名词性从句学生版.doc

名词性从句复合句中具有名词性质并且可以做主语、表语、同位语或宾语的从句叫名词性从句。因此，我们把主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句和宾语从句这四种从句统称为名词性从句。高考热点1）怎样判断名词性从句的类别；2）连词that 和what的用法与选择3）if 与whether的区别4）同位语从句与定语从句的区别5）名词性从句必须采用的陈述语序6）it 可充当形式主语和形式宾语7）疑问词+-ever的连词和不加-ever的连词在语义上的用法和差别核心解读一1、在名词性从句中，从句都用陈述语序。2、引导名词性从句的词叫引导词。引导词可以分为以下几类：1）从属连词that（用于表示肯定的含义）, whether, if (表示疑问)，这三个词只起连接作用，不充当从句中的任何成分，除宾语从句外（that可省）,这些词均不可省略。2）连接代词有who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever等。这些词在从句中既起连接作用，又充当从句中的成分，如主语、宾语、表语、补语，且不可省略。3）连接副词有when, where, why, how, wherever, however等。它们既起连词作用，本身又做从句中的状语。3、名词性从句中的时态一致问题1）在宾语从句中，当主句是一般现在时、将来时或现在完成时，起从句的谓语根据需要用适当的时态。当主句是一般过去时，从句用过去的某个时态，但若宾语从句表示客观真理，格言，谚语等，从句的时态仍用一般现在时。Have you told him that when we are to leave?Teacher told us that China lies in the west of Japan.Although she was listening, she didnt hear what he was saying because there was so much noise.2）在主语从句、表语从句或同位语从句中，应注意主语从句中的谓语动词的时态一致性及动作发生的先后关系。4、语气 在名词性从句中，谓语动词根据需要可以用虚拟语气。起从句的谓语动词用should +动词原形，should可以省略。核心解读二： 主语从句1Whether 与ifWhether可以引导主语从句置于句首，而if不放在句首。特别提醒：1）if可引导条件状语从句，而Whether不可，若宾语从句为否定句，则用if。I dont care if he wont come. If it rains tomorrow, we wont go.2) 类似下面的句子也用that.There is no doubt that he will come.It was never doubtful that he would help us.3) 下面情况下多用whether。6(1）在表语从句或同位语从句中。(2）宾语从句置于主句前（即前置以示强调）(3）宾语从句做介宾（含discuss的宾语）(4) 后面紧跟or not或动词不定式(5) 引导让步状语从句(6）引导宾语从句可能产生歧义时例1 He doesnt know _ to stay or not.A. whether B. if C. either D. if he wil例2 I dont think the question of _ they are old or young is important.A. which B. whether C. how D. why2That与 what在名词性从句中，that b 不充当句子成分，仅起连接作用，也无意义，而what可充当主语、宾语、表语等，起含义为“的事（东西）”。Has it been decided that the artist will attend the meeting?What the children looks forward to most was the New Years coming?例3_fashion differs from country to country may reflect the culture differences from one aspect.A. What B. That C. This D. Which例4_caused the accident is still a complete mystery.A. What B. That C . How D. Where3主语从句可用形式主语it 代替, 置于句首，而将真整的主语即主语从句放在后面。但what, whatever和whoever引导的主语从句不用it代替。It is certain that she will be late.例5 It is pretty well understand _ controls the flow of carbon dioxide in and out the atmosphere today.A. which B. that C. what D. whether例6 It worried her a bit _ her hair was turning grey.A. while B. if C. that D. for特别提醒：1）主语从句的that在口语或非正式文体中如果不在句首可以省略，但that从句位于句首时决不能省略。Its a pity (that) you are leaving.It is certain (that) she will do well in the English exam.2）主语从句除了that外，还可以用where, whether, when, why等词引导。It doesnt matter whether they will come or not.It has not been yet decided who will speak at the meeting.4. who与 whoeverwhoever意思为“凡者”相当于anyone who+定语从句。它既可作主句的主语，又可作从句的主语，强调人。而who引导主语从句，只在从句中作主语，强调事。Whoever is more or less advanced can pass the text.I will give this dictionary to whoever win the games.例7 _leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.A. Anyone B. The person C. whoever D. Whom例8 Tom hopes to become a friend of _ shares her interests.A. anyone B. whomever C. whoever D. no matter who例9 It was a matter of _ would take the position.A. who B. whoever C. whom D. whomever5主语从句不可位于句首的四种情况(1) It is said, (reported) 结构中的主语从句不可提前。 That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said.(2) It happens, it occurs 结构中的主语从句不可提前。 That he failed in the examination occurred to him. (3) It doesnt matter how/whether 结构中的主语从句不可提前。 It doesnt matter whether he is wrong or not. (4)含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。Is that will rain in the evening likely? (Wrong)核心解读三 宾语从句宾语从句多做及物动词的、介词的宾语。1语序用陈述语序例10 Someone is ringing the doorbell. Go and see _ .A. who is he B. who he is C. who is it D who it is特别提示：1）特殊疑问词做主语时，次序不再变化。Please tell us who will give us a talk this weekend!2）宾语从句的标点符号由主语来决定。Dont you think that the light in the room is too dark?2) 在宾语从句中不能用一般现在时表示将来，也不能用一般过去时表将来。3) 在doubt的否定句中，doubt后的宾语从句用that,在doubt的肯定句中用Whether或if均可。We dont doubt that he will succeed in the research work.I doubt if / whether it is true.We dont doubt that he can do a good job of it.例11 We were all surprised when he made it clear that he _ office soon.A. leaves B. would leave C. left D. had left3连接词的选用关键要理解、弄清楚各自的含义和在句子中做的成分。例12 I remember _ this used to be a quiet village.A. when B. how C. where D. what例13 I would do _ I can do to help them.A. that B. whatever C. which D. whichever4That 在宾语从句中不可省略的情况。1）当that引导的宾语从句中的状语紧靠that时，或者说that从句中含有主从复合句时。Im sure that if youve lost it, you mast pay for it.2）当宾语从句被it替代时She has made it clear that she will have nothing to do with the decision.3）当由两个that引导的从句作同一个动词或介词的宾语时，第二个that不可省。Tom told the leader (that) Jone had worker very hard and that he wanted him stay.4）有插入语或其它成分把宾语从句和主句分开时。He thinks, Im afraid, that he is always right.5）当that引导的宾语从句的主语是非谓语动词或主语从句时。