初中英语英语国际音标基础知识.docVIP

初中英语国际音标-音标基础知识一音节什么是音节？音节通常由一个元音加上一个或几个辅音构成，也可以由单独一个元音构成。此外，l、m、n在后面没有元音的情况下也可与它前面的辅音构成一个音节。相关链接：A syllable is part of a word that contains one vowel sound;it may also contain one or more consonant sounds.In general,the number of vowels in the word determines the number of syllables. :Pronouncing American English一个音节通常是一个含有一个元音和一个或几个辅音的单词的一部分。一般来说，单词中元音的个数决定这个单词音节的个数。美国英语发音词典含有元音的音节和若干个辅音音素只有一个元音音素（音节核peak）eye our hour ah含有一个元音音素和音节尾（音节核peak+音节尾coda）am ought ease含有一个元音音素、音节首和音节尾（音节首onset+音节核peak+音节尾coda）run must fill含有成音节辅音的音节辅音+成音节/l、m、n/bottle people cotton bottom相关链接：In a word like “bottle”,the weak syllable contains no vowel at all,but consists entirely of the consonants.We call this a syllabic consonant.在像“bottle”这样的词中，非重读音节中根本没有元音，而全是辅音。我们把这样完全由辅音字母构成的音节叫做构成音节的辅音，简称“成音节”。音节的分类音节按读音可分为开音节和闭音节。开音节又可以分为绝对开音节和相对开音节。在开音节中，这个元音字母发字母本身音。绝对开音节是指元音字母后面没有辅音字母而构成的音节，如：we no see sea tea bee相对开音节是指一个元音字母后面有一个辅音字母（除r外），最后是一个不发音的e构成的音节，如：name cake game face time like nice fine five nose home use cute闭音节是指元音字母后面有辅音字母（除r外）构成的音节，如：cat on desk not leg音节按是否重读可以分为重读音节和非重读音节。预备知识只含有一个音节的单词叫做单音节词；含有两个音节的单词叫做双音节词；含有三个或三个以上音节的单词叫做多音节词。重读音节（重音）：在双音节词和多音节词中，有一个音节读得特别重，叫做重读音节，简称“重音”，用“”来表示，加在重读音节的左上方。有些单词音节较多，除了重音外，还有次重音，用“”来表示。不重读的音节为非重读音节。单音节词作重读处理，但不标重音符号。标注单词重音一般规则如下：5 4 3 2 1 _ _ _ _ _ universityju:nv:st _ _ _ difficultdfklt _ _ studystd_ goodgd重读开音节：以元音字母结尾的重读音节叫重读开音节； 重读闭音节：以辅音字母结尾的重读音节叫重读闭音节。应用：单词变形。以辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节的动词，双写词尾加ing变为现在分词，双写词尾加ed变为过去式和过去分词。但infer,refer,prefer三个词在变过去式、过去分词、现在分词时双写“r”,是重读开音节双写词尾。音节的划分划分音节的方法：元音是构成音节的主体，辅音是音节的分界线。两辅音之间不管有多少个元音，一般都是一个音节。如：beat beauty两个音节相邻处只有一个辅音字母时（除r和字母组合外），如前面是开音节，该辅音字母属于后面；如前面是闭音节，该辅音字母属于前面。如：stu-dent stud-y两个音节相邻处有两个辅音字母时（除r和字母组合外），一个辅音字母归前一音节，一个归后后一音节。如：run-ner win-ter两个音节相邻处有字母r时：相邻处是rr时，前者属于前面，后者属于后面，且前者按重读闭音节规律发音。如：mar-ry相邻处是“元音字母+r+其他辅音字母”时，r属于前面并按-r音节规律发音。如：far-ther相邻处是“元音字母+r+元音字母”时，r属于前面。r前的元音字母按-re音节规律发音。如：dur-ingdjr不能拆分的字母组合按字母组合划分音节。如：daugh-ter fa-ther tea-cher移行时：要按音节移，连字符“-”位于行末（如picture） 单个字母的音节不能单独留在行末（如unit）或单独移至下行首（如city）有连字符的在连字符处断开（如picture-book）上行：.pic- .u- .cit- . picture- 下行：ture. nit. y. book（正确） （错误） （错误） （正确）元音气流不受阻碍，声带振动；辅音气流受阻碍，清辅音声带不振动，浊辅音声带振动。拼读方法辅音在前，元音在后，两者要相拼。先发出辅音，然后连续过渡到元音的口形，发出元音的声音，中间不要有停顿。元音在前，辅音在后，连续发出各自的音。元音音素和辅音音素：分类一：单元音（12个）：长元音：i:u:短元音：e双元音（8个）：aeae清辅音（11个）：ptkfststtrh浊辅音（15个）：bdgvzdzddrlrmn半元音（2个）：wj分类二：元音：前元音：i:e中元音：:后元音：:u:双元音：eaae辅音：爆破音：pbkgtdtrdr摩擦音：fvsztsdzr鼻音：mn（舌）边音：l破擦音：htd半元音：wj 国际音标和英语字母在书写方面的联系从音标到字母和字母组合单元音： i: e:he she me weea:tea eat meatee:see tree see ei:receive ey:key i:police policeman policewoman machineeo:peopleie:piece field believe thief: a:orange cabbageay:Sunday holidaye:begin English pretty cinema ey:monkey i:it is in bigy:city very sorryu:busyui:build building ai:captaine: a:any many anyone ai:said ay:says e:pen bed yes egg deskea:bread head breakfastu:bury:a:bag am and at sad:a:along about banana Canana Chinae:student open children differenti:holiday Aprilo:today welcome policeu:minus autumner:father mother brother