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一小议rise, raise, arise的区别(一):词义一小议rise, raise, arise的区别(二):词性二介词except和but跟不定式结构 三探讨worth 四浅谈none的用法五小议人人 六否定转移 七no matter which的用法 八名词单复数同形 九英语加减乘除运算的表示方法十borrow与lend的三大区别十一feel like用法小结十二leave与forget的用法区别十三arrive, get与reach的用法区别十四你知道what,which,who的区别吗十五beginning习语归纳十六at,in与on的用法区别十七across的用法与易错说明十八介词above用法详解十九behind用法与搭配二十almost与nearly用法区别详解 一小议rise, raise, arise的区别(一):词义arise(arose,arisen)开始发生,出现。指有形的东西,常用抽象名词作主语:都用在借喻中,不能用被动。如:Serious complications may arise from this sudden change of plans.突变的计划可能会导致严重的纠纷。1 occur“发生”,例:Problems arose from the outset.一开始就产生了很多问题。2 arise from“起源于”,例:Accidents always arise from the carelessness.许多事故都源于粗心。derive from=originate from“起因于,追本溯源”,例:Many English words derive from Latin.许多英语都来自于拉丁语。rise(rose,risen)上升,升高,上涨,指有形的东西。如:The sun rises in the east.v.“上升”,(一定是不及物的)n.“上升,上涨”give rise to=lead to引起,例:The food shortage gave rise to the serious problems.食品的短缺引起了严重的问题。rouse“唤醒”,例:I was roused by the sound of the alarm.我被闹铃的声音吵醒。arouse“唤起”,如,arouse ones interest / sympathy“唤起某人的兴趣 / 同情心”raise根本含义“使上升”,提起,使升高,引起,扬起,提高,增加,筹款,召集,提出,养育。(1) “举起”raise ones hand(2)“提出”raise a question(3)“抚养,相当于bring up”raise children(4)“筹集”raise funds(5)raise crops 种庄稼; (6)raise a building 造起一座房子; (7)raise a cloud of dust 扬起一片尘土; (8)ise ones voice提高嗓音; They raise the flag every morning 他们每天早上升旗. 一小议rise, raise, arise的区别(二):词性 1)arise只能做不及物动词,意思是“出现”、“发生”、“起因于”,一般形容某件事情或现象的发生或出现。(如果句子有宾语,就不可以用arise)eg:A new difficulty has arisen.出现了新的困难。 Accidents arise from carelessness.疏忽大意往往会引起事故的发生。2)rise 和raise都可以做名词和动词,但做动词时有区别。raise 只可以做及物动词,较常用到的词意为“举起”、“提高”和“饲养”。(饲养是其特有的词意,其他两个词都没有)eg:raise ones head。抬起头。 raise the output of production。增加产量。 raise salaries。提高工资。 raise chickens and corn。养鸡和种植玉蜀黍。3)rise 较多情况下做为不及物动词使用,较常用到的词意为“起立”、“上升”、“增长”。eg: the sun rises from the east。太阳从东方升起。 The flood has risen two feet。洪水上涨两英尺。 Our confidence rises。我们的信心增强了。不知道这样讲能不能帮你解决问题。 二介词except和but跟不定式结构、介词except和but(作“只有,只能”讲时)跟不定式结构(but与不带to的不定式连用)He seldom goes back home except to ask for money from his parents. He did nothing there except watch TV for the whole night.(不带to的不定式)I had no choice but to stay in bed.Last night I did nothing but prepare my lessons.Lots of empty bottles were found under the old mans bed.He must have done nothing but _ .A drinkB to drinkC drinkingD drunkWhen the streets are full of A melting B snow, you cannot help but gettingC your shoes wet D . 三探讨worth(一)形容词 adj.1.(表示比率)值(多少钱), 值得;有价值;值钱The picture is worth at least twenty pounds.这张图片至少值二十英镑。The novel is worth reading.这部小说值得一读。2.(表示归属)拥有(财产等) 3.(指行动)值得,有价值 4.值得(费周折)名词 n.1.价值, 意义, 作用2. 价值(十元、40 英镑等)的东西3. 能用(一个星期、一个月等)的东西(二)be worth 后面一般有三个结构:be worth of sth/be worth doing sth/be worth+money它们的意思是做某事/某物有价值,主语是sth,所以也就没有被动结构。而be worthy 一般表示值得做某事/某物,主要强调过程“值得”,不太注重是否最后有价值。