中译英冲刺辅导.doc

全国翻译资格考试二、三级中译英冲刺一、 中译英需要特别注意的15个问题1. 准确理解中文原文是正确翻译的前提。没有理解就没有翻译。请大家翻译如下词组：经济社会发展；生态建设：文化建设：科学发展观：全面建设小康社会：粮食安全：食品安全：人民群众日益增长的精神文化需求：2. 二、三级中译英经常考的内容中国政府对内对外的大政方针，涉及的领域主要包括经济、政治、文化、外交、节能减排、环境保护等。今后也可能考到法律、科技、体育等内容。要特别注意，一般来讲，中译英是将中国的事儿翻译给外国人看，而不是把外国的事儿翻译给外国人看。比如，翻译北京大学发展史比翻译哈佛学大学发展史的可能性要大得多，翻译胡锦涛讲话比翻译奥巴马讲话的可能性要大得多。3. 二、三级中译英常见文体实用文体。包括说明文、论说文、记叙文等，如领导人讲话、工作报告、新闻报道、报刊社论等。今后也可能出现散文等。但不大可能出现诗歌。4. 英语与汉语的思维方式不同、结构不同、句子安排不同。汉语译成英语以后，英文句子的结构和顺序可以（必要时应当）与汉语不同。但是，在没有必要的情况下，不要刻意追求或制造这种不同。5. 翻译时注意不要遗漏一些副词，如“努力地”、“坚定不移地”、“积极地”、“英勇地”，等等。6. 注意“大数字”的翻译必须要规范。如“3250万”不要写成“3250000”、“785.5亿”不要写成“78500000000”。7. 尽量不要使用英语中的冷僻词、古词，也不要使用方言、俚语。8. 要特别注意英文标点符号与汉语标点符号有很大的不同。尤其不要像汉语那样，在英语中将逗号当连词用。另外，不要误将汉语的句号当英语的句号。9. 注意英语中的时态。10. 汉语无主语的句子一般译成英语的被动句，或者根据上下文加上适当的主语。11. 不要漏译。12. 注意不要误将英语介词“to”当作不定语符号“to”。如：pay attention to, attach importance to, with respect to, look forward to, give consideration to, give priority to, 等等。13. 英文要尽量简练，能用一个动词的表达的动作，不要用词组。如“对实施抓捕”译为“抓捕”；“对进行讨论”译为“讨论”。14. 合理安排时间，确保在规定的时间内完成翻译。15. 字迹要清晰、可辨认。二、 常用英语句子结构的使用1. 比较级和最高级 双方比较表示一方超过另一方时用“比较级than”的结构表示。例如: This pen is better than that one. He is more clever than his sister.但注意这种表达法:She is the older of the two sisters. 表示一方不及另一方时用“less原级than”的结构。例如:This park is less beautiful than that one. 表示一方超过另一方的程度或数量时可在比较级前加表示程度的状语如 even/a lot/a bit/a little/still/much/ far/by far 等修饰。例如:He works even harder than before. Things are far worse than expected. She feels much better than yesterday.她比昨天好多了。Please come a little earlier tomorrow.请明天早点来。注意:by far 通常用于强调最高级。用于比较级时一般放在比较级的后面，如放在前面应在中间加“the”。例如:He is taller by far than his brother. He is by far the taller of the two brothers. 表示一方随另一方的程度而变化即表达“越就越”意义时用 the比较级主语谓语the比较级主语谓语”的结构。例如:The harder he worked，the more progress he made. The more you listen to English， the easier it becomes. 不与其它事物相比，仅表示本身程度的改变，即表达“越来越”意义时用“比较级and比较级”的结构。例如:The weather is getting colder and colder. The city is becoming more and more beautiful. “no比较级”与“not比较级”结构含义不同。“no比较级”表示两个事物都含有与该形容词相反的属性“not比较级”表示两个事物都具有该形容词的属性只是在程度上前者不如后者。试比较:Tom is no taller than Jack. Tom is as short as Jack. Tom is not taller than Jack. Tom is not so tall as Jack. 某些以 or 结尾的形容词进行比较时用 to 代替 than。这些词有inferior，superior，junior，senior，prior等。例如:He is superior to Mr. Wang in mathematics. 在比较从句中为了避免重复我们通常用 that，those，one，ones代替前面出现的名词。that指物，one既可指人也可指物。that可代替可数名词单数和不可数名词，而one只能代替可数名词。例如: The book on the table is more interesting than that (the one) on the desk. A box made of iron is stronger than one made of wood. 最高级的用法: 三者或三者以上相比表示最高程度时用“the最高级”的结构表示。这种句式一般常有表示比较范围的介词短语。例如: Zhang Hua is the tallest of the three. He works the hardest in his class. This is the bravest nation in the world. 最高级可被序数词以及by far等词语所修饰。He is by far the richest in China. He is the second tallest in the class. 表示“最高程度”的形容词如 excellent, extreme, perfect, favorite 等没有最高级也不能用比较级。作状语的副词最高级前可以不加定冠词。例如:Of all the boys he came (the) earliest. 