sisteror:doctor forget mirror ar:sugar re:metre tired fireou:delicious previousur:surprise Saturdayour:colour ure:picture pleasureoar:cupboard yr:martyr satyr :ear:learn earth early hearder:her term ir:first girl bird skirt sir thirdor:work word worldur:nurse turn hurt Thursdayyr:myrtle our:journalist journal: o: come none love otheroo:blood floodou:touch country enough young u:bus sun but cut up us:a:class banana father afteral:half palmar:car far park arm starau:aunt laughear:heart:(w)a:want wash watch whato:hot on not sorryou:cough au:Australia:(w)a:wateral:all ball call fall hall mall small talk tall wall (w)ar:warm quarterau:August autumn daughteraw:draw saw lawoor:door floorore:more before or:or for short sportou:bought brought thoughtour:four yourawe:awe awed awelessoar:board blackboard cardboardo:story :o:woman wolfoo:book look good footoul:could would shouldu:put sugar full pushu:ew:flew grew review Jewo:do to whooo:too zoo food pool boot schoolou:soup group throughu:blue glue Juneui:fruit juiceoe:shoe 双元音：a:i:time like nice fine fivey:my by whyi(g):sign high light right ie:die lie tiee:a:name cake game faceai:rain train waitay: day may okay play todayei:veil veinei(gh):eight eighteen eightyey:theyea:great break :oi:oil toilet boil soiloy:boy toy employeea:ou:out about house blouseow:how now cow:o:go no nose homeow:show know yellow windowoa:goat boatou:shoulder though oe:woe:e:zero cereal seriousea:real really idea cerealere:here ear:ear dear hear near cleareer:beer deer pioneere:air:air hair chairare:care hare parentear:pear wear bearere:there whereeir:their theirsa:Mary:ure:sure oor:poor our:tour辅音：清辅成对辅音：p-b t-d k-g f-v s-z - - ts-dz t-d tr-dr 清音浊化：清辅音ptktr等在s后重读时由送气音变为不完全送气音，即发其浊辅音bdgdr，但音标仍写成清辅音。如：sportsp:t，studentstju:dnt， skyska, streetstri:t。但弱读时s后的清辅音仍读请辅音，不读相对的浊辅音。如：hostess hsts。p:p:pen map help cheap pencil paperpp:apple happy appearb:b:bag by bed boy bus bluebb:rabbit cabbaget:t:ten time not get tablett:bottle bottom little prettyed:watched washed cooked helped dancedd:d:desk door day dog dd:add daddy middleed:played cleaned climbed answered arrived aired boiled emptied enjoyed criedk:c:cat come cut clock cry picture bloccc: occasion according occupy acclaim ch:school Christmas chemistry technique technology stomachk:book bike cake kite Kate lookck:black duck clock jacket cockq:Iraq coq que:unique techniqueg:g:go girl big getgg:egg bigger biggestgu:guessgue:dialogue gh:ghyll ghostf:f:five fish fine family fifteenph:photo phone elephant photographgh:laugh enoughff:off coffeev:v:very five havef:ofs:c:nice city cycle s:sit six some bus use us desk booksss:miss class glass grasssc:science sceneps:psalm psywarz:s:is his please music lose husband appleses:leaves thieves knives wivesz:zoo zerozz:buzz:th:three thank month thin:th:this the with than the:breathe soythe:sh:she shoe short shop washs:sure Asiac: special sufficient delicioust:station national patientss:Russia professionch:machine:s:usually television pleasurez:seizurege:garagets:ts:shirts hurts coats costs