后面的结构有:be worthy of sth/be worthy to do sth (三)1. be worth doing值得做。如:The book is well worth reading.这本书很值得一读。Shes not worth getting angry with.犯不上跟她生气。注:该结构中 worth后的动名词与句子有动宾关系,但该动名词只能用主动形式表示被动意义。2. it is worth doing sth做某事是值得的。如:Knowledge is worth working for.知识是值得努力追求的。Is it worth visiting the place?这个地方值得一看吗? 比较:Its worth seeing the film. / The film is worth seeing.这部电影值得看。3. worth (ones) while值得某人去做,值得某人花时间。如:The work is worth your while.这工作值得你花时间去做(from )。Well, I can go, but will it be worth (my) while?好吧,我可以去,不过值得(我去)吗? Id like you to do some work for me. Ill make it worth your while.我想你帮我做点,我不会让你白干的。4. Its worth (ones) while to do sth (doing sth)某事值得某人去做。如:Its worth while doing to do the work.这项工作值得做。Its worth your while to visit visiting the museum.这个博物馆值得你去看看。5.be worthy of doing sth值得做某事,配得上做某事。如:He is worthy of filling the post.这个职位他当之无愧。He is worthy of considering the question.他是值得考虑这个问题的。注:若主语与其后动名词有动宾关系,该动名词用被动式。如:The machine is not worthy of being repaired.这机器不值得修。The book is worthy of being studied carefully.这本书值得仔细研究。6.be worthy to do sth值得做某事,配得上做某事。如:He is worthy to fill the post.这个职位他当之无愧。He is worthy to consider the question.他是值得考虑这个问题的。注:若主语与其后不定式有动宾关系,该不定式用被动式。如:They are not worthy to be chosen.他们不配当选(from )。Such work is not worthy to be done.那样的工作不值得做。(四)浅谈worth与worthy的用法worth与worthy是英语学习中常见的两个词,但其用法极易混淆。现笔者将其用法归纳如下,希望有助于同学们的复习与运用。一、worth作“值得;值”解时,是一个很常见,但又很特殊的叙述性形容词,通常在句中作表语,并且其后面要求有一个宾语,其宾语可以是名词、动名词或动词不定式。worth有时也可用作定语。其具体用法如下:(一)Worth用作表语1.当句子的主语是物质名词而不是it时,worth后面要求有一个动名词或名词作宾语。例如: The above-mentioned decision is worth studying a little further.上述决定值得进一步研究。 What is happening here today is worth notice.今天在这里发生的事值得关注。 The microcomputer is worth ten thousand dollars.这台微型电脑值一万美元。2.当句子的主语是it而不是物质名词时,可能有两种情况: A. it代表具体东西时,如金钱、物质等,其后接动名词,该动名词是worth的宾语,这时,it既是主语,在意义上又是动名词的逻辑宾语。例如: It is worth saving.那是值得节约的。 It is worth visiting again.这里值得再一次参观。 B. it不代表具体东西时,worth后面一般应加上while,后面接动名词或动词不定式。这时,it为形式主语,真正的主语为动名词或动词不定式。接动名词或动词不定式的区别是:while前面有所有格时,一般接动词不定式;没有所有格时,一般接动名词。例如: It is worth our while to use waste materials.废物值得利用。 It is worth while pointing out that heating may bring about certain change in the structure of any material.值得指出的是,加热会使任何物质的结构发生某种变化。(二)worth用作定语1. worth不能单独放在名词前面作定语,当它与while构成worthwhile时则可作前置定语。这时,worthwhile = worthy.例如: This is a worthwhile book. (该句可改为:This is a worthy book. = This book is worth leading. = This book is worthy of being read. = This book is worthy to be read. )这本书值得一读。 It is worthwhile effort.这是值得努力做的事。2.用作后置定语。worth放在名词后面作定语时,必须接一个动名词。例如: Tianjin is a city worth visiting.天津是一个值得参观的城市。 This is a question worth discussing.这是一个值得讨论的问题。二、worthy是限定性形容词,可以用作表语或定语。其具体用法如下:(一)worthy作表语1. worthy与of连用时,构成be worthy of,of的后面可以接名词或动名词的被动形式。例如: That is worthy of note.那件事值得注意。 