京姑娘 皮肤白皙身材苗条年青漂亮的北京姑娘 两个皮肤白皙身材苗条年青漂亮的北京姑娘 正看着我们的两个皮肤白皙身材苗条年青漂亮的北京姑娘 正面带着微笑看着我们的两个皮肤白皙身材苗条年青漂亮的北京姑娘,He was the man who wrote the letter which Mary found in the house which she rented from the man who taught her uncle.,译文： 他是那个人。 他是那个写信的人。 他是写那封玛丽在房子里找到的信的那个人。 他是写那封玛丽在她从别人那里租来的房子里找到的信的那个人。 他是写那封玛丽在她从教她叔父的那个人租来的房子里找到的信的那个人。,在理论上，英语的后置定语可以无限制发展下去。,汉语，英语的前置定语受到很大限制，不能够太复杂。,2.功能,汉语的定语只对中心词起修饰和限制的作用。,英语 单词定语，可以起修饰和限制的作用； 短语英语和定语从句，可以起修饰和限制的作用；,更重要的是英语短语和定语从句，还可以用来表示补充、交代细节、分层叙述以及表条件、原因、目的、结果、让步、转折或假设等逻辑关系。,3. 多重定语的排列顺序,1）汉英分类定语排列顺序表： 分类定语是对定语中心所代表的人或事物起客观分类的作用的定语，通常由客观形容词（含起形容词作用的分词和名词）充当。客观形容词表示人或事物内在与本质的特征，如大小，形状，新旧、年龄、颜色、来源等。,大厅里摆着几张老式的法国产的，又大又圆的餐桌。,We ate at the new Chinese restaurant.,This office is equipped with new black steel furniture.,There are some big round old French eating tables in the hall.,我们在那家新的中国餐馆吃了饭。,这间办公室配置了崭新的黑色钢质家具。,2） 英汉描写定语排列顺序,He is an eager, intelligent boy. 译文1: 他是一个聪明好学的孩子。 译文2：他是一个好学的、聪明的孩子。 We arrived at a dirty, gloomy and desolate place, but met with a nice, dainty and fashionable lady. 译文1： 我们来到一个阴暗、肮脏、荒芜的地方，碰到的却是一位漂亮、时髦、讨人喜欢的女郎。 译文2： 我们来到一个肮脏、阴暗、荒芜的地方，碰到的却是一位讨人喜欢的、漂亮的、时髦的女郎。,描写定语是对定语所代表的人或事物起主观描写的定语，常由主观形容词（表示说话人主观看法的形容词）充当。几个描写定语同时出现，它们在句法上一般呈现并列关系。,英语一般按“先短后长”的原则来安排其顺序。,汉语较灵活，有时根据“先短后长”的原则来安排其顺序，有时根据读音的音韵节律安排顺序。,三、英语定语从句翻译技巧,1. 前置译法 2. 分译法 3. 融合法 4. 译为状语从句 5. 特种定语从句的翻译,将较短的定语从句译成汉语的定语词组或带“的”字结构。放在所修饰的中心词之前，从而使从句和主句合成一个句子。,前置译法适用范围：,1.前置译法,定义：,主要用于一些结构简单，但对先行词限制较强的定语从句，既适用于翻译限制性定语从句，也适用于翻译非限制性定语从句。,These boys who wanted to play football were disappointed when it rained. Every mascot that has symbolized the Olympics is linked to the city and the country hosting the Games. Of the working Americans over 18 years of age who were polled, 51 per cent of those who agreed with the statement “I have a best friend at work” were engaged, against 10 per cent of those who disagreed.,这些渴望踢足球的孩子们因下雨而感到失望。,每个象征奥林匹克运动会的吉祥物都和奥运会举办城市和国家有联系。,在被调查的18岁以上的美国员工中，认同“干活时我有个最好的朋友”这一说法的人中有51% 对工作很投入，而不认同的人中只有10%的人如此。,Like the human brain, a computer also has a memory where vast quantities of information can be stored.,就像人类的大脑一样，计算机也有一个能储存大量信息的储存器。,Many new arrivals to the Unites States will miss the ritual interaction that goes with a welcoming cup of tea or coffee that may be a convention in their own country.,刚到美国的人会怀念那种喝着茶或咖啡招待客人的礼节性交往，这也许是他们自己国家的一种习俗。,This is the very hotel where they spent their honeymoon.,这正是他们曾经度蜜月的那家旅馆。,当定语从句结构复杂，或其只对先行词进行描写，叙述或解释，而不加限制时，如将其译成汉语的前置定语，则不符合汉语的表达习惯。此时，可采用分译法。分译法既适应于翻译限制性定语从句，也适用于翻译非限制性定语从句，尤其是后者。,2. 分译法：,定义：将定语从句与先行词分开，把定语从句译成和主句并列的一个分句。,适用范围：,分译法的三种情况,1.译成并列分句，重复先行词的含义。 This is the hill we are going to walk, which is called Keem Hill. After the riot, fifty people were taken to the hospital, many of whom had been innocent bystanders.,They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and which in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives.,他们正在为实现一个理想而奋斗，这个理想是每个中国人所珍爱的，在过去，许多中国人曾为之而牺牲了自己的生命。,这就是我们要爬的山，它叫基姆山。,暴乱后有50多人被送进了医院，其中许多人是无辜的旁观者。,In almost all developing countries, economic development depends upon growth in export trade, which in turn creates jobs and raises living standards.,几乎所有的发展中国家经济的发展都依赖于出口贸易的增长，而出口的增长又有助于创造更多的就业机会和提高人民的生活水平。,Each team plays ten or eleven games each season which begins in September and ends in November.,每个队每赛季参加十到十一场比赛，每个赛季九月份开始，十一月份结束。,Increasingly, professors are turning to open-book exams that test students more on how well they have learned to apply concepts than on how well they have memorized unimportant facts or formulas.,如今，教授们正越来越多地求助于开卷考试，这种考试可以更多地考查学生应用概念的能力，而不是考他们记住了多少并不重要的事实或公式。,2译成并列分句，省略先行词的含义。 A fuel is a material that will burn at a reasonable temperature and produce heat. 