2. 部分否定与完全否定英语中的部分否定以及相应的完全否定： all 的否定式：not all（或：allnot）表示并非都、不是所有的都例如： Not all men can be successful. (= All men cannot be successful.) 并非人人都能成功。 相应的完全否定：No one can be successful.Not all animals eat meat. (=All animals do not eat meat.)并非所有动物都吃肉。相应的完全否定：No animal eats meat. both 的否定式：notboth (或：both not) 并非两个都 例如： I dont want both the books. 我不是两本书都要（言外之意：我只要其中一本）。相应的完全否定：I want neither of the two books. Both (the) windows are not open. 两扇窗子并不都开着（言外之意：只有一个窗子是开着的）。 相应的完全否定： Neither of the windows is open. every的否定式：不是每都 例如： Not every book is educative. (=Every book is not educative.) 不是每本书都有教育意义。 相应的完全否定：No book is educative.Not everyone likes this book. (=Everyone does not like this book.)并非人人都喜欢这本书。 相应的完全否定：Nobody likes this bookThis flower is not seen everywhere. 这花并不是随处可见的。 相应的完全否定：This flow is seen nowhere. always的否定式：并非总是（并非一直） 例如： He is not always so sad. 他并不是一直都这样悲伤。 相应的完全否定：He is never so bad. entirely, altogether, completely 和quite 的否定式：不完全，并非完全 例如： The businessman is never to be entirely trusted. 不可以完全信任这个商人。 He felt not altogether satisfied. 他并不完全满意。 I dont agree completely. 我并不完全同意。 What he did was not quite proper. 他做的不十分妥当。 all the time 的否定式：并非一直、未必老是 例如： A foolish man doesnt make a mistake all the time. 笨人未必老是犯错误。 notand的否定式，被否定的往往是and后面的那一部分。 例如： He did not speak clearly and correctly. 他讲得清楚但不正确。 This film is not interesting and instructive. 这部电影有趣但无教育意义。 She cannot sing and dance. 她会唱歌但不会跳舞。 如果将and 换成or，则not 对其前后两部分就全盘否定了。 He did not speak clearly or correctly. 他讲的既不清楚也不正确。 如要对上述的all, both, every, always, 以及entirely, altogether, completely, quite 和 all the time 等词作完全否定，那就分别要用与之相对应的完全否定词，如no, none, neither, no one, never, not (never) at all 等。例如： All of them can do it.- None of them can do it. Both are good.-Neither is good. Everybody likes it. -Nobody likes it. He is always late. - He is never late. We dont trust them entirely. - We never trust them at all. He was here all the time. - He was never here. 3. 定语从句限制性定语从句只能用that的几种情况 第一种情况：当先行词是anything, everything, nothing (something 用that和which均可), few, all, none, little, some等代词时，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much，each等形容词修饰时。 Have you taken down (written down) everything (that) Mr. Li said? There seems to be nothing that seems impossible for him in the world. All that can be done has been done. There is little (that) I can do for you. 注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who Any man that/who has a sense of duty wont do such a thing. 第二种情况：当先行词被序数词修饰时。 The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben. 第三种情况：当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。 This is the best film that I have ever seen. 第四种情况：当形容词被the very, the only，the same, the last, any, little等修饰时。 This is the very good dictionary that I want to buy. After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owns. 注意当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting. 