This phenomenon is worthy of being studied.这种现象值得研究。2. worthy可与动词不定式连用,动词不定式也要用被动式。但worthy后面不可再用介词of,须直接接不定式。例如: This problem is worthy to be considered.这个问题值得考虑。 The film is worthy to be seen again.这部电影值得再看一遍。(二)worthy作定语1.作前置定语。例如: This is a worthy English-Chinese dictionary.这是一本有价值的英汉词典。 This is a worthy article.这是一篇值得一看的文章。2.作后置定语时,必须用“worthy of +名词”结构。例如: There is nothing worthy of mention.没有值得一提的事情。 This is behaviour worthy of praise.这是值得称赞的行为。注:“worth of+动名词”与“worth+动名词”在形式上完全不同:worthy of后面接被动式的动名词;而worth后面接主动式的动名词,虽然在形式上是主动的,但其意义仍然是被动的。试比较: The second-hand house is worthy of being bought. = The second-hand house is worth buying. (四) 浅谈none的用法1. none 与 no one / nobody 及 nothingno one / nobody 常用来指人,作主语时谓语动词要用单数形式;nothing 常用来指物,作主语时谓语动词也要用单数形式;none 可指人也可指物,作主语时,如和 of 连用指不可数名词时,谓语动词要用单数形式;指可数名词时,谓语动词用单、复数均可。如:No one likes a person with bad manners.Nothing is difficult in the world if you put your heart into it.None of them has / have seen me before.None of this money belongs to me.注意:1 ) none 可与 of 连用表示范围,而 no one / nobody 及 nothing 不可。2 ) none 可用来回答 How many / much? 的特殊疑问句;而 no one / nobody 及 nothing 则分别用来回答 Who? 和 What? 的特殊疑问句。如: How many birds are there in the tree? None. What is in the box? Nothing. Who is in the classroom? No one / Nobody.3 ) none 可用来回答“ any + 名词”构成的一般疑问句:而 nobody 和 nothing 则分别用来回答由 anybody 和 anything 构成的一般疑问句。如: Is there any bread left? No,none at all. Is there anything in the sky? No,nothing.4 ) none 可用来指代前面提到过的人或物;如无指代时可用 no one / nobody 及 nothing .如:We had three cats once none of them is alive now.2. none 与 not all / allnotnot all / allnot 表示三者或三者以上的部分否定;而 none 表示三者或三者以上的全部否定。如:Not all ads are good. 并非所有的广告都好。3. none but,nobody but 及 nothing butnobody but 表示单一概念,谓语动词用单数形式;none but 可指人也可指物,通常指前面提到的同一事物,谓语动词要用复数形式; nothing but 泛指 but 后事物以外的任何事物。如:Nobody but he is often late for school. 除他以外,没有人上学常迟到。None but fools have even believed it. 除了傻瓜,没有人相信这一点。There is a variety of fruit, but he chose nothing but an apple.这儿有很多水果,但他只选了一个苹果。4. 其他用法1 ) none 可指物质名词或抽象概念,构成短语 have none of ,意为“不允许;不接受;拒绝参加”,常和 will / would 连用,表示意愿。如:I will have none of your stupid ideas!2 ) none other than 意为“就是;恰恰是”。如:The new arrival was none other than the President. 小议人人(1) human 总称 相当于 人类一般用在 纪录片里 称呼 人类文明 人类科技 人类的未来之类(2) person 强调单个的 人 比如 那个人 这个人。person是个体名词,它泛指man,woman或child中的任何一个,其复数形式是persons,但人们习惯用 people代替persons。 “一个人”常译作a person,而需要说明一个人的性别时,要用a man 或 a woman来表示。如:Who is the youngest person in your class? 你们班里年龄最小的人是谁?(3) creature 强调人的动物属性和物理特征 或者宗教思想 (4)people 人民 的意思 通常是指很多人 人群 ,作“人”讲时,是集合名词,表复数概念。说“一个人”时,不用people。当表示两个以上的人时,可用people。如:twenty people二十个人。people作“民族”解时,有单、复数之分。如:a people一个民族。There are 56 peoples in China. 中国有56个民族。people是一个集体名词。它不能表示单个人,它是boy、girl、man、woman、child等的集合。如:How many people are there in your family? 你们家里有多少人?A lot of people went to the park on Sunday.