goatsts:Letstes:kites gates dateszz:pizzadz:ds:beds birds hands friendsdes:decidest:ch:chair much lunch Chinatch:watcht: picture questiond:g(e):age page huge orangeg:gentle gentleman generaldge:bridge porridge judgej:jump jacket just June Jimch:sandwichtr:tr:tree trip try true truthdr:dr:dress drive hundred children 单个辅音：h:h:he her have hand head hair(w)h:who whom whosel:l:let look please lake peoplell:tell full till bell(t)l(e):whistler:r:red right threerr:sorry worry hurry carry carrot(w)r:write wrongm:m:man meat meet timemm:common communicatem(b):climb lambm(n):autumn n:n:name nice nine near under(k)n:know knifenn:Ann(m)n:mnemonics:ng:sing long young morningn(k):thank think ink pinkn(g):Englishw:w:we window work walkw(h):what why where whitej:y:yes you year yellowj:Jensen ja hallelujah jaapi:onion review million billion brilliant behavioure:Europe 国际音标和英语字母在读音方面的联系 从字母和字母组合到音标.元音字母a及a+其他字母的读音a在重读开音节中读e：name cake game face a在重读闭音节中读：bag am and at sad a在辅音字母s,th,f,n,ph前读:：class fast grasp ask father after dance grapha在w后读或:：want what waterw:ta在ny前读e：any manya弱读时读：along about banana Canana Chinaa在非重读音节中读：orange cabbagea读e：Maryai读e：rain train waitai读：captain ai读e：saiday读e：day may okay play todayay弱读读：Sunday holidayay读e：saysair读e：air hair chairal在多数辅音字母前读:（f,m除外）：all ball call fall hall mall small talk tall wallal还读:l（特别当后面不是k,f,m时）：also saltal在辅音字母f,m前读:：half palmar在重读音节中读:：:car far park arm starar在w后读:：warm quarterar弱读读：sugarare读e：care hare parentass在重读音节中读:s：class glass grass passau在重读音节中读:：August autumn daughterau读：Australiaau还读作:：aunt laughaw在重读音节中读:：draw saw lawawe读:：awe awed aweless. 元音字母e及e+其他字母的读音e在重读开音节中读i:：he she me wee在重读闭音节中读e：pen bed yes egg deske在非重读音节中读：begin English pretty cinemae弱读读：student open children differente读：zero cereal seriouse读j：Europeea在重读音节中读i:：tea eat meatea读e：bread head breakfastea读e：great breakea读：real really idea cerealear读:：learn earth early heardear读e：pear wear bearear读：ear dear hear near clearear读:：hearted在大部分清辅音后读t（t除外）：watched washed cooked helped danceded在元音和浊辅音后读d(d除外)：played cleaned climbed answered arrived aired boiled emptied enjoyed crieded在td后读d：wanted neededee在重读音节中读i:：see tree seeeer读：beer deer pioneerei读i:：receiveei读e：veil veinei在gh前读e：eight eighteen eightyeir读e：their theirseo读i:：peopleer在重读闭音节中读:：her termer在非重读音节中读：father mother brother sisterere读：hereere读e：there wherees在浊辅音（d除外）及元音后，es发z：leaves thieves knives wivespotatoes tomatoes heroes Negroes goes does families storieses在sztd后读z：buses blouses dishes garages watchesorangesew读ju:：new newspaper reviewew在l,r,j后读u:：flew grew Jewex读eks：exercise exitex读ks：excle expensive extinctex读gz：exam examination exactlyey读i:：keyey读：monkey valleyey读e：they. 元音字母i及i+其他字母的读音i在重读开音节中读a：time like ricei在重读闭音节中读：big six siti读i:：police policeman policewoman machinei弱读读：holiday Aprili在非重读音节中读：taxii读j：onion review million billion brilliant behaviouri在元音字母a,e,o前读a：dialogue quiet pioneeri在g前读a：sign high light righti在nd前读a：find behindi在ld前读a：childi在re前读a：fire tired retire ie在重读音节中辅音字母前读i:：piece field believe thiefie在重读音节词词尾读a：lie dieir在重读音节中读:：bird girl first.