非谓语动词时态和语态.doc

不定式的时态和语态 1） 一般式表示的动词，有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后，例如 He seems _(know) this. 他似乎知道这事。 I hope _(see) you again. = I hope that Ill see you again.我希望再见到你。2） 完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。例如： Im sorry _ (give) you so much trouble. 很抱歉，给你添了那么多的麻烦。 He seems _(catch) a cold. 他好像已经得了感冒。3） 进行式表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。例如： He seems_(eat) something. 他好像正在吃什么东西。4） 完成进行式表示动作从过去开始并延续至说话的时候。例如： She is known to have been working on the problem for many years. 我们知道她研究这问题有好几年了。93. We hurried to the bus station _ that the bus had already left. A. only finding B. only to find C. to find only D. to only find94. You must have taken a lot of trouble _ this materials for us. A. to find B. finding C. having found D. to have found95. He was afraid _ forwards because he was afraid _ down. A. of going, of falling B. of going, to fall C. to go, of falling D. to go, to fall96. I hate _ their complaints all day. One of these days, I will tell them what I really think. A. and pay attention to B. listening to C. to have heard D. not think of97. The way they talked _ the problem seemed impossible. A. about settling B. to settle C. of settling D. about to settle98. -Why did he let you repeat his instruction time and time over? - _ that I remember what was _ after he went out. A. To make sure, to do B. Making sure, to be done C. To see to it, to be done D. Seeing to, done99. - Why did you come to see the play you didnt like? - I shouldnt like _ , but my friend insisted. I like _ . A. having come, to dance B. to have come, dancing C. to come, to dance D. coming, dancing动名词做主语、宾语和表语 1）做主语。例如： Fighting broke out between the South and the North. 南方与北方开战了。2）作宾语Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please? 你把收音机音量调小一点，好吗 The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught. 这松鼠幸运得很，刚逃避了被逮住的厄运。admit 承认appreciate 感激avoid 避免complete完成consider认为delay 耽误deny 否认detest 讨厌endure 忍受enjoy 喜欢escape 逃脱fancy 想象finish 完成imagine 想象mind 介意miss 想念postpone推迟practice 训练recall 回忆resent 讨厌resume 继续resist 抵抗risk 冒险suggest 建议face 面对include 包括stand 忍受understand 理解forgive 宽恕keep 继续3）作表语，对主语说明、解释。Her job is washing, cleaning and taking care of the children. 她的工作是洗刷、清扫和照顾孩子。比较：She is washing, cleaning and taking care of the children. 4）作定语，一般表示所修饰名词事物的用途。例如：a writing desk=a desk for writing 写字台 a swimming pool=a pool swimming 游泳池有些动名词作定语，与所修饰的名词关系比较复杂。例如：boiling point=a temperature point at which something begins to boil 沸点a walking tractor=a tractor which a driver can operate while he or she is walking behind it 手扶拖拉机分词用法一、分词的形式 语态 时态 主动语态 被动语态一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done其否定形式是在doing之后加上not。二、分词的作用 分词在句中可作定语、表语、状语、补足语等。1、作定语（1）前置定语He is a promising young man. 他是一个有前途的年轻人。Make less noise. Theres a sleeping child. 不要出太大声音，有个孩子在睡觉。We only sell used books. 我们只卖用过的书。（2）后置定语The young man sitting between John and Mary is the editor of the campus newspaper. 坐在约翰和玛丽之间的那个年轻小伙子是校园报的编辑。The bridge built last month needs repairing. 上个月建造的那座桥需要修理。分词短语作定语必须置于被修饰词之后，相当于一个定语从句。如：Those wishing to join this club should sign here. 想加入本俱乐部的人在这里签名。 (=Those _wish to join the club should sign here.)The man, having been disturbed so badly, almost lost his memory. 由于被严重困扰，这个人几乎失去了记忆。 (The man, _ had been disturbed so badly, almost lost his memory.)过去分词作定语在意义上有两种可能：表示被动和完成，只表完成。如：the question discussed yesterday 昨天讨论的问题 （既表示被动也表示完成）the fallen leaves 落下的树叶 (只表示完成，不表示被动)在英语中只表完成不表被动的往往是一些不及物动词的过去分词，常见的有：the changed situation, a newly returned student等2、作表语The shops have remained shut for a week. 这家商店关门一周了。What you said is really inspiring. 你所说的真令从鼓舞。3、作宾语补足语I oftentimes hear a girl singing downstairs. 我有时听到楼下有一个小姑娘在唱歌。I find some students in this school often punished by the teachers. 我发现这所学校的学生经常被老师惩罚。4、作状语分词在句中作状语，可以表示各种不同的语义内容。它可以表示时间、原因、让步、结果、方式、条件等。如：（1）表示时间_(arrive) in Paris, I lost my way. 到了巴黎，我迷了路。The hunter walked slowly in the forest, _(follow) by his wolf-dog. 猎人在森林里慢慢地走着，后面跟着一只狼狗。