lecture33定语从句.doc

Lecture 33 关系分句1概说1.1定语从句的含义 在主句中担任定语的从句叫做定语从句。它通常置于所修饰的名词或代词（即先行词）之后。Time and time again there are serious accidents that pollute the air.污染空气的严重事故屡屡发生。1.2 定语从句的连接词 引导定语从句的关联词有关系代词和关系副词。 关系代词：who, whom, whose, that, which 关系副词：where, when, whyThe fire also destroyed cars which belonged to people who worked in the building.注意：how 不可以引导定语从句，若要表示方式，可以这样来表示：the way in which/ that/ 省略。正：Thats how he spoke（表语从句）正：Thats the way he spoke正：Thats the way（that） he spoke正：Thats the way（in which）he spoke误：Thats the way how he spoke1.3定语从句的分类 定语从句一般分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。限定性定语从句通常紧跟其先行词之后，不用逗号分开。先行词表人时，关联词由who, whom, whose, that担任，分别在句中作主语、宾语（关联词可以省略）、定语。The person whom you should ask is Mr. Ball.The couple whose photo I took at the party were very pleased with it.先行词表物时，关联词由which和that充当，分别作主语和宾语（关联词可以省略）。He had many merchant ships which traded with other countries.先行词表时间时，关联词由when担任，在从句中作时间状语。This was at a time when there was no radio, TV or cinema.先行词表地方时，关联词由where担任，在从句中作地点状语。Today many of them live in special areas where they can continue their way of life.先行词表原因（只有reason一词）时，关联词由why担任，在从句中作原因状语。The reason why the accident occurred is still unknown.非限定性定语从句通常与其先行词用逗号分开，表示二者关系比较松散。先行词表人时，关联词通常由who, whom, whose担任（that不能用于连接非限定性定语从句），在从句中作主语和宾语。That man, whom I met yesterday, is a film director.先行词表物时，关联词由which担任（that不能用于连接非限定性定语从句），在从句中作主语和宾语。The dam, which is the biggest in the world, is 3,830 metres long.先行词表时间时，关联词由when担任，在从句中作时间状语。Agriculture first started about 10,000 years ago, when people bagan to grow crops in the river valley of the Nile in Egypt, in the Middle East and in India.先行词表地方时，关联词由where担任，在从句中作地点状语。He returned to Dublin, where he formed his own pop group.Why不可以引导非限制性定语从句注：限定性定语从句v.s非限定性定语从句限定性定语从句对先行词起限制作用，二者关系密切，不用逗号隔开；非限定性定语从句对先行词只是起单纯的描述作用，通常用逗号分开。非限定性定语从句一般不使用关系代词that，而且关系代词在从句中作宾语时不能省略。注：定语从句v.s同位语从句同位语从句与定语结构有类似地方，从句通常置于它所联系的先行词之后。二者不同的是，定语从句与先行词是修饰关系，而同位语从句与先行词则是等同关系。此外，同位语从句中的that是从属连词，它在从句中不担任句子成分；而定语从句中的that是关系代词，它一定在句子中担任句子成分。The rumor that he spread everywhere turned out to be untrue.The rumor that Tom was a thief turned out to be untrue.1.4定语从句需要把握两个重要原则a. 抓住先行词，选择关系词He needs a long spoon _ sups with the devil.A) who B) which C) as D) when 同魔鬼一起喝汤需要用一把长勺子。-同坏人打交道需要提防着The world is a book, and those read only a page _ do not travel.A) which B) who C) that D) whomb. 分析关系词在定语从句中所充当的成分Ill never forget the time when we first met in the park.Ill never forget the time which I spent on campus.2. 关系代词用法2.1 who 和whom 的区别a. who 可做主语，宾语，表语，而whom不能做主语，只能做宾语或补语。当whom做介词宾语时，一般要用“介词+whom”的结构，若介词置于句尾，则不宜用whom，而改为who/that，更常见省略。I think you should stay faithful to the person who/that youre married to.I think you should stay faithful to the person youre married to.I think you should stay faithful to the person to whom youre married.b. 在非限制性定语从句中，最好用whom做宾语，且不能省略。His mother, whom he loved dearly, died in 1818.2.2 whose的用法a. 表示所属关系，与名词连用，可指人或物。“whose+名词”可做主语或宾语。When I looked through the window, I saw a girl whose beauty took my breath away.It was a meeting whose importance I did not realize at the time.b.当whose用来指物时，可用of +which来代替，此时语序为“限定词+名词+of+which”或 “of which+限定词+名词”。I had a meeting whose purpose was unclear.I had a meeting the purpose of which was unclear.I had a meeting of which the purpose was unclear.2.3 which 的用法a. 