宋春苗2014暑假北师版高一预学课程.doc

2014暑假课程课题高中主谓一致与非谓语动词课次2教学目标知识目标：掌握高中主谓一致与非谓语动词的考点，简单补充定语从句与同位语从句考点能力目标：正确掌握解题技巧，提高解题效率情感目标：适应高中阶段相关语法点的拓展，调整心态迎接新阶段的学习。教学策略1. 对比学习（新旧知识点间的共性与不同点）2. 例题讲解，攻破疑难点3. 强化训练，讲练结合温故词汇听写Exercises:( )1.These photograhps will show you _.A.what does our village look like B.what our village looks likeC.how does our village look like D.how our village looks like( )2.Can you make sure _ the gold ring?A.where Alice had put B.where did Alice putC.where Alice has putD.where has Alice put( )3.No one can be sure _ in a million years.A.what man will look likeB.what will man look likeC.man will look like whatD.what look will man like( )4.-We havent heard from Jane a long time.-What do you suppose _ to her?A.was happeningB.has happenedC.to happenD.having happened ( )5.Go and get your coat. Its _you left it.A.there B.whereC.there whereD.where there ( )6._ the 2000 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing is not known yet.A.Whenever B.IfC.WhetherD.That( )7._ he said at the meeting astionished everyone present.A.WhatB.That C.That fact D.The matter( )8.-Do you remember _ he came?-Yes, I do . He came by car.A.how B.when C.that D.it ( )9._ we cant get seems better than _ we have.A.What , what B.What , that C.That , that D.That , what( )10.After the war, a new school building was put up _there had once been a theatre. A. that B. whereC. whichD. when ( )11.Mother will wait for him to have dinner together. A. However late is he B. However he is late C. However is he late D. However late he is( )12.Dr,Black comes from either Oxford or Cambridge,I cant remember _.A.where B.there C.which D.that( )13.Why do you want a new job_youve got such a good one already?A.that B.where C.which D.when ( )14. I,m going to the post office. youre there. can you get me some stamps? A. AsB. WhileC. Because D. If( )15. youve got a chance. you might as well make full use of it. A. Now thatB. After C. AlthoughD. As soon as语法衔接要点展示主谓一致初中：语法一致意义一致就近一致高中一、名词性从句作主语1. 由that, where, when, whether, how等词引导的名词性从句作主语，主句的谓语常用单数形式。e.g. How they can finish their work is still unknown. Where we will go has not been decided.2. 由what引导的名词性从句作主语，谓语一般用单数(表语是复数时也可用复数)；如果what从句是带有复数意义的并列结构，主句的谓语用复数。e.g. What they are after is money. What we want areis promises.What he says and (what he) does do not agree.二、主语附属结构作主语主语+ with, along with, together with, l ike, unlike, besides, but, except, including ,as well as ,as much as, rather than, more than, no less than ,and not等构成的结构作主语，谓语动词的数通常与前面的主语保持一致。例如：Tom, as much as you, was responsible for the loss. He more than you is anxious to go there.三、定语从句的主谓一致1. 引导词who, that或which在定语从句中作主语，定语从句谓语动词的数与定语从句所修饰的名词或代词的数保持一致。The cake which is on the table is yours.The cakes which are on the table are yours.2. 如果定语从句修饰前面的整个句子，定语从句的谓语动词用单数。They are hollow, which makes them very light.He married Mary, which was very natural.3.one of复数名词定语从句结构如果one前面没有限定词，这个句型中的复数名词是先行词，定语从句的谓语动词用复数；如果one前面有the only, the first, the last, the right等限定词修饰，则one是先行词，定语从句的谓语动词用单数。试比较：John is the only one of the students who has the keys.那些学生中只有约翰有钥匙。John is one of the students who have the keys. 