燃料是一种物质，在适当的温度下能够燃烧并释放出热量。 Most of Millers plays are American tragedies which involve a criticism of the standards of American society. In the 18th century, the disease of diphtheria reached the American colonies where it reached epidemic proportion about 1735.,米勒的大部分作品反映了美国的悲剧，批评了美国社会的标准。,18世纪，白喉病传入美洲殖民地，并于大约1735年达到爆发程度。,Time is one of the two elements that Americans save carefully, the other being labor.,时间是美国人注意节约的两个要素之一，另一个则是劳力。,When oil wells are drilled, the first material obtained is frequently natural gas, which burns with a hot flame.,钻井时，首先获得的物质是天然气，它燃烧时发出炽热的火焰。,3译为独立分句 Daimler Chrysler, owners of Mercedes, as well as Fiat, which will own the patent of the awake system, which could be installed in cars as soon as next year. 这种唤醒系统的专利为梅塞德斯品牌车和菲亚特品牌车的业主戴姆勒-克莱斯勒公司所拥有。最快明年，车内配置该系统。,Abortion was illegal in the United States until the 1960s when women, riding the waves of the civil right movement, fought for the right to have an abortion.,在美国，直到60年代堕胎仍是违法的。 那个时候，妇女乘着人权运动的东风，为争取堕胎的权利展开了斗争。,托马斯杰斐逊对美国的教育事业做出了巨大贡献。他认为只有受过教育的人民组成的国家才能保持自由。,American education owes a great debt to Thomas Jefferson, who believed that only a nation of educated people could remain free.,3. 融合法 即把定语从句和主句的主语或先行词融合起来译成一个独立的句子。由于限制性定语从句与主句的关系紧密，因此，融合法一般更适合于翻译限制性定语从句，尤其是带定语从句的“there be “结构。如： The oil tanker carries crude oil to a refinery, where the oil is processed. 油轮将原油运到炼油厂加工。 There are some metals which possess the power to conduct electricity and the ability to be magnetized. There have been good results in the experiment that have given him great encouragement.,某些金属既能导电，又能被磁化。,实验中的良好结果给了他莫大的鼓舞。,定语从句的功能是对先行词进行修饰或限制。但英语中有些定语从句对先行词的限制作用很弱，它们形式上是充当定语从句，意义上却超越了定语的范畴，进入状语从句的范畴，起着表示原因、时间、结果、条件、目的、假设和让步等关系。因此，翻译时，应仔细分析定语从句和主句的逻辑关系，可根据情况将定语从句转译成相应的状语从句。,4.译为状语从句,1）译为原因状语从句,I could not recognize her who had changed so much in the past ten years.,我几乎认不出她了，因为在过去十年中，她变得太多了。,Man cannot live on the moon, where there is no air and water.,人不能在月球上生存，因为那里没有空气和水。,I met your mother who was doing shopping in the supermarket.,2译为时间状语从句,你母亲在超市买东西时，我遇见了她。,The man who was running in the street was knocked over by a truck.,那个人正在街上跑的时候，被一辆卡车撞倒了。,Norway is, quite naturally, paying attention to developments in Europe and in the Atlantic community, which are so instrumental to the maintenance of peace and security in our part in the world.,挪威自然十分关切欧洲和大西洋国家的发展，因为这些发展大大有助于维护世界上我们这一地区的和平和安全。,Electricity, which can be easily transmitted and changed into other forms of energy, has found wide application in industry and daily life.,因为电易于输送而且易于转变成其它形式的能，故在工业上和在日常生活中用途很广。,The little girl who was afraid of waking her father walked quietly out of the room.,因为担心吵醒父亲，小女孩悄悄地走出了房间。,I did not watch the movie, which I thought uninteresting.,我没看那部电影，因为我认为那部电影没意思。,The computer, which seems to play the role of a human brain, is often called an electronic brain.,由于电子计算机起着类似人脑的作用，所以常被称作电脑。,Scientists have developed a second generation of the blood substitute that solves the problem of blood storage.,3译为结果状语从句,科学家们已经成功地研究出了第二代血液代用品，从而解决了血液的储存问题。,He was always late for work, for which the boss dismissed him.,他上班老是迟到，结果老板开除了他。,Anyone who breaks the rule will be punished severely.,4译为条件状语从句,任何人如果违反了规定都要受到严厉的惩罚。,Men became desperate for work, any work, which will help them maintain their families.,人们迫切地要求工作，不管是什么工作，只要能维持一家人的生活就行。,5译为目的状语从句 Each tour will be escorted by English speaking interpreters who will help you to obtain information and interest from what you are seeing. He had a telephone installed by which he could conveniently get in touch with his family and friends.,每次游览都有英语翻译陪同，以帮助来宾了解参观点的情况。,他安装了一部电话，以方便同家人和朋友联