好多人星期天去了公园。people在一般的情况下是没有复数形式的,如果以复数的形式出现就表示民族,例如:There are 56 peoples in china.中国有56个民族,这点可不能忽视。再如下面的一道改错题:You can see many peoples in the market.你在市场上可以看到许多人。大家都知道many是修饰可数名词的复数形式,所以会忽视people本身就是复数。people和class、police等词一样都是集体名词。people和定冠词连用表示褒义词民族或人民。如:The Chinese people are very friendly.中国人民非常友好。I think the people there are hard-working.我认为那的人民很勤劳。(5)A.man 一般指男人 指人类时一般是泛指 不常用。man 以及它的衍生字一般是用来指任何人或整个人类,不考虑性别,可以用来代替person 和people。如:Men have lived here for thousands of years. 人们在这儿已经生活几千年了。随着现代社会的发展,man 更多地表“男人”,如:A tone of menace entered into the mans voice. 这个男人的声音里带有威胁的口气。 man是成年男子,简称男人,它的复数形式是men,和它相对的词是woman是成年女子,它的复数形式是women,简称女人。当man前没有冠词时或其他的修饰词不表示男人,而是人类。如:Man cant live without water or air.没有水和空气,人类不能生存。B.传统上,man以及它的衍生字一般是用来指任何人或整个人类,不考虑性别,可以用来代替person 和people。如:Men have lived here for thousands of years. 人们在这儿已经生活几千年了。随着现代社会的发展,man 更多地表“男人”,如:A tone of menace entered into the mans voice. 这个男人的声音里带有威胁的口气。C.man一般以单数形式出现(现在也有人以复数men表示“人类”),其前不能置任何限定词,其相应的代词应是he, him, his, himself。例如:The changes between the states have been used by man to work for him since ancient times. 自古以来,人类就利用这两种状态的变化为自己服务。Engels pointed out a hundred years ago that labour created man himself. 恩格斯一百多年以前就指出,劳动创造了人类本身。(6)human being 强调进化论中 的地位Human being意思是人类,有时用being代替,复数形式是human beings,和动物相区别。That means dinosaurs lived long before human beings appeared.这就意味着恐龙在人类出现以前很久就存在。human being也可表示“人类”,它是可数名词,有单复数之分。其意义比较具体,它一般用来区别人以外的事物,特别是动物或者是“神”,“鬼”之类。例如:Without its light and warmth there would be neither plants nor animals nor human beings. 没有光和热,就不可能有植物,动物,也不可能有人类。Although the Negroes were human beings just like the whites, they were not treated as humanbeing. 尽管黑人和白人一样都是属于人类,但是他们并没有被当作人对待。 (7)guy大多指男人,person是个体名词,它泛指man,woman或child中的任何一个,其复数形式是persons,但人们习惯用 people代替persons。 “一个人”常译作a person,而需要说明一个人的性别时,要用a man 或 a woman来表示。如:Who is the youngest person in your class? 你们班里年龄最小的人是谁?六否定转移有这样一个句子“I dont think he is a good doctor.”大家对这个句子有不同的翻译: 1.我不认为他是个好医生。2.我认为他不是个好医生。哪个正确呢?2是正确的。那么1的错误在哪儿呢?这就是“否定转移”在作怪。这一语法现象在英语中特别常见,它是将语义上属于从句(一般为that clause)的否定词转移到主句中去。否定转移是指否定形式在谓语动词,而否定的信息焦点却在状语和表语,或否定形式在主句,而否定的信息焦点却在从句。这是英语的一种习惯思维方法,与汉语不同,应予注意。现分类归纳如下: 一、表示看法的动词:将be supposed to, believe,think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中,即主句的谓语动词用否定式,而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。 notthink,believe,suppose,imaginethatclause I dont think I know you.我想我并不认识你。 I don t believe he will come.我相信他不回来。注意:若谓语动词为hope,宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。 I hope you werent ill. 我想你没有生病吧。这类句子后面的反意疑问句更能准确地说明not的否定范围。如:I dont think youve met Xiao Wang,have you?我想你没碰见过小王,对吗?