约翰是那些有钥匙的学生中的一员。4. 强调句及倒装句的主谓一致如果被强调的成分是原来句子的主语，引导词that (或who)后面谓语的数与被强调的成分保持一致。例如： I am a doctor. It is I who am a doctor.He has read the book .It is he who has read the book. 倒装句谓语动词的数与后面的主语保持一致，即谓语后面的主语是单数，动词用单数；谓语后面的主语是复数，动词用复数。 A building stands in front of us. In front of us stands a building.Two buildings stand in front of us. In front of us stand two buildings.Rows of fruit trees were on either side. On either side were rows of fruit trees.非谓语动词高考重点要求：1、掌握不定式、分词、动名词在句子中的作用2、区分不定式、分词作定语和状语的异同3、掌握不定式、动名词作宾语，不定式和分词作宾补的惯用结构4、注意非谓语动词与句子谓语动词的时间关系，以确定非谓语动词的时态形式5、弄清非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的关系，以确定非谓语动词的语态形式动词不定式动词不定式的基本形式是“to+动词原形”，有时可以不带to。动词不定式没有人称和数的变化，在句子中不能作谓语，但可以担任主语、表语、宾语、状语和宾语补足语。动词不定式仍保留动词的一些特点。（一）动词不定式的特征及用法1.动词不定式的构成及特征“to +动词原形”构成动词不定式，是一种非谓语形式，在句子中不能作谓语，没有人称和数的变化，它具有名词、形容词和副词的特征。2.动词不定式的用法动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，在句子中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语和状语。1. 作主语例如：To learn English well is not easy. It is not easy to learn English well.动词不定式作主语时，往往用it作形式主语，这种句型可归纳为下面的句型：It is + adj.+ 动词不定式如果要说明不定式的动作执行者，可以用forIt is + adj.+ for sb. to do sth.2. 作表语My wish is to become a teacher.3. 作宾语Most of us like to watch football matches.4. 作宾语补足语He told me to be here on time.5. 作定语I have nothing to say about that thing.6. 作状语He stopped to have a look.3.动词不定式的否定形式动词不定式的否定形式not + to + 动词原形例如： He asked me not to make such a mistake.4.动词不定式与疑问词连用疑问代词who, what, which和疑问副词when, where, how, why等后面可以接动词不定式，构成动词不定式短语，可以在句子中作主语、宾语、表语等成分。例如：(1) He doesnt know how to use the machine. （不定式作宾语） (2) How to use the machine is a question. （不定式作主语） (3) The question is when to go there. （不定式作表语）（二）动词不定式的时态和被动形式动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种，由不定式符号(to)加动词原形构成。不定式的形式有五种：1 一般式to do例如：I like to read English.2 进行式to be doing例如：He seemed to be reading something at that time.3 完成式to have done例如：He seemed to have cleaned the room.4 被动式to be done例如：The work is to be done soon.5 完成被动式to have been done例如：The boy is said to have been sent to hospital yesterday.二、分词分词是动词非谓语形式的一种，包括现在分词和过去分词。现在分词表示：主动，动作正在进行。过去分词表示：被动，动作已经完成。（一）分词的作用分词在句中可以作定语、表语、状语和宾语补足语。例如：1作定语Do you know the boy standing at the gate?Have you read the book written by Lu Xun？2作表语We are excited at the news.The news he told us is exciting.3作宾语补足语I heard him singing a song in the classroom.We found the ground covered with snow.4作状语While lying in bed, he listened to some music.Seen from the hill, the village looks move beautiful.分词作状语时，它的逻辑主语就是句子的主语，否则分词前面必须有自己的主语。（二）分词的时态现在分词分一般式和完成式，而过去分词则没有时态形式的变化。现在分词的一般式表示动作与谓语动词同时发生，或在谓语动词之前发生。Knowing his uncle would come, he began to make some preparations.现在分词的完成时，表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。常用作状语。Having finished his homework, he went to bed.（三）现在分词的被动式被动一般式 being done被动完成式 having been doneThis is one of the new supermarkets being built in our city. Having been told many times, he was able to operate the machine.（四）分词的否定形式分词的否定式，由not+分词构成Not having heard the news. I wrote to him again.Not knowing how to work out the maths problem, I went to the teacher for help.