大工12春《大学英语4》辅导资料十八.doc

大连理工大学网络教育学院大学英语4辅导资料十八主 题：总复习（3）学习时间：2012年7月30日8月5日内 容：一、写作基本要求对英语短文的具体要求是：切题，能正确表达思想；意义连贯，文章基本通顺；无重大语言错误。总的来说，考生要做到结构完整、意思连贯、表达清晰、语言正确，即4C - Completeness, Coherence, Clearness, Correctness。首先，结构要完整。不仅格式和内容要符合题目的要求，而且要确保词数达到80。比如，题目要求你给你的美国朋友回信，介绍上海的娱乐和购物地点。那么，你就必须记得按照应用文文体（信件）的格式来写。又比如：如果作文题目是My Family，一位同学这样写到：“My family includes my father, mother and me. My father is a doctor and my mother is a teacher. I am a student. We are happy together.”（27 words）这样一篇作文虽然内容基本符合题目要求，但是字数严重不足，也不符合写作要求。反过来，如果字数够了，但是内容不全，也不能算是完整。“In my family, my mother always has all the power. She will decide what we eat for each breakfast, lunch or supper. She will tell my father, “take off your coat; put on your shirt.” She will order me to finish my homework before watching TV. She is also the busiest person in my family. She gets up early in the morning and makes breakfast. She goes to work from 9am to 5 pm. Then she prepares dinner. After lunch she washes the dishes.” （84 words）写到此时, 字数是达到要求了，但是家庭成员还没写全，结构仍然不完整。第二点，意思连贯，就是注意句子段落之间，恰当使用表示时间或逻辑顺序以及递进或转折的连接词，比如first, second, finally, besides，also, however, but, on one hand, on the other hand等等。下面这篇题为 “The Spring Festival” 的短文就是很好的例证。The Spring FestivalThe Spring Festival is a wonderful time of the year to spend with ones family. Those who work or study far away from home will go back. The family will have a get-together. People will exchange gifts and eat a lot of delicious things.The Spring Festival is also a great time to visit ones friends. We can go to parties at friends house, talk about our lives and wish each other a happy new year.However, there are times during the Spring Festival when it is nice just to be by ourselves. We can read some interesting books, have a quiet walk in the countryside and think about what we will do in the New Year.（116 words）第三点，表达清晰。就是要求考生具备一定的词汇量以及能熟练运用英语基本句型。仍以一篇短文为例加以说明。AdvertisementAdvertisement can be a service to people. First, it is informative, and can help people buy and sell goods. Second, it can widen peoples knowledge and make people more experienced. Lastly, people can enjoy themselves through programs which advertisements have been put into.Some advertisements, however, are very useful to people, sometimes, even harmful. An advertisement like this, for example, may put thousands of women and girls into trouble. “Disillusioned with life, love, marriage? You need help. Phone me.” And the savior gives his phone number to his sheep.In modern times, many advertisements are subjective rather than objective, persuasive rather than informative. The only purpose of these advertisements is to persuade people to buy their poorly-made products. Therefore, it is wise for people to make sure if the advertisements are telling the truth. (134words)最后一点，语言正确。这是要求考生注意单词的拼写、大小写、标点以及语法基本正确。比如写一个条子，说明自己遗失一本书，内容包括书名、遗失时间、地点、希望如何归还、表示感谢等等。To Whom It May Concern,I forgot to take my book entitled Gone with the Wind yesterday afternoon in Classroom 303 in Arts Building after I had my literature class there. It means a lot to me as it was a birthday present given by my parents. I really hope anyone who finds it can return it to me. You can send it to my room at Dorm 212, No 5 Building. Or you can call me at In return I would invite you to dinner sometime at your convenience. Thanks for your help! (95 words)二、写作基本步骤短文写作大都由命题者提供情景，明确重点，从而限定了内容、体裁，使考生在写作时既有所遵循，又能略加发挥。本单元根据写作基本步骤，详细阐述如何审题，如何确保句子连贯。所谓审题就是细读说明，明确要求。根据所给提示，弄清要写的体裁是记叙文、描写文、说明文，还是应用文。对题目所提供的信息，不论是短文还是表格，不论是文字还是图表，都必须仔细分析，反复推敲，不能漏掉一点，不可搞错一处。书面表达题不同于一般的作文，不能随心所欲，想写什么就写什么。要紧扣题目的要求，围绕中心组织材料。书面表达也不同于一般的翻译，不能把“提示”原封不动地直译成英语。要搞清哪些是需要在文中表达的内容，哪些是仅供参考、不必表达的内容。只有仔细审题，才能扣住主题。三、常见写作试题分析（重点）最常见的写作试题是描写、介绍类：1. 描写身边人与事物：The book I like bestThe job I likeMy teacherMy hometownMy hobbiesMy favorite sportsMy familyMy classmatesMy favorite foodMy favorite TV program这类写作试题通常围绕“我”展开，写自己熟悉的人（家人、朋友、同学、老师）或者具体事物（食物、书本、家乡、电视节目、兴趣爱好、工作等）。这些作文题通常比较容易把握，一般采用综述然后分别详述的结构。例如：The Job I likeWhen I was a little kid, I dreamed of being a scientist who can be well respected in the society.When I was a teenager, I wanted to be a super star who can have a lot of fans.As I grew up, I realized it was impossible to be a scientist or a super star because I was only an ordinary person.So I want to be a salesman since I am good at selling things and I enjoy talking with people. Besides, I like traveling very much and a salesman can travel a lot on business.2. 介绍常见事物、风俗习惯、重要节日或者抽象概念。The computerAbout newspapersThe Chinese New YearAbout friendshipMy dreamLiving in a big family这类写作试题有时会让考生为难，觉得无话可写。