如:1. I _ I_ you before. A. think; havent seen B. didnt think; have seen C. didnt think; didnt see D. thought; not see 2. She _ that we _ anything. A. didnt imagine;would say B. dont imagine; say C. doesnt imagine; would say D. would imagine; would say(Keys: 1. B 2. A) 二、表示感觉的动词:将appear, seem, look like, feel as if, look as if, sound as if等后的从句的否定转移到前面。 It doesnt seem that they know where to go. 看来他们不知道往哪去。 It doesnt appear that well have a sunny day tomorrow. 看来我们明天不会碰上好天气 如: 1. The baby _ appear to be awake. A. dont B. didnt C. doesnt D. could 2. It _(看起来) like _(天不会)going to rain. (Keys: 1. C 2. doesnt look;its)三notbecause(of)这种结构中的 not否定的是后面 because引导的从句或 because of引起的介词短语。也就是说,not从because(of)的前面转移到了主句或整个句子的谓语动词的前面。例如:He was not ready to believe something just because Aristotle said so他并不只是因为亚里士多德说过某事如何如何,就轻易相信它。I didnt take a raincoat because it was raining我不是因为下着雨才带雨衣的。四有时将动名词,介词短语或整个从句的否定转变为对谓语动词的否定。 I dont remember having ever seen such a man. 我记得从未见过这样一个人。 (not否定动名词短语 having) Its not a place where anyone would expect to see strange characters on the street. 在这里,人们不会想到在街上会碰上陌生的人。(anyone 作主语,从句中的谓语动词不能用否定形式。五有时状语或状语从句中否定可以转移到谓语动词前。 The ant is not gathering this for itself alone.(否定状语)蚂蚁不只是为自己采食。 He was not ready to believe something just because Aristotle said so. (否定because状语) 他并不因亚里斯多德说过如何如何,就轻信此事。She had not been married many weeks when that mans younger brother saw her and was struck by her beauty.(否定状语many weeks)她结婚还不到几个月,这个人的弟弟就看见她了,并对她的美貌着了迷。六、not动词不定式或介词短语在这类结构中,我们实际上是将否定后面不定式的not转移到了谓语动词上。如:Jack doenst seem to like you( Jack seems not to like you)杰克看来不喜欢你。He didnt take the boy from the tracks to safety to win his own famebut tobenefit the boys parents他把男孩从铁轨上抱到安全地带,不是为了获得个人的名誉,而是为了孩子的父母。He didnt come here by train他不是乘火车来的。 在以下特殊情况中,即使有允许否定转移的动词,也不能将其否定转移到主句中。 1. I think是插入语,可看作与其他部分无关时。如: I wish you were here, then, I think, I should not feel like this. 2.主句中有情态动词cant, mustnt, wouldnt等时。如: I cant believe that they are married. You mustnt think hes stupid. 3.由于cannot help doing, ought not, need not, not at all等短语的关系而把I think隔离时。如: I think you ought not to walk at night alone, Mrs. Moore. “I think the angel is not at all in heaven.” Redmond said. 4.由于受not justbut, just notenough, not much, not quite等以not为核心的副词短语的影响,也不便把其否定转移到主句中。如: I think Im just not smart enough to make any sense out of for you. But I think that Elizabeth was not quite so certain of it as I. 5.句中含有no, never, nothing, nobody等否定词时。如: I should think you never have seen many. I thought it explained nothing. 七no matter which的用法no matter which只能引导让步状语从句,不能引导名词性从句。当引导让步状语从句时,两者相同,可以互换,但当引导名词性从句(主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句和同位语从句)时则只能用whatever(whoever,whichever,whenever,etc)。如:No matter which side wins, I shall be happy. 不管哪边赢,我都会高兴。No matter which you choose, they will be offended. 不管你选哪个,他们都会不高兴。No matter which you choose, they will be offended. No matter which method you use, the result is much the same. 不论你用哪一种方法,结果都差不多。