2013考研基础长难句讲义-吴耀武.doc

考研英语长难句静心 ， 坚持 ， 每天定时定量阅读训练一、定语从句定语从句是英语中一种最常见的句型，它可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句，即定语从句的关系词在文中修饰哪个词、短语或句子。在主句中不可缺少的定语从句称限定性定语从句。对主句起附加说明作用的定语从句称非限定性定语从句。此外，定语从句和主句之间还存在着状语关系，说明原因、目的、让步、假设等。1 显性定语从句带有连词的，常见连词which,who,whom,whose,that,when,where(that后面跟的是一句完整的句子为同位语从句。否则为定语从句。When,where 跟在主句之后，也可作整句句子的状语，如何判断到底是定语还是状语？easy，如果句子中已经有了自己的时间、地点状语，那么这时when，where 自然是引导定语从句。如果未出现，那么就是状语。Eg:This book was introduced into China in 1999 when he was young.定语从句，翻译在后面，“,那一年”；如果去掉in 1999，则是状语从句，翻译时when提到前面，“当的时候,”)2 隐性定语从句在考研阅读中，不带连词的句子有三类：A 故意省略that,which，whom。标志：后面那个从句没有宾语。Eg: I went back to the village my parents wants to visit. visit 后面没有宾语，宾语就是the village。B 用分词短语省略连词。分词短语ing, ed, to。We bought a book attracting millions of students.(that attracts).非谓语动词跟在名词之后，就可以把它看做是一个定语从句，翻译时从attracting 那里划开，前面是主句。C 名词+介词短语/形容词短语。Darwin believes that he has an compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intentively about every sentence in his reasoning and observations. 分析：of 修饰advantage ，翻译时处理成定语从句。Of 前为主句，Of 后面为从句，一句一句翻译。达尔文，该优势定语从句的处理：如果简短，直接往名词之前翻，“的”，为合译。如果复杂，或并不复杂，但与主句的关系比较疏远，即有逗号的非限制性定语从句，采用分译法，把主句翻译完，再翻译分局，出现重复没事，汉语不怕重复。 例1.The change met the technical requirement of the new age and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. (1996年真题) 如何判断that 后面是修饰efficiency 还是decline in effciency，只要看是什么能 spoiled the fortunes of family.例2. The American economic system is, organized around a basically private-enterprise, market- oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.“ 。在这种体制中，。”例3. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product.例4. The government promised to give preferential taxation policies and loans of low interest rate to those enterprises that could improve their structure of production and were willing to take in over 50 laid-off workers yearly. 例5. The local government introduced the snakes into this area hoping that they would control the number of mice, which finally became the threat needed to be controlled.例6.The environmental protection should be given priority which means the economic development would be lowered to some extent in a developing country.例7. She was confirmed to be infected with bird flu that calls for a quarantine and medical observation for weeks in the hospital.例8.In Europe, as elsewhere multi-media groups have been increasingly successful groups which bring together television, radio newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another.(2005年真题)二、考研英语长难句之同位语从句1 判断是否是同位语从句；2 属于哪一类 3 处理的程序是什么例1. The audience leraned form the internet the news that a serious explosion broke out in Xian a few days ago. 遇到that时，把that去掉，如果后面是一句完整的句子那么就是同位语从句。此类翻译成“即”：。遇到that时，把that去掉，如果后面是一句完整的句子那么就是同位语从句。例2.The rumor that she eloped with her boyfriend just cannot hold water, for I saw her at home just now.黑体字主谓宾齐全，是同位语从句。夹在主谓之间，直接处理成定语从句，翻成“的。”例3. However, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong.(2009年第3篇) （为了经济的发展）同位语从句很复杂，先处理从句，再处理主句，如果句子中有转承连词，如However, so ,there for ,这些词必须给主句不能翻译给从句，主句应该与连词翻在一起。三、考研英语长难句之倒装句倒装(inversion)是一种语法手段，用以句式平衡和强调某一成分的需要。英语的最基本的结构是主、谓结构，倒装就是将这种比较固定的词序加以颠倒。 倒装有两种。将主语和谓语完全颠倒过来，叫做完全倒装(complete inversion)。如Then began a bitter war between the two countries.于是两国之间开始了恶战。再如Here comes a car. 只将助动词(包括情态动词)移至主语之前，叫做部分倒装(partial inversion)。如At no time was the entrance left unguarded.入口无时无人把守。英语句子的倒装一是由于语法结构的需要而进行的倒装，二是由于修辞的需要而进行的倒装。前一种情况，倒装是必须的，否则就会出现语法错误，后一种情况，倒装是选择性的，倒装与否只会产生表达效果上的差异。例1 Among the advantages that future biochips, or “living computers”, would have over conventional semiconductor chips are that they are smaller, they do not generate as much heat, and they allow for the parallel processing of information, making them faster than todays semiconductor devices.