第五种情况：当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时。 Who is the man that is standing there? Which is the T-shirt that fits me best? 第六种情况：当先行词既有人，也有动物或者物体时。 Can you remember the driver, his car and his dog that we saw in the park the other day? 第七种情况：当关系代词在定语从句中做表语时。 The village is no longer the one that it used to be 10 years ago. 第八种情况：在there be句型中句子的主语是先行词，而且是物，通常情况下用that，不用which。There are two novels that I want to read.There is no work that can be done now.关系代词as和which引导的定语从句as和which引导非限制性定语从句，有相同之处也有不同之处。第一种情况：As和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，代表前面整个句子。 He married her, as/which was natural. He was honest, as/which we can see. 第二种情况：as 引导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割一个主句；which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。另外，as有“正如，正像”的意思。 As is known to all, China is a developing country. / China is a developing country, which is known to all. / China is a developing country, as is known to all.He is from the south, as we can see from his accent. John, as you know, is a famous writer. 注意：当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时，用which, 不用as。 Tom was always late for school, which made his teacher angry. 第三种情况：当先行词受such, the same修饰时，常用as I have never heard such a story as he tells. He is not such a fool as he looks. This is the same book as I lost last week. 注意：当先行词由the same修饰时，偶尔也用that引导定语从句，但是和由as所引导的定语从句意思不同。 She wore the same dress that she wore at Marys wedding. 她穿着她在MARY婚礼上穿过的一条裙子。 She wore the same dress as her young sister wore. 她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子。 注意：定语从句suchas 与结果状语从句such that的区别：as在所引导的定语从句中做主语、宾语；that在结果状语从句中不做成分 He has such a good laptop as I want to buy. 他拥有一台我想买的笔记本电脑。He has such a good laptop that I want to buy one. 他的笔记本电脑是如此之好，以至于我都想买一台。以the way为先行词的定语从句通常由in which, that引导，而且通常可以省略。 The way (in which/that) he answered the question was surprising. I dont like the way (in which/that) he speaks.but有时也可以做关系代词引导定语从句。 这时but=that not或who notThere are very few but understand his idea. (but= who dont ) 几乎没有人不理解他的想法。There is no mother but loves her children没有不爱自己孩子的母亲。There was no one present but knew the story在场的人都知道这个故事。介词+关系代词引导的定语从句注意：第一，介词后面的关系代词不能省略。 第二，that前不能有介词。 第三，某些充当时间、地点、原因的“介词+关系代词”结构可以同关系副词when、where、why互换。例如： This is the house in which (不能用in that)I lived two years ago. 这是我两年前住过的房子。 This is the house where I lived two years ago. Do you remember the day on which (不能用on that) you joined our club？ 还记得你加入我们俱乐部的那一天吗？ Do you remember the day when you joined our club？This is not the reason for which he didnt come to my birthday party.This is not the reason why he didnt come to my birthday party.4. 倍数表达用times表示倍数增加（一般限于包括基数在内三倍或三倍以上的数。表示两倍的数, 一般twice）。第1种句型：. times形容词（副词）比较级than.This hall is five times bigger than our classroom. 这个大厅比我们的教室大4倍。（是我们教室的5倍大）The car runs twice faster than that truck. 