No matter which plan you adopt, you will encounter difficulties. 不管你采取哪个计划,你都会碰到困难。【注意】这样用的no matter which与引导状语从句的whichever用法相同,有时可互换。如体与引导状语从句的No matter which of them you marry, youll have problems. =Whichever of them you marry, youll have problems. 不管你跟他们哪一个结婚,你都会有问题。 八 名词单复数同形: fish鱼,deer鹿,sheep绵羊,works(工厂),means手段,Swiss瑞士人,Chinese中国人 只有复数形式的名词 trousers裤子,pants裤子,shorts短裤 glasses眼镜,compasses圆规,scales天平,pliers钳子,clips剪子 “某国人”的复数有三种类型: (1)Chinese, Japanese, Swiss 三国人单数复数同形,不需加s; (2)Englishman, Frenchman, Dutchman复数要把 man 变为men; (3)其他各国人以an, -ian收尾的均直接加s。如:Americans, Australians, Indians等。head表示禽畜群中的头,单复数同形;cattle牛的总称 九英语加减乘除运算的表示方法 1. 加法:加法运算通常用and, plus, add 等表示。如:Seven and plus eight is are, make(s) fifteen. 7加8等于15。If you add ten to eight, you get eighteen. 10加8等于18。2. 减法:减法运算通常用 minus, from, take (away) (from) 等表示。如:Eight minus five is leaves three. 8减 5等于3。4 from 20 leaves 16. 20减4余16。Ten take away four is leaves six. 10减去4得6。(D8)If you take five from twelve, youre left with seven. 12减去5得7。If you take four away from ten, that leaves six. 10减去4得6。3. 乘法:乘法运算通常用 times, multiplied by, twice 等表示。如:Five times three is equals fifteen. 5乘以3等于15。Five multiplied by two equals ten. 5乘以2等于10。What is twice two? 2乘2是多少? (from )4. 除法:除法运算通常用 divided by, into 等表示。如:Twelve divided by four is makes three. 12除以4等于3。Four into twelve is makes three. 12除以4等于3。十borrow与lend的三大区别(一) 一、从基本词义上看两者都可表示“借”,但是 borrow指“借入”,而 lend则指“借出”,两者其实是一对反义词,而不是同义词。如:Can I borrow your bike?我可以借用你的自行车吗?He lent his dictionary to me.他把字典借给我。He was often sent out to borrow.他常常被派出去借钱。Some people neither borrows nor lends.有的人既不借也不贷。二、从句型搭配上看1. 要表示“向某人借某物”,英语用borrow sth from sb,其中用介词from。如:Dont borrow money from her.不要向她借钱。Sam borrowed a car from his friend.萨姆向他的朋友借来了一辆车。2. 要表示“把某物借给某人”,英语用lend sth to sb,其中用介词to。如:He lent his pen to me.他把他的钢笔借给了我。He told me not to lend it to her.他叫我别把它借给她。三、从是否接双宾语来看lend可接双宾语(即可用于 lend sb sth),但 borrow则不能接双宾语(即不能用于 borrow sb sth)。如:Could you lend me some money?你能否借给我一点钱?He offered to lend me some books.他主动提出借给我几本书。比较(from ):正:She lent him some money.她借给他一些钱。正:She lent some money to him.她借给他一些钱。正:He borrowed some money from her.他向她借了一些钱。误:He borrowed her some money.十borrow与lend的三大区别(二)1.borrow 是借进,规则动词,过去式,过去分词:borrowed borrowed常用短语:borrow sth from sb /sp2.lend是借出,不规则动词,过去式,过去分词:lent,lent常用短语:lend sth to sb lend sb sth(通常跟双宾)3.具体地说,borrow是借进,lend是借出borrow的含义是借,借入lend 的意思是借出,把.借给4.举个例子:I borrowed $50 from my friend yesterday.My friend lent me $50 yesterday.borrow是你从别人那里借来东西 5.举个例子:Could you borrow me your computer? 能把你的电脑借我吗?lend是你把你自己所拥有的东西借给别人再举个例子:You lended your computer to me. 你把你的电脑借给了我.对你有帮助吗?I hope so!十一feel like用法小结 1. 表示“感到想要(做某事)”,其后接名词或代词。如:I feel like a cup of tea.我想喝杯茶。Do you feel like a drink?要喝一
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