介词短语提到句首很可能有倒装，开始找：that 引导的是从句不倒装，往后找，future biochips是从句的主语，would have 后面少了宾语，over conventional chips 超越传统芯片，over 是介词，介词短语不做宾语。are 是谓语倒装，are后面的就是主语。后面三个that引导的并列的句子是真正的主语。只有知道是倒装句，哪里倒装，才能翻好。翻译时先翻主语：它们体积小，不产生那么多热量，以及能够对信息进行平行处理，使它们的速度能够比传统半导体要快。把主语翻完再翻：这些都是未来生物芯片超越传统芯片的优势例2 This is the world out of which grows the hope, for the first time in history, of a society where there will be freedom from want and freedom from fear.Out of which 是个介词短语，介词短语提到定语从句之首，grows 一定要提到主语hope前面。The hope grows out of which（in）.，这是一个存在着社会之希望的世界，在这个社会中，没有欲望和恐惧。常见10种倒装句：不用背，只要空闲时拿过来看几眼就行了。1 Only+介词、状语从句置于句首。并不是only 提到句首就倒装。 a. Only by this means is it possible to explain his failure to act decisively. b. Only after making investigation can we have the right to speak. c. Only when one loses freedom does one know its value.2 So/such 倒装句 .that 句2 ：句1 倒装，句2不倒装。So little did Tom achieve in the school that 3比较状语从句中的倒装：as .as/than倒装句 a. He ran as fast as did the person who came from England. b. I spend less than do nine out of ten people in my position. do是spend的同义置换。 c. The greater the number of the free electrons in a material, the better is the conductivity of the material.4否定词（短语）提到句首：seldom、hardly scarcely hardly 主句倒装when no sooner主句倒装 than in no case 倒装 by no means倒装 not短语置于句首 a. Not until he went abroad did he know the truth of the fact. b. Not a moment did she waste on campus. c. Not only did I know her, but I was her best friend. d. Not simple is this book interesting, but also instructive.no短语置于句首 a. By no means should he be left alone. b. In no way are can we allow this to continue. c. In no case are you to leave your post.d. On no account should we follow blindly. e. Under no circumstances can we create or destroy energy. f. No longer are they staying with us. g. No sooner had she finished the poem than the students began go ask her questions.5 not until 从句提到句首，主句倒装。6 not only倒装句but also：not only did ,.,but also 7 副词提到句首here, there, then, now, next引出：a. Here/there come the rest of the party. b. Now comes your turn. c. Then followed the discovery of a new compound. d. Next came Edward with his wife. 时间状语e. up/off/left/right rises the five-star red flag. Up 提到句首，主语是五星红旗8 介词短语提到句首以表地点的介词短语引出的倒装句 a. At the school gate stood a guard. b. Under the tree are sitting some students. c. On the bed lay a pretty kitten.以表方位的副词引出的倒装句a. Up went the arrow into the air.b. Down fell a dozen apples. c. Off went the horse.9There be句型 a. There seem to be many good candidates in the district. b. There exist many problems among the present day students. c. There appears to be a man in black in the distance.10让步状语从句 a. Small as atoms, electrons are still smaller. b. Complex as it may appear, the rocket, which was invented in China over 800 years ago, is a relatively simple device. c. Hard as I tried to explain it to him, he still didnt understand. d. Much as I disagree with you, I yet respect you. e. Vague though its category (is), it is without doubt an essay. f. Try as he would, he could not lift the rock.主语为代词时，不用倒装 Behind the counter he stood. Behind the counter stood a man with glasses. 如何分析全倒装和半倒装？当谓语动词是系动词am is are/半系动词vi，或表达方向、方位、存在. 半系动词即不及物动词，例如：Grow 可以是及物动词：养，种植，也可以是不及物动词：生长。当它是及物动词时，半倒装Only in our garden can we grow vegetables.当它是不及物动词时，全倒装On my should grows two wings.同样的词还有：run 经营管理及物，跑不及物。raise及物，Rise 不及物。 四、考研英语长难句之被动语态中国人用遭到、遇到表达。Be done in/on/under为了强调施动的条件或环境。处理方式：把条件往动词之前翻。Be done。（1）直接翻译成“被”。老奶奶被车撞了。（2）“受到、遭到、遇到、得到”等。He was punish.（3）当can/must/shuld be done时，直接翻译成主动，可以翻译成无主语的句子。应该取消CET4。1.变为汉语的主动形式e.g. In his attitude can be found seeds for art in the 20th century: the art of the primitive, of symbol, and of imagination.在他的态度中可以发现20世纪艺术的种子：这是原始的、象征的种子。e.g. It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset：it invites you to think that animals should be tested either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all. e.g. On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed. 