定语从句(2012年8月16日).doc

定语从句（2012年8月16日）历届高考试题名词性从句考查的焦点主要有以下六个方面：考查关系代词that和 which的区别; 考查关系代词whose的用法；考查关系代词与关系副词的差异；考查“介词关系代词”；考查非限制性定语从句与限制性定语从句的区别；考查as引导的非限制性定语从句；. 概念：(1) 定语从句：在主从复合句中用作定语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧接在先行词(antecedent)后面。(2) 先行词：被定语从句修饰的成份。先行词可以为一个词，短语，或整个主句。(3) 引导定语从句，连接主句和从句，相当于一个连词的词叫关系词，分为：指人指物主语定语宾语主语定语宾语状语时间地点原因方式WhothatwhosewhowhomthatwhichwhosethatwhichaswhenwhereWhy/for whichthat/in which/不填whowhoseWho/whomWhich/aswhoseWhich/aswhenwhereII.关系词的用法：（一）关系代词的用法：1. 作主语用who, which和that, 如： He is the man who/that lives next door.2. 作宾语用whom, who, which, that, 如：The man (whom/who/that) we have just seen is a famous writer.注：在非正式文体中，用于指人的关系代词who whom, that 通常可以省略，但在正式文体中通常用whom, 不可省略；用于指物的关系代词which和that 在非正式文体中也通常省略，但在正式文体中一般不省略。3. 作定语用whose, 如：(a) He is the man whose car was stolen last week.(b) It was a meeting whose importance I did not realize at that time.注：“whose +名词中心词”这一结构在定语从句中既能作主语（如上a句），又能作宾语（如上b句）。whose 的先行词常用来指人，但有时也可以用来指具体事物或抽象概念，这时可以与of which 结构互换，词序是：“名词+of which”，如：They came to a house whose back wall had broken down. (= the back wall of which)4 作表语只用that ，它既可以指人，也可以指物，但时常省略。如：He is no longer the man that heused tobe.（二）关系副词的用法：1when 指时间，在从句中作时间状语，它的先行词通常有：time, day, morning, night, week, year 等。如：I still remember the time when I first became a college student.2where指地点，在从句中作地点状语。它的先行词通常有：place, spot, street, house, room, city, town, country等，有些抽象名词如：position, situation, case, point,This is the hotel where they are staying. Youreachapointwheremedicinecanthelp.3 why指原因或理由，它的先行词只有reason。如：That is the reason why he is leaving so soon.注：why时常也可以省略。如：That is the real reason he did it.(三) 几个易混淆的关系代词的比较:l that & which:在定语从句中，宜用that, 而不宜用which 的情况.先行词为不定代词,all,much,something,everything,anything,nothing,none,the one等, We should do all that is useful to the people . 先行词被only, any, few, little, no, just, very, one of等词修饰时。The only thing that we could do was to wait. 比较 *This is one of the best novels that were published last year. *This is the only one of the best novels that was published last year.先行词是序数词时或被序数词修饰时。When we talk about Wuxi, the first that comes into mind is Tai Lake.先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰时。The most important thing that should be done right now is how to stop him from going on.先行词既有人又有物，用that. 如：The writer and his novel that you have just talked about is really well known .被修饰词为数词时. Yesterday I caught two fish and put them in a basin of water .Now you can see the two that are still alive .两个从句，其中一个关系代词已用which ,另一个关系代词宜用that，以避免重复。Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.疑问词是who或which，关系代词宜用that，以避免重复。Which is the book that you like best? 主句是There be 结构，修饰其主句的定语从句宜用that 作关系代词. 如：There is still a seat in the corner that is still free.l 定语从句中宜用which而不宜用that 的情况:当关系代词的前面有介词时. A zoo is a park in which many kinds of animals are kept for exhibition.在非限制性定语从句中. Crusoes dog, which was are now very old, became ill and died .在一个句子中有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词用了that, 另一个宜用which . Let me show you the novel，that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us. 当关系代词后面带有插入语时. Heres the English grammar which, as I have told you, will help improve your English.l as, which 非限定性定语从句由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，区别如下：位置的不同：as 引导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割一个主句；which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。另外，as有“正如，正像”的意思；如：(1) As is known to all, China is a developing country.(2) John, as you know, is a famous writer.注意: 当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时，常用which (3) Tom was always late for school, which made his teacher angry.先行词的不同：as引导非限制性定语从句时，其先行词多为一个句子；which引导非限制性定语从句时，其先行词可以是一个词，一个短语或一个句子。He was proud, which his brother never was. He was proud, which I dislike very much.He is an honest man, as is known to all. as, which后接的动词不同：as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which。如：It rained hard yesterday, which prevented me from going to the park.As is known to the world, china is great country.as多用于固定搭配中：as is often the case(这是常有的事)，as was expected(不出所料)，as often happens(正如经常发生的那样)，as is known to all(众所周知)，as has been said before(如上所述)，as is mentioned above(正如上面所提到的)等。.如果非限制性定语从句部分是否定意义的句子，只能用which.如：He should have passed the driving test, _was beyond expectation. He passed the driving test,_was expected.III. 判断关系代词与关系副词方法： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于定语从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. 这是我去年呆过的山村。Ill never forget the days when I worked together with you. 我永远不会忘记与你共事的日子。判断改错：( ) This is the mountain village where I visited last year. ( ) I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.( ) This is the mountain village （which） I visited last year.( ) Ill never forget the days （which） I spent in the countryside.习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。IV. 限制性和非限制性定语从句的区别限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句形式上不用逗号“，”与主句隔开用逗号“，”与主句隔开意义上是先行词不可缺少的定语，如果删除主句则失去意义或表达不完整。只是对先行词的补充说明，如删除，主句仍能表达完整的意思。译法上译成先行词的定语：“的”通常译成主句的并列句关系词的使用上作宾语时可以省略作宾语时不可省略可能that 不可用that可用who 代替whom不可用who代替whomV. 定语从句和易混句型一定语从句与并列句（注意用标点符号和连接词and, but等来区别。）1.Mr Li has three daughters, none of_ is an engineer.2.Mr Li has three daughters, but none of_ is a dancer.3.Mr Li has three daughters; _ are doctors.二. 定语从句与地点状语从句（看是否有先行词，如果有，就是定语从句，如果没有，就是状语从句）对比下面两个句子：He left the key where he had been an hour ago.He left the place where he lived for many years.练习：1.Rice doesnt grow well _there is not enough water. 2.I still remember the farm_my parents worked ten years ago.三. 定语从句与强调句强调句型可以还原成正常语序的句子，也就是说，强调句型中去掉It be that后，句子仍然通顺，意义也依然完整，只是没有那么强调突出。而定语从句去掉了It be that后句子就不完整了。It is on the morning of May 1st _ I met John at the airport.It is the morning of May 1st _ I met John at the airport.练习：It is in the factory _John works. It is the factory _John works.四. 定语从句与结果状语从句在定语从句中，若先行词被such 修饰时，关系词要用as, 组成suchas结构.这个结构与状语从句suchthat（如此以致）很相似，要注意区别。若从句中的及物动词后无宾语，就是定语从句， 用suchas. 否则就是状语从句，用suchthat.对比下面两个句子：He is such a good teacher