表示与主句中谓语动词同时性的现在分词强调时间意义时，分词前可以加上while, when等从属连接词，但as没有这种用法。如：Dont talk while having dinner. 吃饭时不要说话。When crossing the street, do be careful. 过马路时要小心。（2）表示原因表示原因的分词短语一般置于句首。_(live) in London for years, I almost know every place quite well. 在伦敦住过多年，我几乎对每个地方都很熟悉。Seriously _(injure), he had to be taken to hospital. 由于伤得严重，只好把他送往医院。（3）表示结果The fire lasted nearly a month, _(leave) nothing valuable. 大火持续了近一个月，几乎没剩下什么有用的东西。Football is played in more than 80 countries, _(make) it a popular sport. 80多个国家都踢足球，因此足球成了一种很流行的运动。（4）表示方式I stood by the door, not daring to say a word. 我站在门旁，不敢说一句话。（5）表示条件United, we stand; divided, we fall. 联合起来我们就能站立，分裂我们必然倒下。Being more careful, you can make fewer mistakes. 如果你更细心，你会犯更少的错误。强调条件时，可以在前面加上unless, once等。如：You shouldnt come in unless asked to. 不让你进来你不准进来。Once losing this chance, you cant easily find it. 一旦失去这次机会你就很难找回。二、分词的独立主格结构 分词短语作状语时，其逻辑主语就是句子的主语，否则，就必须在分词前另加上自己的逻辑主语（名词或主格代词）的这个结构叫独立主格结构或分词的复合结构。1、独立主格结构常放在句首。表示时间、条件、原因时，其作用分别相当于个时间、条件、原因状语从名句。表示伴随方式时，相当于一个并列句。如：Supper _(finish) (=After supper was finished), we started to discuss the picnic. 吃完晚饭，我们开始讨论野餐的事。All the tickets _(sell) out (=As all the tickets having been sold out), we had to wait for the next weeks show. 所有的票都卖出去了，我们只好等着看下周的演出。2、表示独立主格结构中的being常省略。如：The football match (being) over, crowds of people poured out into the steet. 足球赛五结束，从群便涌到大街上。Nobody (being) in, I didnt enter the hall. 里面没有人，我没进大厅。3、表示伴随方式的独立主格结构，有时可用“with宾语宾语补足语”的结构来替换。如：He lay there thinking, his hands behind his head (with his hands behind his head). 他双手放在头下，躺在那里思考着。 The river looks more beautiful, flowers and grass growing on both sides(=with flowers and grass growing on both sides). 这条河看上去更加漂亮，因为两岸长满了鲜花和绿草。with宾语宾语补足语的结构是英语中常见常用的结构，其宾语补足语可以是现在分词、过去分词、不定式、形容词、副词、介词短语等，在句中可作定语，也可作状语，表示原因、方式等。如：The children looked at us, with their eyes opening wide. 孩子们眼睛睁得大大地看着我。I would miss the train, with no one to wake me up. 没人叫我，我会错过火车的。The river with grass and flowers on both sides runs through our schoolyard. 这条两河两岸长满鲜花和绿草正从我们校园穿过。With the examinations over, we had a long time to rest. 考试结束了，我们有一段长长的时间可以休息。4、有些惯用的分词短语在句里可以没有逻辑上的主语而独立存在，它们往往作为句子的独立成分来修饰全句。如：generally/strictly/roughly/broadly/narrowly speaking, judging from/by, considering, supposing, providing, provided等。如：Talking of the computer, I like it very much. 谈到电脑，我非常喜欢。Considering the time, we have decided to start early tomorrow morning. 考试到时间，我们已经决定明早一早出发。Ex._ in the mountain for a week, the two students were finally saved by the local police.A. Having lostB. LostC. Being lostD. Losing_ in a white uniform, he looks more like a cook than a doctor. （05湖南卷）A. DressedB. To dressC. DressingD. Having dressed3. When _ help, one often says“Thank you.”or“Its kind of you.” （05福建卷）A. offeringB. to offerC. to be offeredD. offered4_ into use in April 2000, the hotline was meant for residents reporting water and heating supply breakdowns. A. Put B. Putting C. Having put D. Being put5You should understand the traffic rule by now. Youve had it_ often enough. A. explaining B. to explain C. explain D. explained6The prize of the game show is $30,000 and an all expenses _ vacation to China. A. payingB. paidC. to be paidD. being paid7The repairs cost a lot ,but its money well_.（05湖北卷）Ato spendBspentCbeing spent Dspending 8The disc, digitally _ in the studio, sounded fantastic at the party that night. A. recordedB. recordingC. to be recordedD. having recorded9.It shames me to say it, but I told a lie when _ at the meeting by my boss. （04A. questioningB. having questionedC. questionedD. to be questioned10.Helen had to shout _ above the sound of the music. （04全国卷II）A. making herself hearB. to make herself hearC. making herself heardD. to make herself heard1.When the little child caught sight of the young woman _ in white he started brawling immediately.A. worn B. wearing C. dressed D. putting on2.The author gave a detailed description _on his personal observation of natureA.basedB.to baseC.to be basedD. basing3._ some officials, Napoleon inspected his army.A. Follo