（五）分词独立主格结构当分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同时，带逻辑主语的分词短语成为独立主格结构，在句法功能上起状语作用。Weather permitting, they will go and visit the science museum. The meeting being over, they all left the room.三、动名词动名词是动词非谓语形式的一种,由动词加ing构成。动名词既有动词特征，也有名词特征。动名词在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语和定语。(1)Smoking does great harm to peoples health.（作主语）(2)My job is looking after children. （作表语）(3)I have finished reading the novel. （作宾语）(4)We have got a swimming pool in our school.（做定语） 动名词的否定形式由not +动名词构成。 He made me angry by not taking the medicine. 动名词的复合结构由名词所有格或物主代词加上动名词构成。 Would you mind my opening the door? 动名词的一般式，表示的动作可以与谓语动词同时发生或在前，或在后。E.g. We all enjoy listening to music.(同时发生) Do you remember meeting me there?（在谓语动词前发生）动名词的完成式表示在谓语动词之前完成的动作。例如：I regret not having been taken to the Great Wall when I was a child.She attended the party without being invited.复习时需注意的要点1 动词不定式一般式表示的动作可能与谓语动词的动作同时发生,也可能在其之后发生。e.g. I saw the young man enter the house.（同时发生） I hope to go there next time.（之后发生）2不定式完成式表示不定式的动作在谓语动词之前发生。e.g. Im sorry to have broken your glasses.3不定式进行式表示不定式的动作，与谓语动词同时发生。e.g. When he came in, I happened to be reading at the table.4不定式的被动式有两种形式：to be done表示将要被做，to have been done表示已被做。e.g. The new cinema to be put up next year will be very large.The cinema is said to have been built last year.5. 在表示情绪的动词，如like, love, hate, prefer等后，用动名词作宾语表示一般倾向，用不定式表示特定某事。但在would/should like/love/prefer后要用不定式 e.g.I hate eating the same food every day. Would you like to watch TV in the evening?6. 在动词need, want, require后用动名词表示被动含义，相当于动词不定式的被动式；而用动词不定式的主动式表示主动含义。 e.g. The house needs cleaning. = The house needs to be cleaned. He needs to clean the house first.7. 在介词后一般用动名词作宾语，但在少数介词，如but, except后用动词不定式作宾语，但要注意“to”的省略，如but前有“do”则省去“to”。e.g. I have done nothing but help him with his luggage. I have no choice but to wait for him at the bus stop.8. 分词的完成式一般不用来作定语，因此，要表示完成主动的意思常用定语从句。e.g. The accident which happened yesterday was very serious.9. 如果分词短语的逻辑主语与句子不是相同的，则要用从句或分词独立主格结构来表示。e.g. Weather permitting, we will go to the Center Park.10. 分词作状语时，分词的逻辑主语要与句子的主语相一致。若它们之间的关系是主谓关系，用现在分词，而动宾关系则用过去分词。如果分词的动作先于谓语，分词要用完成时。e.g. Having finished his composition, he went home. While looking through the paper, he found some errors.非谓语练习( )1. _ the diamond, he had to look for a place to hide it.A. Having stolen B. Having been stolen C. Stolen D. Stealing( )2. _ the front door _, he had to enter the room through the back door.A. Seen; painted B. Seeing; paintedC. Being seen; being painted D. Seeing; being painted( )3. The program was so exciting that the children kept their eyes _ on the screen.A. to fix B. to be fixed C. fixed D. fixing( )4. When he came to, he found himself _ on a chair, with his hands _ back.A. to sit; tying B. sitting; tying C. seating; tied D. seated; tied( )5. Dont worry. Ill have it _ and get someone _ it to you tomorrow.A. typed; send B. to type; to send C. type; send D. typed; to send( )6.They looked forward with hope _ a chance to receive further education.A. for getting B. of getting C. to get D. to getting( )7.