动词不定式的特征和种类.docVIP

动词不定式的特征和种类形式； To do to have done to be doing to have been doing To be done to have been done A 不定式的一般式 不定式的一般式表示的动作通常与主要谓语 的动作同时或几乎同时发生，或是在它之后发生。 He appears to be very happy. 他看起来好像很高兴。（同时发生）B不定式的进行式 不定式的进行式表示正在进行的动作。 It happened to be raining when I got there. 我到达那里的时候，天碰巧在下雨。C. 不定式的完成式 不定式的完成式表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生。 Im sorry to have lost your key. 我很抱歉把你的钥匙弄丢了。D. 不定式的完成进行式 不定式的完成进行式表示的动作在谓语之前发生并且一直进行着。 He was said to have been living in London for twenty years. 据说他在伦敦一直住了20年。E. 不定式的被动形式 当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动形式。不定式的被动形式根据其与谓语动作发生的先后关系，有一般式和完成时两种。1一般式 to be done These are the books to be given out to the students. 这些是要发给学生的书。 2完成式 to have been done The novel is said to have been translated into many languages. 据说这部小说已被译成多种语言。F. 不定式的否定形式- 不定式的否定形式由not或never加不定式构成。 We decided not to go out because of the bad weather. 由于天气不好，我们决定不出去。 不定式结构作主语To see one time is better than to hear a hundred times.To persevere means victory! 注：在很多情况下，特别是在口语中，常采用先行it代替主语，而把不定式后置： Its a great pleasure to be here.It is not an easy thing to master a language.不定式结构作表语To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people.To do that would be to cut the foot to fit the shoe.2主语是以aim, duty, hope, idea, intention, mistake, plan, proposal, job, suggestion 等为中心词的名词词组，或以 what 引导的名词性从句表示，后面的不定式说明其内容，如： My idea is to climb the mountain from the north. Your mistake was not to write that letter. My suggestion is to start work at once.What I would suggest is to start work at once. 注：在某些句型中，当主语部分有动作动词do 时，作表语的不定式可以省略符号 “to”，如： All we have to do is push the button. The only thing I can do now is go on by myself. All I could do was send him a telegram. 不定式结构作动词宾语这类动词常见的有：afford, agree, arrange, ask, choose, decide, demand, desire, expect, hope, learn, manage, offer, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish, like, hate, prefer, continue, try, start, forget, mean, intend, begin, 动词 + 疑问词 + 带 to 的不定式结构”。（这种不定式结构接近一个名词从句）。这类动词常见的有：tell, advise, show, teach, find.疑问词（也称连接代/副词）有：what, where, who(m), when, how, whether, whichI dont know what to do / where to go / who(m) to ask / when to stop / how to get there.I havent decided whether to sell it or not.We must find out what to do next / where to put it.不定式结构作定语Its time to go to bed.He is not a man to bow before difficulties.能带不定式结构作宾语的动词，转化成名词时往往也能带不定式结构作定语，如： I dont wish to quarrel with you. I have no wish to quarrel with you. They will attempt to cross the river tonight. They will make another attempt to cross the river tonight. She promised not to do that again. She made a promise not to do that again.3某些能带不定式结构作状语的形容词，转化成名词时，也能带不定式结构作定语，如： He was obviously anxious to go. His anxiety to go was obvious.4不定式结构与所修饰的名词，有时意义上有着主谓关系或动宾关系，如： He has a large family to support (= that he must support).注：处于动宾关系的情况下，如果不定式是不及物动词，它后面应加上必要的介词，如： She has a lot of things to attend to. The nurse has five children to look after. Lets first find a room to put the things in.5. 当名词被first last second only 修饰时，常用不定式做定语不定式结构作状语He bought a bicycle to go to town more quickly.He went home to see his mother.表示目的的不定式可以置于句首，这也是区别于其他功能的标志之一。但是，置于句首表示目的的不定式之前可以加上in order，但却不可以加上so as 2. 表示结果：What have I said to make you so angry?He came round to find himself in hospital.不定式结构表示结果更常见于下列句型： so as to Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle / tell me the time? such () as to Im not such a fool as to believe that. enough to The boy is old enough to go to school. too to His eyesight is too poor to read such small letters.有时，不定式结构还能表示一个随后发生的动作，相当于一个并列限定动词词组，这种不定式结构也表示结果，如： She woke early to find it was raining. He got home to learn that his father was ill. 这种表示结果的不定式结构具有下列几个特点： 不定式所表示的动作是随后发生的，相当于一个限定动词词组，如： He arrived late to find the others had gone home. He arrived late and found the others had gone home. 不定式根据是否需要停顿而决定与主句是否用逗号隔开。 He left his native country (,) never to return. He returned home (,) to find his father lying sick in bed. 不定式所表示的结果往往含有“令人意想不到”的意味，其中以“使人不愉快的结果”较为常见。（有时也可以表示令人愉快、惊喜的结果），如：He went home to find his old friend George waiting for him. 不定式之前有时可以加上only或but only，以加强语气，如： He got to the station only to be told the train had gone. They lifted a rock only to drop it on their own feet.注：不定式结构表示结果或表示目的，往往形式相似，这时，须根据词汇意义认真加以区别，试比较： He arrived late to find the others had gone home. ( = He arrived late and found the others had gone home.) He arrived late to avoid meeting Robert. ( = He arrived late in order to avoid meeting Robert.)3. 表示原因：（不定式所表示的动作先于谓语动词的动作） She wept to hear the news. I pretend to be happy to know him. He laughed to see such fun. She seemed surprised to meet us. I am glad to see you. 既能用不定式结构又能用现在分词作宾语补足语的动词： see, watch, notice, look at, hear, listen to, observe, feel, have; imagine, find, discover, like, want, understand, hate, bring, get, leave, sent 有些动词用不定式与用现在分词作宾语补足语，所表达的意义是有差别的。一般说来，用不定式表示一次性动作或动作的完成（即全过程）；而用现在分词则表示动作正在进行，即：谓语动词所表示的动作发生时，现在分词所表示的动作正在进行注：使用不定式作宾语补足语时，在有些动词后面，不定式符号to 应当省略。 下列动词用不定式作宾语补足语时，必须省去不定式符号to：let, make, have, see, watch, notice, look at, observe, hear, listen to He observed someone open the door. I watched them get into the car. Did you notice him leave the room?feel 一词在使用 to do 型不定式作宾语补足语时，不带 to；在使用 to be 型不定式时，要带 to，如： He felt them to be right. Did you feel the earth shake? help 一词在使用不定式作宾语补足语时，可以带 to，也可以不带 to，如： Do you often help your mother (to) do the housework?使用不定式作宾语补足语的句子，改为被动结构以后，宾语补足语就成了主语补足语，这时，“to”不可以省略，如： The boss made them work from morning till night. They were made to work from morning till night.在介词 but except besides than 等表示除了 .之意的词前,若有实意动词DO ,常五TO what do you like to do besides swim? He did nothing else than laugh.下列不跟TO Had better/ had best would rather.than would sooner .than Can not help but. Can but. 不得不 cannot choose but May/ m