通常指物，可引导限制或非限制，先行词还可以是单个名词，或句子一部分或整个句子,而且先行词是整个句子时，无论指人或指物，都用which.He likes climbing the mountains, which is a good exercise.He tore up my photo, which upset me.He is a French, which I know from his accent. b. which和who的区别：当先行词为一类人或表示职业时，通常用whichAnna is a vegetarian, which I dont want to be.His brother had become a teacher, which he wanted to be.2.4 that的用法That 即可以指人，也可以指物，那么和which, who有什么区别呢？2.4.1 that和which的区别在下列情况最好用which: a. 引导非限制性定语从句或者做介词宾语时，用whichb. 先行词为that, those时，为避免重复最好用whichWhats that which he refused to accept?c. 关系代词和谓语动词之间有插入语时，一般用whichProperty was the first thing which, on the death of the father, interested the sons.在下列情况最好用that a. 先行词指物的all, little, few, much, the first用that.There is not much that can be done.b. 先行词为-thing的不定代词something, anything, nothing, everything时，一般用that.Is there anything that I can do for you?c. 先行词被any, only, all, no, some, much, few, little，序数词，最高级，the only, the one, the right, the last等修饰时，用thatthe very problem that want to solve is like this.d. 先行词为which为避免重复，用thatWhich is the train that is leaving for Beijing?e. 当先行词即有人又有物时，多用that.The writer and his novels that the article deals with are quite familiar to us.f. 定语从句在谓语动词是be时，最好用that.Beijing is not the city that it was.2.4.2 that 与who的区别以下情况最好用whoa. 先行词为特定的人时多用who, 泛指多用that.The aunt who came to see us last week is my fathers sister.People that have not been trained cant do this kind of work.b. 非限制性定语从句中，用whoc. 先行词是that, those时或被that, those修饰时，用whoThose who seek to please everybody please nobody.d. 先行词为-body,-one的不定代词somebody/one, anybody/one, nobody/one, everybody/one时，一般用whoe. 关系代词与谓语动词分开时，用who;或关系代词与先行词分开时，也用who.I met a foreigner in the park yesterday who could speak Chinese well.下列情况最好用thata. 先行词被any, only, all, no, some, much, few, little，序数词，最高级，the only, the one, the right, the last等修饰时, 用thatany student that is attentive and hardworking will be able to pass the exam.b. 定语从句在谓语动词是be时，最好用that;Mary is no longer the girl that she was.c. 当先行词为who, 为避免重复，多用thatWho that knows him would not believe him.2.5 as的用法As做关系词，相当于which, who, that，既可指人也可指物，既可引导限制性，也可引导非限制性。a. 一般只用在固定结构中，只能用在先行词为such, the same, as, so 或被它们修饰的先行词的后面hell repeat such points as are discussed in the book.Such a student as works hard will be sure to succeed.Here is so big a stone as no man can lift.Here is such a big stone as no man can lift.Here is a stone as/so big as no man can lift.b. 在非限制性定语从句中，as也可代指句子的一部分或整个句子。As引导的定语从句有“正好”，“像一样”的意思，而且引导的定语从句必须与as的内容一致，是顺着说下来，否则用which She has married again, as /which was expected.She has married again, which as expected. c. 若从句在句首，或倒装是用as，不用which.As was reported on TV, a big earthquake occurred in Japan last night.David works hard, as do my brothers. d. 先行词被the same修饰时，可用that或as,用that表示“同一”，as表示“同样”。This is the same book that I lost.This is the same book as I lost.e. as引导的定语从句和状语从句的区别a) The telephone_ was the invention of Bell.b) The telephone, _, was the invention of Bell.A) as we all knowB) as we all know itC) as do we know ita)句若做定语从句是一个限制性，而as只能用在固定结构，因此这里是as引导的状语从句，因此选Bb)句是一个非限制性定语从句，因此选A 3关系副词的用法When, where, why做关系副词，在定语从句中充当时间状语，地点状语，原因状语，还可被“介词+which”来替换。3.1 when的用法可引导限制性或非限制性，先行词必须是表示时间的名词，而且必须在从句中作时间状语。The day may soon come when we dont bother to go to office.Please tell me when he will be back.Please tell me when he comes back.Ill never forget the day when (on which) I first met you.3.2 where的用法先行词是表示地点的名词，而且必须在从句中作地点状语。This is the town where ( in which) I spent my childhood.This is the town which I told you about before.The library where students often study was on fire last night.Would you please put the book where is belongs? 