- Would you be _ lend me your bicycle? - Sure.A. so kind as to B. kind enough as to C. very kind to D. so kind to( )8._ and out of breath, we reached the top of the mountain and stopped _ the beautiful scenery.A. Tiring; to admire B. Being tired; admiring C. Tired; to admire D. Tired; admiring( )9. It was _ computer games that cost the boy a lot of time that he ought to have spent on his lessons.A. to have played B. playing C. played D. having played( )10. _ the big snake, the little girl stood under the tree _ to death.A. Seeing; frightened B. Seeing; frightening C. Seen; frighten D. To see; frightening定语从句与同位语从句一、什么是定语从句？在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。在定语从句中，被修饰的这一名词或代词叫做先行词。在定语从句中的引导词叫做关系词。关系词又分关系代词和关系副词。二、关系词有哪些？1、关系代词：which（指sth），that（指sb或sth），who（指sb作主语或宾语），whom（指sb作宾语），whose（指sb或sth，作定语）2、关系副词：when（指时间），where（指地点），why（指原因）三、关系代词和关系副词有何区别？主要是它们在从句中所起的作用不同。关系代词在从句中一般作主语或宾语。而关系副词在定语从句中作状语。分清楚这一关系并在做题时想着这个原则，就不会出原则性的错误了。 四、定语从句解题步骤1、找对先行词。2、确定先行词在定语从句中的位置，也就是在定语从句中担任何成份。这一点可以帮助我们划分使用关系代词还是关系副词。eg：This is the place that/which I visited years ago.This is the place where I lived years ago.分析：这两句的先行词都是the place，由于第一句中的先行词在定语从句中作visit的宾语，所以选择关系代词，如果作宾语时关系代词可省略。而第二句的先行词则在定语从句中作状语，因为live是不及物动词，因此选择关系副词where。3、区别各关系代词的使用。五、关系代词中的which和that如何区分？在先行词为物情况下，一般情况两者可通用，但也有不可互换的情况。以下几种情况只用that:1. 先行词all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, much 等不定代词。2. 先行词被all, every, no, some, any, little, much 等修饰。3. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。4. 先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last 修饰时。That white flower is the only one that I really like.This is the very book that I want to have.The last place that we visited was the chemical works.5. 有两个或两个以上的分别表示人和物的先行词，从句应用that,而不是其他。He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited.6. 当主句是以who, which 开头的特殊疑问句时，定语从句多用that，而不用who(whom)，which.Who is the person that is standing at the gate?以上通常是使用于物，人一般不受限制，但如果正式和严谨可以遵循这一原则。六、各关系副词when：I did remember the day when I come to No. 4 High School.where：This is the house where I lived years ago.why：Could you please tell me the reasons why you came late to school this morning.七、几点说明1、在先行词为人的情况下，遇到who和 that都有的情况，如何处理？ 答：如果句中已有who的情况下为避免重复，用that。 eg：Who is the girl that is speaking to my teacher?2、在先行词为人且在定语从句中作宾语，用who还是whom？ 答：一般情况两者可通用，但遇到介词提前时只能用whom。eg：He is my English teacher from whom I learned a lot.定语从句练习 一、填空，选择正确的关系代词填入题目中的空白处。1. This is the comrade _ will go to the south with us tomorrow.2. Whos the student _ the teacher is talking with?3. I like the present _ youve sent to me.4. The nurse _ we talked about can speak English well.5. This is the most difficult job _ weve ever done.6. This is the cleverest man _ Ive ever known.7. I bought all _ was necessary.8. The old gentleman _ you met just now is a famous writer.9. The girl to _ I lent my bike works in a hospital.10. All _ come are welcome.11. This is the girl _ songs you heard last night.12. She was the brave girl _ name is known to everybody here.13. Thank you for the help _ youve done for me.14. This radio set _ we have had for two years is a good one.15. The next question _ I found difficult to answer was put to me by Mary.