They said that rubbing the girls leg might help.6）从句的主语是that时。She says that that is a real gold ring.5It 可充当形式宾语，代替真正的宾语从句，此时谓语动词除带宾语从句外，还带宾补。They want to make it clear to the public that they do an important job.核心解读四 表语从句1. 当reason和 cause引导的从句做主语时，其表语从句多用that引导，而不用because引导。The reason why he was late was that he missed the last bus.2. because引导表语从句时，一般在句型“it(that, this) is because ”中说明原因；而在“it(that, this) is why”中说明结果。The teacher was very angry. That was because he was very late.He was very late. That was why the teacher was angry.3. as if/ as though也可引导表语从句。It looks as if / as though it were going to rain.4. 除that和wh-词外，as 也可引导表语从句。Things are not always as they seem to be.核心解读五 同位语从句1.同位语从句语序为陈述语序，多放在下列词的后面，如：idea, fact, news, hope, wish, promise, doubt, suggestion, truth, question, problem, belief, probability .对其名词起进一步说明作用，是名词的具体内容。例14 I have no idea _ far the airport is from here.A. what B. how C. its D. that例15 Theres a feeling in me _ well never know what a UFO is not ever.A. that B. which C. of which D. what2That引导同位语从句与定语从句的区别That引导同位语从句时，在从句中不充当任何成分，只起连接作用，但不可省略，而that在定语从句中可做主语、宾语和表语。作宾语时可省略。The news that he passed the exam was a great surprise. The news (that) he told me was a great surprise.核心解读六 名词性从句中的几类问题特别提示1、当疑问词做主语或主语的定语时的语序不变。All of us asked her what was the matter/wrong/ the trouble with her face. Tom asked me whose pen was red. 2、宾语从句中的插入语常见形式1）特殊疑问词+do you think (believe, suppose, say)Who do you think is the best student in our class?Who do you think can answer the question?What do you suppose happen to her?What time do you think tom will come here?2）插入语还有you think/ expect等 Give it to whoever you think can do the work well.3、连接词的对称It took the teacher a few days to remember who was who in the class.4、That可以作except, in, besides, but的宾语，不可充当其它介词的宾语,in that 意为“在于（因为）” but that 意为“要不是（只是）”except that 意为“除了”The suit fitted him well except that the color is a little brighter.其它介词后面需要用that从句作宾语，必须用it 作形式宾语。You may depend on it that I will always help them.5、宾语从句中的否定转移主语是第一人称I / we 。1) 将think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine, consider, expect, guess, reckon等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定式，而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。 I dont think I know you. I don t believe he will come.注意：若谓语动词为hope,宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。 I hope you werent ill. 2) 如果think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine, consider, expect, guess, reckon等动词前有副词或表示强调的do, does, did或同其它词构成并列谓语，或不以现在时出现，或用在插入语中，这时候不用否定转移。I really expect she didnt say that to him.I think and hope that he wont be deceived by the man.3) 在think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine, consider, expect, guess, reckon等此类动词后，在简略回答中，用so替代前面肯定的宾语从句；若替代一个否定的宾语从句，用not或notso替代前文整个句子。-I believe weve metsomewhere before.-No, I dont think so.-Do you think its going to rain over the weekend?-I believe not.4) 将seem, appear 等后的从句的否定转移到前面。It doesnt seem that they know where to go.It doesnt appear that well have a sunny day tomorrow.5) 有时将动名词，介词短语或整个从句的否定转变为对谓语动词的否定。I dont remember having ever seen such a man.Its not a place where anyone would expect to see strange characters on the street.6) 有时状语或状语从句中否定可以转移到谓语动词前。 The ant is not gathering this for itself alone. He was not ready to believe something just because Aristotle said so. She had not been married many weeks when that mans younger brother saw her and was struck by her beauty.6、宾语从句还可以用在某些形容词的后面，如：sure, glad, certain, sorry, afraid, worried, anxious, aware, confident, convinced, proud, surprised, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content I am sure that he will come here tomorrow.The teacher was pleased that his students had passed the exam.特别提示：be sure/ certain表示“确信或肯定”后边从句的连词用that，但 be not sure/ certain后边从句的连词用 if或 whether。Are you certain that youll get there o time?Im not sure if/whether his work has been finished?7、 有些句子连词较多，应分清各自的功能It is well known that what, when and how a person eats causes changes in the body. (that为 it is well known that这一结构的连词，what, when and how为主语从句的连词)Tom was soon told why what had done was not necessary.常见错误分析1. 误：The question is if they can work out the difficult math problem.正：The question is whether they can work out the difficult math problem.又如： Whether Tom goes with us makes no difference.What the doctor really doubts is whether my mother will recover from the serious illness.2. 误：That he said surprised all of us .正：What he said surprised all of us .3. 误：I believe no matter what he says .正：I believe whatever he says .4. 误：He asked how much should he pay the doctor.正：He asked how much he should pay the doctor.5. 误：Who leaves the room last should lock the door .正：Whoever leaves the room last should lock the door .