总的来说，可以得出这种结论 e.g. In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can not be well defined. 2. be done by.为了强调施动者。被动结构的表语化，可译为：“是的”， “由的”等。e.g. The movement to oppose racial discrimination was personally initiated and led by a famous Negro leader. 这次运动是由。e.g. This picture was taken by my brother as he went to Yunnan. 是我的弟弟拍的3.译成具有被动意义的汉语结构。e.g. For all the help this computer may provide, it should not be seen as a substitute for fundamental thinking and reasoning skills.e.g. It should be made clear to entire citizens that whoever enjoys rights must undertake corresponding obligations.e.g. Those who support the “nature” side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors.e.g. How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. 4.增添“人们”、“大家”等适当的词做汉语译文的主语。e.g. With the new technique, measurement was claimed to be much more precise.e.g. And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.e.g. During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.综合例题：Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.（2007年真题）五、 考研英语长难句之形式主语（宾语）结构It is+形容词性质+that 从句形容词性质adj.、现在分词ing、过去分词done、of+抽象名词、no+抽象名词no meaning（否则为强调句。：in my heart介词短语/when you come 状语从句/thebook名词）除过去分词，如果形式主语是其他，那么后面可以由that/to do/whether/when引导。如果句子简短，翻译成（让人）的是。如果句子复杂，先翻译从句，添“这”让人1. It is + adjective/ noun + clause 注意： 先翻从句部分， 再翻形容词/名词部分。a. So it is quite sad when divorces come with small provocations, when parents and children give up on one another, when friendships falter at the first injury, for thus we forfeit a great work of artthe long love.翻译：当，当，当，这真让人伤心。b. It is thus no exaggeration that Americans have taken to mechanical cooling avidly and greedily.翻译：毫不夸张的是，美国人对于从机械取冷方面非常贪婪。 c. As a result of such contradictory evidence, it is uncertain whether those suffering seriously as a result of labor market problems number in the hundreds of thousands or the tens of millions.翻译：是否，这还不确定。2. It is + adjective + infinitive to注意： 先翻不定式部分， 再翻形容词部分。 a. It is extremely wasteful to give years of training at public expense only to have the qualified teacher or nurse marry after a year of two and be lost forever to her profession. b. It is essential for modern men to master one or two foreign languages. c. It is difficult for us to over-praise the book.3. It is + 过去分词 + that-clause注意：先翻过去分词部分，再翻从句部分。过去分词翻译成：根据、依据、按照 a. It is reported that Sadam Hussein was betrayed by his janissary. b. It is said that c. It is believed that d. It is rumored that e. It is estimated that f. It is known thatg. It is argued that六、强调句型英语的习惯：强调谁把谁往前放，形成倒装。而汉语翻译时不改变语序，只要在强调的地方加一个“是”例1.Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it. “正是加上这些一起决定了”七、考研英语长难句之并列平行结构英语常用并列连词，如：and, but, so, yet, for, nor, or, not only:.but also, either or或neithernor等连接两个或几个同等成分，这种结构称为并列结构。连接的同等成分可以是动词的宾语、介词短语或名词的定语等。最大的挑战来自后面的省略句。英语中要求第一个句子一定完整，第二个句子精炼。例1 In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and（the tests work） least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can not be well defined. (1995年真题)and的翻译：and不总表示和，most 和 least 的逻辑是对比的，所以and 翻译成 然而。翻译如下：总体来说，当要测试的对象能够得到精确界定时测试最有效，然而，当不能精确界定时最无效。例2 Astrophysicists working with groundbased detectors at the South Pole and balloon borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon.(1998年真题)例3It is not that (不是)the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner ofworking; but that (而是) the latter (后者) is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former (前者)。(1993年真题)八、 考研英语长难句之省略句型例1. As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it介词短语 the confidence名词短语，主语（缺谓语is also cut off） that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable同谓语. 七八常同时出现。九、 考研英语长难句之否定结构重点考三个：一 部分否定；二 形肯意否、形否意肯；三 否定转移I dont know both of you.我只认识你们其中一个。