这辆轿车的速度比那辆卡车快1倍。（是那辆卡车的2倍快）第2种句型：. timesas形容词原级（或much）或副词原级as.The big box is four times as heavy as the small one. 大箱子是小箱子的四倍重。Asia is four times as large as Europe. 亚洲的面积是欧洲的四倍。Ten is twice as much as five. 十是五的两倍。The plane flew ten times as high as the kite. 那架飞机飞行高度是那个风筝的十倍。（高出九倍）第3种句型：. timesthe（size, height, weight, length, width等）ofYour playground is 900 meters wide, three times the size of ours. 你们操场有900米宽, 是我们的三倍。This street is four times the length of that one. 这条大街是那条街的四倍长。This big tree is four times the height of that small one. 这棵大树的高度是那棵小树的四倍。（比那棵小树高三倍）也可译成: The height of the big tree is four times that of the small one.第4种句型：. timesmore名词（可数, 不可数）than.There are four times more books in our library than in yours. 我们图书馆藏书（数量）是你们图书馆的四倍。（多三倍）We have produced twice more grain this year than we did last year. 我们今年生产的粮食比去年增长一倍。（是去年的两倍）第5种句型：. times as many（或much）名词其它There is three times as much water in this pot as in that one. 这个壶里的水（量）是那个壶里的三倍。There are five times as many students as we expected. 到的人是我们预计的五倍。第6种句型：. timesthat of被比对象“是倍”。如:In this workshop, the output of July was 3. 5 times that of January. 这个车间七月份的产量是元月份的三点五倍。用double表示倍数增加了1倍，treble表示增加了2倍，quadruple表示增加了3倍。The output has been doubled in the past five years. 过去五年中产量翻了一番(增加了1倍)。Chinas GDP was quadrupled in the two decades between 1980 and 2000.翻了两番(增加了3倍)。用by a factor of表示增加至倍The drain voltage has been increased by a factor of 4.漏电压增加了3倍(增加到原来的4倍)。用fold表示倍数增加Output of coal increased four-fold (four times). 煤产量增加了三倍。注意：increase n times=increase n-fold=increase by n times=increase to n times=increase by a factor of n,都表示“增加至原来的n倍”或“增加了n-1倍”用again表示倍数增加Line A is as long again as line B. A线比B线长1倍(A线的长度是B线的2倍)。This machine turns half as fast again as that one. 这台机器转得比那台快半倍。如何表示倍数减少The size of computers has been reduced (by)ten times in the past 30 years.在过去的30年中，计算机的尺寸减小了9/10(减少到原来的1/10)。The principle advantage of the new machine over the old one is a four-fold reduction in weight. 与旧机器相比，新机器的主要优点是重量减少了四分之三(只有旧机器1/4重)。5. 表示上升、下降、增加、减少等意思的句子 表示增加/减少、上升/下降、提高/降低%句型1：表示增减意义的动词%The output value has increased/decreased 35%.句型2：表示增减意义的动词by+%Retail sales should rise/fall by 8%.The prime cost decreased by 60%.主要成本降低了60%.注意：上升或降低了%，即可以用by，也可以不用by。句型3：表示减少意义的动词to+%By adopting this new process the loss of metal was reduced to 20%.采用这种新工艺，金属的损失量减少到20%.句型4：%比较级than Retail sales are expected to be 9% higher than last year.与去年相比，今年零售额有望增加9%。句型5：%more/less名词The new-type machine wasted 10% less energy.这种新型机器的能耗降低了10%。句型6：a(an)+%+increase(decrease)There is a 20% increase of steel as compared with last year.与去年相比，今年钢产量净增20%。句型7：%+(of)名词(代词)The production cost is about 60% (of) that of last year.(今年的)生产成本仅为去年的60%。句型8：%+up on (或者over)The grain output of last year in this province was 20% up on/over that of 1978.该省去年的粮食产量比1978年净增20%。 