其实，如果属于常见事物，我们可以先对它加以解释或介绍，再列举一些用途或使用方法或好处，就不难完成80词的短文。如果属于抽象概念（Friendship, Love, Money），可以举一两个的例子来使之具体化，不知不觉也能完成字数的要求。 FriendshipIn a broad sense, friendship exists between all human beings. Friendship makes our life easier, meaningful and beautiful. When we are in trouble, we want other people to give us a hand; when we are upset, we need other people to give us comfort and encouragement. One important thing about friendship is that is should be consistent and lasting. We should be friendly to our friends even when they are poor and in bad luck. A friend in need is a friend indeed. Real friendship should stand the test of time and hardship.解释说明类和要求讲述步骤和计划的作文题1. 说明原因理由或分析利弊Why I like learning EnglishWhy we should plant more treesWhy modern people cant live without computersAdvantages and disadvantages of the mobile phone这类题目可以按照逻辑顺序发展，比如从最主要的理由到最次要的理由，或者由浅入深。Why I choose to go to collegeWhy have I chosen to attend college? Its a question I asked myself many times in the recent years. But the answer is always the same: college education is something I truly want to obtain in my life and it is worthwhile.There are many reasons for my choosing to attend college. The main one is that I enjoy learning. Though I have been out of school for three years, my desire for going to a college is becoming strong, Ive decided to enter college not only because its a place where I can learn further, but also because its a place where I can receive various new ideas. Of course, I have to admit that Ive chosen to enter college also because I feel it is a practical and essential step to have a bright future for myself.So I never mind spending beautiful nights on paperwork. I never think that studying for going to college is a waste of time and money.2. 要求讲述步骤和计划My Plan for the National Day HolidayMy Plan for the Spring FestivalMy English StudyMy Self StudyHow to Keep HealthyHow to Overcome Difficulties in My English Study这类试题通常要求陈述要有一定条理性How to Prepare for a VacationIf you want to have a successful vacation, youll need to do some preparation before you go.First, its important to think about what you like to do and to choose a place that will satisfy your interests. In other words, if you dont like to climb mountains you should probably not go to HuangShan. On the other hand, if youre interested in architecture, Beijing would be a good place for you.Second, you need to find out about the place youll be visiting. You can buy some guidebooks and ask for information. You can find out about unusual things to do there and about good restaurants.Finally, give yourself lots of time to prepare. Dont wait until the last minute to get a ticket. And finish packing your suitcase several days before you plan to leave. After all, you want to be relaxed before you start your vacation. If you take some time to plan your vacation, youll have a more enjoyable time.应用文：信件、日记、通知等。这类题目都是应用文，写作中要特别注意格式的要求。1） 信件（letter） May 30th,2008 (日期)Dear Anny/ Professor Smith: (称呼) （正文） Yours Sincerely/ Yours truly（客套语） Mary/John Black (签名)2） 日记（Journal）May 30th, 2008 (日期) Fine/ Cloudy(天气) （正文） 3） 通知（Notice）Notice The student Union/Managers office (机构名)May 30th, 2008(日期) 假设你叫刘旦，家住外地，五一节期间来上海游玩，住在朋友李华家里，李华为你安排了一周愉快的假期生活，还游玩了许多地方。五一节假期后你回家写信给李华表示感谢，并请他有机会到你处来游玩。请用英语写80词左右的感谢信。May 12, 2008Dear Li Hua, Thank you very much for the wonderful holidays you and your family have given me.I really appreciate your showing me around Shanghai, the beautiful and biggest city in China. With your kind help, I visited many places, such as the Oriental Pearl TV Tower, the Peoples Square, Shanghai Museum, the World Park and so on. I am greatly impressed by Shanghai.Thanks a lot again.Lets keep in touch. I hope that youll be able to visit our town.Best wishes to you all. Yours, Liu Dan统考例题讲解（重点掌握）1. I was about to leave when it _ to me that I had not turned off the gas in the kitchen.A. appealed B. happened C. occurred D. struck解析：It occurred to sb. that句型，表示“某人突然想起”。根据题意选择C。2. The_ will be used to help young writers to publish their works. A. fee B. capital C. fund D. investment解析：fee意为“费用”；capital意为“资本”；fund意为“基金、资金”，指为某项事业而筹集的钱；investment意为“投资”。根据题意选择C。3. Professor Li, who I _ abroad, still teaches in Peking University. A. think went B. think to have gone C. thought went D. thought had gone解析：考查时态。因为“现在”已经知道李教授仍在北大任教，“以为出国”是过去的看法，因此用I thought；后面应相应地用had gone。注意：I thought为插入语。根据题意选择D。4. Mr. Smith, together with his wife and children, _ going to