如果真不认识他们俩，应该用either/neither。No 与 not 的区分，no 否定主语，否定本质。Not 否定谓语，只否定谓语。You are not a teacher.你不是一个老师（你更像一个兄长） You are no teacher.你根本不会（不配）教书。否定转移：It never rains but it pours. Never与but I dont think you are right. Not 表面在否定think，实质在否定are三种否定转移：not because 如果把句子翻译一下不通顺的话就把not转移到because上面去，翻译成“不是因为”例如：I didnt come to CQ today because I want to have a hot pot.翻译成“我今天不来重庆因为我想吃火锅。”逻辑不对，所以翻译成“今天我来重庆不是因为想吃火锅。”; not/never but 正常逻辑理解不了，就翻译成“不。则罢，一。就 ” ;notand 例如:My old house is not big and comfortable. 否定句中：不大也不舒服，and 应该改成or。不大却很舒服，and应改成but，Not A but B。从逻辑上应该翻译成：“我原来的房子大是大，却不舒服。”I dont speak English and French。我讲英语但不讲法语。Dont drink and drive.可以喝酒就不要开车即不要酒后驾车A: 部分否定 partial negation 特征：当一句句子中not与全面肯定的词搭配时：all, both, every, everybody, every day, everyone, many, everything, entirely, altogether, absolutely, wholly, completely, weathered, always, often，不管not 在前在后，当这对矛盾出现在一起时，表示部分否定，意为“并非所有，并非都是，不是每个都是”。Both of them are not my brothers. C.f. “Neither of them is my brother.”All is not gold that glitters = not all is gold that glitters.并非所有发光的都是金子。Every man cannot do it = not every man can do itI dont remember all these formulas.This kind of tree is not found everywhere.The rich are not always happy.Every couple is not a pair. B: 否定转移当一个否定句按正常意思理解出现了错误时，就按否定转移看。a. 否定主语，但否定词not在形式上往往否定谓语 Everybody cannot enjoy pop music. (not everyone)b. 否定表语和宾语，但否定词not在形式上往往否定谓语The cloth does not feel very soft. = The cloth feels not very soft.I dont agree with all of you. (some of you)I dont like both of the books. (I like not both of them.)c. 否定状语，但否定词not在形式上往往否定谓语He has not come to the decision quickly. (not quickly)I did not do it for myself. (I did it not for myself.)The students did not sit there listening to the teacher. d. 在notand 结构中，否定的往往是and 后的部分，但否定词not往往否定谓语。The house is not big and comfortable. The house is not big, but comfortable. The house is not big or comfortable. He doesnt speak Russian and French. Dont drink and drive. We cant put on airs and make people like us.正确理解和区分部分否定和全部否定很重要，稍一疏忽，就会铸成译文上的大错。a. I dont know anything about her.（一无所知）I dont know everything about her.（并不全知道）b. None of the answers are right.（都不正确） All the answers are not right. (并非都正确)c. I dont know any of them.（全不认识） I dont know all of them.（并非都认识）C: 双重否定，意义肯定 双重否定指同一句子里出现两个否定词,即否定之否定,双重否定句表达的意思是肯定的，通常比肯定句的语气要重些,译成汉语就译成肯定形式,也可以保持双重否定的形式。 No one can command others who cant command himself. There was never a great genius without a tincture of madness. There are no roses without thorns. You cant make something out of nothing. Whats done cant be undone. Nothing is nothing at all.Hardly a day passed without our learning anything new.可用于表示双重否定的词有nonot, no (not)without, no.but, cannot but + v, cannot help + v-ing, without doubt, without fail, cannot help + v, without exception, nothing less but, (正是) none but （除外，别无） no one but (除了 外，没有别人) none too（一点也不）have no alternative /choice but to do (除.，别无选择), There is no doubt that, There is no denying that, There is no question that., not seldom, not infrequently, not unlike, not displeasedWe cannot but read books to enrich ourselves. We cannot help admiring his courage. I cant help but feel sorry for her.D: 几乎否定 几乎否定表示整个句子的意思接近于否定，常用的词有： little, few, barely, hardly, rarely, scarcely, seldom, This problem has been little studied. He little realized the danger he was in. She is barely right. I seldom got any sleep last night. Scarcely anything remains to be said. E: 形式否定，意义肯定形否意肯not.too 太也不为过not.形容词比较级notover you can not overestimate your potential. 你无论怎样估计你的天赋都不为过。即你的潜力是无限的。You can not overpraize Jake.你要好好表扬Jake.英语中有些形式上，否定而内容含义上都是肯定的结构，译成汉语时不能拘泥于原文的表层结构的否定，要忠实于原文的含义。 a. cannot too，越.越, 无论怎样.也不过分(Its impossible to overdo it. The more., the more)在此结构中，cannot可改为can hardly, scarcely, never, too也可改为 over + v, enough, sufficient 等You cannot be too cautious.