表示增加至，减少至句型：increase (rise) to; decrease (reduce, fall) toThrough a proper diet, his weight has reduced (from 85) to 75 kilos. 6. 虚拟语气与现在事实相反若与现在事实相反，虚拟语气的条件从句的谓语用过去式(be通常用were)，主句谓语用“should (would, could, might)+动词原形”。如：If you took a taxi，youd get there quicker. 如果你坐出租车去，你可以快一点到那里。(但你不坐)If I knew her number I could ring her up. 要是我知道她的电话号码，我就可以给她打电话了。(可惜我不知道)与过去事实相反若与过去事实相反，虚拟语气的条件从句的谓语用过去完成时(had+过去分词)，主句谓语用“should (would, could, might)+have+过去分词”。如：If Id left sooner，Id have been on time. 要是我早点动身，我就准时到了。(但我动身太迟了)If we had found him earlier we could have saved his life. 要是我们当时早点找到他的话，我们就可以救活他。(可惜我们找到他太晚了)与将来事实相反若与将来事实相反，条件从句的谓语用过去式(be通常用were)，主句谓语用“should (would, could, might)+动词原形”。如：If he went，would you go too? 如果他去，你也去吗?(大概他不会去)If I asked him，Im sure hed help us. 如果我向他提出要求，我想他肯定会帮助我们。(不过我不打算这样做) 注意与说明：对于与将来事实相反的情形，请注意以下几点：第一，这里说的与将来事实相反，实为对将来情况的推测；第二，此用法中的条件从句谓语除用过去式外，有时也用“should+动词原形”(表示可能性极小，常译为“万一”)或“were to+动词原形”(表示与将来事实相反的假设)；第三，当条件从句使用“should+动词原形”这样的谓语时，主句谓语除可用“should (would, could, might)+动词原形”这样的虚拟语气外，也可用陈述语气或祈使语气。如：If I should see him, Ill tell him. 万一我见到他，我就告诉他。If it should rain tomorrow, dont expect me. 万一明天下雨，就别等我了。虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法第一种情况：在以it为形式主语的复合句中，虚拟语气在主语从句中表示建议、要求、命令等，谓语动词用should+动词原型，其中should 可以省略。如： It is natural that she (should) do so. 她这么做是很自然的事。 It is essential that we (should) tell her the news. 我们有必要告诉她这个消息。 It is important that we (should) make full use of our mineral resources. 对我们来说，充分利用我国的矿产资源是重要的。 第二种情况：主句的谓语为某些动词的被动语态，常用在It is (was) desired (suggested，settled，proposed， recommended，requested，decided，etc.) that.句型中。 It is desired that we (should) get everything ready by tonight. 希望一切在今晚准备好。 It was arranged that Mr. Sam should go and help Bettie. 他们作了安排，由萨姆先生去帮助贝蒂。It is suggested that the question should be discussed at the next meeting. 有人建议在下次会上讨论这个问题。 It is vital that he should be warned before it is too late. 在还不太晚的时候警告他是非常必要的。 It has been decided that the sports meet should be postponed till next Friday. 已决定运动会延期到下星期五。 It was requested that a vote (should) be taken. 有人要求进行表决。 虚拟语气在宾语从句中的用法wish的宾语从句：I wish prices would come down. 我真希望物价会下降。 I wish you would stop asking silly questions. 我希望你不要再问这种愚蠢的问题。 I wish I knew his address. 可惜我不知道他的地址。 I wish we could go with him. 我们要是能跟他一起去该多好。 I wish I had known it before. 我真希望我预先知道这件事。 He wishes he hadnt been rude to his parents. 他真希望他没有对父母无礼。 She wished that she had stayed at home. 她想那时要是留在家里就好了。 I wish I could have been there yesterday. 要是我昨天到过那里该多好。 would rather等的宾语从句中的谓语动词形式：用would rather(=would sooner)和would just as soon(=would sooner)等表示愿望，但其宾语从句常用虚拟过去式。如： I would rather you came tomorrow than today. 我宁愿你明天来，而不是今天。 I could do it myself but I would sooner you did it. 我自己也可以做，但我宁愿你去做。 I would rather you had told me the truth. 我倒想你本该把事实真相告诉我。 suggest等的宾语从句中的谓语动词形式 用should动词原形或只用动词原形的that 从句，作为demand, order, propose, request, require, suggest, arrange, insist, command, desire, advocate, maintain, urge, recommend等词的宾语。