元音字母o及o+其他字母的读音o在重读开音节中读：go no nose homeo在辅音字母st,ld前读：post oldo在重读闭音节中读：hot on not sorryo读:：storyo在辅音字母m,n,v和th前读：come none love othero读u:：do to whoo在w后读：woman wolfo在非重读音节中读：today policemanoa在重读音节中读：boat coatoar读:：board blackboard cardboardoar读：cupboardoe读：woeoe读u:：shoeoi读：oil toilet boil soiloo一般读u:：too zoo food pool boot schooloo在d,k和少数t前读：book look good footoo读：blood floodoor读:：door flooroor读：pooror在重读音节中读:：or for short sportor在w后读:：work word worldor读：doctor forget mirrorore读:：more beforeou在多数情况下读a：out about house blouseou在ght前读:：bought brought thoughtou读：touch country enough youngou读u:：soup group throughou读：shoulder thoughou读：coughou读：delicious previousoul读：could would shouldour读:：four yourour读:：journalist journalour读：colourour读：tourour读a：our hourow读a：how now cowow读：show know yellow windowowe或ower读a：towel floweroy读：boy toy employee. 元音字母u及u+其他字母的读音u在重读开音节中读ju:：student Tuesdayu在重读闭音节中读：bus sun but cut up usu处于开音节位置，又在辅音字母j,l,r,s后读u:：June fluency February Sueu在重读闭音节中还读：put sugar full pushu在非重读音节中读：minus autumnu读：busy minuteu读e：buryui读ju:或j,ju:：suit suicide l,r,j+ui时，ui读作u:或,u:：sluise fruit juice fluid ruin ui读：build buildingur在重读音节中读:：nurse turn hurt Thursdayur读：surprise Saturdayure读：sureure在非重读音节中读：picture pleasureure在重读音节中读j：cure.21个辅音字母及辅音字母组合的读音b读b：bag by bed boy bus bluebt,mb在词尾时，b不发音：debt climb combbb读b：rabbit cabbagec在字母e,i,y前读s：nice city cycle应用：字母c后有e或i时，c发s，为保持发音不变，而加k，后加ing变现在分词，加ed变过去式和过去分词。高中阶段常见的几个词：picnic（野餐）、mimic（模仿）、traffic（交易、买卖）、panic（使恐慌；使惊慌失措）c在字母a,o,u,l,r,t前或在音节末尾读k：cat come cut clock cry picture blocc+ia,ie,io时，c读：special sufficient deliciouscc+a,o,u或l时，cc读k：occasion according occupy acclaimcc+e,i时，cc读ks：accept accidentch读t：chair much lunch Chinach读k：school Christmas chemistry technique technology stomachch读：machinech读d：sandwichck读k：black duck clock jacket cockd读d：desk door day dogdd读d：add daddy middledge读d：bridge porridge judgedr读dr：dress drive hundred childrends读dz：beds birds hands friendsdes读dz：decidesf读f：five fish fine family fifteenf读v：offf读f：off coffeeften读fn：ofteng读g：go girl big getg在e前读d：age page huge orangeg读d：gentle gentleman generalgg读g：egg bigger biggestge读：garagegh在i,ei,ai,ou,au后不发音：right eight straight bought daughtergh读f：laugh enoughgh在词首时，读g：ghyll ghostgn,gm在词尾时，g常无声：sign phlegmgu在词首读g：guessgu在词中读gw：languagegue在词尾读g：dialogueh读h：he her have hand head hairh不发音：hourwh读w：what why where whitewh在o前读h：who whom whosegh在词首时，h不发音：ghyll ghostj读d：jump jacket just June Jimj读j：Jensen ja hallelujah jaapk读k：book bike cake kite Kate lookkn在词首时，k不发音：know knifel读l：let look please lake peoplell读l：tell full till bellm读m：man meat meet timemb在词尾时，读m，b常无声：climb combmm读m：common mn在词首读n：mnemonicsmn在词中时，读mn：columnistmn在词尾时，n常无声：autumn columnn读n：name nice nine near undern在kg前读：pink Englishn在k后读n：know knifen在m后读n：mnemonicsnn读n：Annng在词尾读：sing long young morningng在词中读g：English fingernk读k：thank think ink pinkp读p：pen map help cheap pencil paperpp读p：apple happy appearph读f：photo phone elephant photographps在词首时，p常不发音：psalm psywarq读k：Iraq c