地点状语从句3.3why的用法一般只引导限制性定语从句，而且必须在从句中作原因状语This is the reason why ( for which) I didnt come here.4.介词+关系代词4.1 判别用什么介词搭配：主要看谓语动词的搭配关系The girl with whom you work is his girlfriend.The colorless gas is called oxygen with which we can save the patient.He referred me to some reference books with which I am not familiar. 4.2 表示所属关系常用ofThe names, of which he remembered some were all strange to me.I bought a book of which the author is a farmer.（三）定语从句1. Nearly all the streets are in straight lines, _ from east to west. Those _ run from north to south are called avenues. A. running; that B. run; whoC. running; whoD. run; that2. This is the case _ hes had all his money stolen. A. when B. whereC. that D. on which3. Mr. Smith will pay a visit to Beijing this autumn, _ we will enjoy the Olympic Games in 2008. A. whereB. whenC. whichD. how4. The artist will not paint people or animals but he will paint anything _ . A. that the little girl asks himB. the little girl asks him toC. for the little girl to ask himD. what the little girl asks him5. How did you get in touch with the travel agent, Robin?Oh, thats easy. I surfed the Internet and then called one _ the telephonenumber is provided. A. whichB. in whichC. of whichD. whose6. October 15 th is my birthday, _ I will never forget. A. whenB. thatC. whatD. which7. The treatment will continue until the patient reaches the point _ he can walk correctly and safely. A. whenB. whereC. whichD. whose8. There are several research centers in China _ a certain disease called Bird Flu is being studied. A. whichB. whereC. whenD. what9. I hope that the little _ I have been able to do does good to them all. A. whichB. whatC. thatD. when10. The time is not far away _ modern communications will become widespread in Chinas vast countryside. A. asB. whenC. untilD. before11. _ is known to everybody, Taiwan is a part of China. We must unify it. A. ItB. AsC. WhichD. What12. I shall never forget the day _ Shen Zhou V was launched, _ has a great effect on my life. A. when, whichB. that, whichC. which, thatD. when, that13. The bread my wife makes is much better than _ you can buy at a store. A. that whichB. one thatC. that of whichD. this of which 14. There is no such place _ you dream of in all this world. A. thatB. whatC. whichD. as15. The people, _ had been damaged by the flood, were given help by the Red Cross. A. all whose homesB. all of whose homes C. all their homesD. all of their homes 16. The humans are destroying nature day by day, _ of course, will cause severe punishment from it sooner or later. A. whoB. whenC. on whichD. which17. Is this research center _ you visited the modern equipment last year?A. whereB. thatC. the one thatD. the one where18. Some pictures of the river brought the days back to the old _ they swam in it. A. whenB. thatC. whoD. where19. The man showed us so heavy a stone _ no man can lift. A. thatB. asC. whichD. and20. He stayed there for quite a long time, during _ time he learned much spoken English. A. thatB. thisC. whichD. same 答案与解析：1. A. 主语与run(延伸)是主动关系，所以用现在分词。Those指街道，所以不用who而用that来引导定语从句。2. B. 因为在此题中where引导定语从句，表示“在这种种况下”，与in which相当。3. A. 因为先行词是Beijing而不是this autumn所以用where引导定语从句。4. B. 答案B是省略了关系代词that的定语从句，另外，to后还省略了动词原形paint。5. C. 因为of which引导定语从句，并在从句中作定语。of which the telephone number = whose telephone number。6. D. 因为这是个非限制性定语从句，先行词是前面一句话的内容。7. B. 因为表示“阶段、程度、地步”的the point在定语从句中作地点状语，所以用where引导定语从句。8. B. 因为先行词是research centers