如： The expert proposed that he eat more fruit. 专家提议他更多地吃水果。 The board recommended that the company (should) invest in the new property. 董事会建议公司投资新的房地产。 Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton ordered that James Van Metre should be released. 陆军部长埃德温斯坦顿命令将詹姆斯范米特释放。 He asked that arrangements be made to help them finish the work. 他要求做好安排，帮他们完成工作。 Experiments demand that accurate measurements be made. 实验要求做到准确的计量。 She insisted that we take up the matter at the meeting. 她坚持要求我们在会上谈这个问题。 虚拟语气在表语从句中的用法 虚拟语气也可用在表语从句中。这种从句由that所引导，其谓语是 should 动词原形。句子主句中的主语常常是advice， aim， desire， idea， insistence， motion， necessity， order， plan， proposal， recommendation， regulation，requirement， suggestion， wish等。如： His suggestion was that everyone should have a map. 他的建议是每人发一张地图。 My idea is that the electronic device should be tested at once. 我的意见是这一电子器件要立即试验。 虚拟语气在同位语从句中的用法当与同位语从句同位的是suggestion等表示建议、计划、命令等的名词时，从句的谓语动词用should+动词原形，美国英语中常用动词原形。 They made the request that the problem should be discussed as soon as possible. 他们要求尽快讨论这个问题。 He gave orders that the work should be started at once. 他命令工作马上开始。 The proposal that he (should) be dismissed was supported at the meeting. 大会对开除他的提议表示了支持。7.强调句陈述句的强调句型It is/ was + 被强调部分（通常是主语、宾语或状语）+ that/ who（当强调主语且主语指人时）+ 其他部分。It was yesterday that he met Li Ping.一般疑问句的强调句型同上，只是把is/ was提到it前面。Was it yesterday that he met Li Ping?特殊疑问句的强调句型被强调部分（通常是疑问代词或疑问副词）+ is/ was + it + that/ who + 其他部分？When and where was it that you were born?not until 句型的强调句A. 句型为：It is/ was not until + 被强调部分 + that + 其他部分普通句：He didnt go to bed until/ till his wife came back.强调句：It was not until his wife came back that he went to bed.B. 注意：此句型只用until，不用till。但如果不是强调句型，till, until可通用；因为句型中It is/ was not . 已经是否定句了，that后面的从句要用肯定句，切勿再用否定句了。谓语动词的强调A. It is/ was . that . 结构不能强调谓语，如果需要强调谓语时，用助动词do/ does或didDo sit down. 务必请坐。Do be careful when you cross the street. 过马路时，务必（千万）要小心啊！He did wash his clothes this morning.B. 注意：此种强调只用do/ does和did，没有别的形式；过去时用did，后面的谓语动词用原形。用on earth, in the world 等副词短语强调What are your doing? What in the world/on earth are you doing?7. 倒装句only +状语或状语从句置于句首，句子用部分倒装。 例子： Only in this way can you solve this problem. 只有用这种方法，你才可以解决这个问题。 Only after he had spoken out the word did he realize he had made a big mistake. 只有当他已经说出那个字后才意识到自己犯了个大错误。 hardly, in no way, little, scarcely, seldom, never, no more, no longer, not, not only, no sooner, not only (but also),not until 等具有否定意义的词或词组位于句首，句子用部分倒装。 例子： No sooner had I got home than it began to rain. 我刚到家就下起了雨。 Seldom do I go to work by bus. 我很少乘公共汽车上班。 Not until twelve oclock did she go to bed last night. 她昨晚十二点才上床睡觉。 so/such.that结构中的so或such位于句首可以构成部分倒装句,表示强调so /such和that之间的部分。 例子： So unreasonable was his price that everybody startled. 他的要价太离谱，令每个人都瞠目结舌。 To such a length did she go in rehearsal that the two actors walked out. 她的彩排进行得那么长，以致于那两个演员都走出去了。 以上各例都用倒装语