二、将下列句子合并成带有定语从句的复合句。 16. He is the young writerHe wrote the book 17Do you know the doctor? He comes here once a month and examines the workers 18The foreign guest is MrGreenYou saw him at the school gate 19He is the new headI was talking about him this morning 20Ive received the bookFather sent it to me 21The factory has got one success after anotherWe visited the factory last week 22Whats the name of the girl? Her grandpa took part in the Long March 23The man looks like the actorIve heard his songs on TV 24This letter is from my elder brotherHe serves in the army 25Do you see the bridge? It was built last year 26The old man is a professorHe teaches chemistry in a college 27We visited the singer yesterdayHer performances we all like very much 28The old worker is still working hard with usHis hair has turned gray 29The bike was not goodYou wanted to buy it 30The medicine didnt help meDrChang had given it 31The exercise is wrongWe did it last night 32The woman is here nowYou were talking about her 33The bus was the wrong oneXiao Li was running after it 34The wallet has been foundMrHopkins was looking for it 35The recorder has been stolenWang spent all the money on it 同位语同位语是比较常见的一种语法现象。但在使用和理解方面有时会产生一定困难，下面就同位语的构成和用法作较系统归纳：1名词、形容词、副词、动词、介词词组、分句等都可以带有自己的同位语。There was the family，father，mother，sisters，all working for me，all happy（名词family带同位语）爸妈姐妹们都在为我张罗着，全家都兴高采烈。He became more thriftymore attentive to the expenses of lifethan he had been（形容词thrifty带同位语）他比过去更为节俭，更注意生活开支。Our English teacher often asks us to speak soslowly， loudly and clearly（副词so带同位语）我们的英语教师经常叫我们这样讲英语：慢慢地、大声地、清晰地讲。The old lady always murmursthat is，speaks in a very low voice（动词murmurs带同位语）这位老太太总是小声说话，也就是说用很低的声音说话。Most visitors reach Scotland from the south，that is，from England（介词词组 from the south带同位语）大部分游客都从南部来到苏格兰，即都从英格兰来。As long as there is an internal pressure，ie，so long as the rocket burns its propellent，it will continue to go faster and faster（As long as引出的条件从句带同位语）只要有内压力，即只要火箭筒内的推进剂不断燃烧，它就会运行得越来越快。2同位语可由名词、代词、-ing分词、动词不定式、形容词（或它们的短语），以及从句等构成。同位语可分限制性同位语（restrictive）和非限制性同位语（nonrestrictive）。限制性同位语和它所说明的成分关系比较密切，不用逗号分开，语调上属同一意群。非限制性同位语则相反。Thomas Jefferson，the third president of the United States，may be less fa- mous than George Washington and Abraham Lincoln（名词词组作 Thomas Jeffer- son同位语）美国第三任总统托马斯杰斐逊也许不像乔治华盛顿和亚伯拉罕林肯那样著名。Myra herself had got a medal for her work for the aged（代词作同位语）迈拉自己由于悉心为老年人工作而获得一枚奖章。His old dream of going round the world came back， but this time he would sail（介词of引出动名词作同位语）他周游世界的宿愿重又被唤起，不过这一次他是要驾船环游。The next night，the blackest he had ever known，the sea became so rough that the boat almost turned over（形容词短语作同位语）第二天夜晚这是他所经历过的最黑暗的一个夜晚海面上波涛汹涌，小船几乎被风浪掀翻。The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true（从句作同位语。news，fact，rumor，hope，belief，thought，doubt等后可带有同位语从句。）我们明天放假的消息是不真实的。I think I can see now the anxiety upon his face，the worried impatience（名 词短语作非限制性同位语）我觉得现在我还能看到他脸上的优虑神情，那种担心而又焦急的神情。3同位语可由逗号、破折号、冒号、连词or、本身无意义的of等引导；可由表示等同关系的 namely（或viz），that is（或ie，ie），