非谓语动词及变化.doc

一、 非谓语动词及变化重点考点：非谓语动词包括动词不定式，动词的ing形式（即动词的现在分词和动名词），动词的ed形式（即动词的过去分词）。动词不定式可以在句中做除了谓语之外的任何成分。动词的ing（指“现在分词”）形式和动词的ed形式在句中起相当于形容词或副词的作用，因而，所作的成分也相当于形容词或副词在句中的作用，而动名词则起名词的作用。无论是动词不定式还是动词的ing或ed形式，高考都重点考查：1）词形本身是主动的还是被动的 2）词形本身是一般的还是完成的 3）此类动词的逻辑主语是句中主语还是独立主格结构 4）在句中作各种成分时，这三种非谓语动词的区别是什么 5）考查深度不大，但情景设置更趋复杂化，有些是特定结构，无须判定其成分，考生要学会替换来验证准确性难点考点：1）动词不定式在句中做各种成分时，主动和被动的区别，完成和一般的区别 2）现在分词和过去分词在句中作定语、状语、宾语补语的区别 3）动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词在句中作定语、状语、宾语补语的区别 4）动词不定式、动名词在句中作宾语的区别 5）动词不定式的复合结构和分词的独立主格结构用法高频考点：难点考点中的3）和4）要点提示：1）不定式和分词在句中作状语时的区别：动词不定式在句中常作目的、结果状语，偶尔作条件、原因状语。例如：（1）Did the book give the information you needed? Yes. But to find it, I had to read the entire book. (to find表“目的”) （2）My grandmother lived to see the liberation of China. (to see表“结果”) （3）To look at him, you would like him. (to look at表“条件”)（4）I like getting up very early in summer. The morning air is so good to breathe.(to breathe表示“原因”，也可看成固定结构：在某些形容词后，如sorry, lucky, eager, free, quick, sure, hard, difficult, likely, able, determined, prepared, accustomed, light, dangerous, comfortable等，不定式常用主动结构。)分词常在句中作时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式、伴随等状语。例如：（1）Having discovered that Gary had nowhere to live, he then invited him to share his flat. （现在分词表示“时间”） *（2）Bitten twice, the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we chained our dog. （过去分词表示“时间”）（3）Not realizing that he was in danger, Eric walked deeper into the forest. （现在分词表示“原因”） （4）Encouraged by the advances in technology, many farmers have set up wind farms on their land. （过去分词表示“原因”） *（5）European football is played in 80 countries, making it the most popular sport in the world. （现在分词表示“结果”或“补充说明”，请留意动词不定式表结果同前面的词不用逗号隔开。）（6）He was busy writing a story, only stopping once in a while to smoke a cigarette. (现在分词表示“伴随”) （7）Every evening after dinner, if not interrupted from work, I will spend some time walking my dog. （过去分词表示“条件”，请留意，句中的If可以省略。） （8）Born a free man, he was now in chains. （过去分词表示“让步”）（9）He stood leaning against the wall. （(现在分词表示“方式”） 2）不定式和分词作定语时的区别：（1）If theres a lot of work to do, Im happy to just keep on until it is finished.（动词不定式作定语常表示“未发生的行为或没有明确的时间概念”） （2）The flowers smelling sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature.（现在分词作定语常表示同被修饰词的关系是“主动、进行”的关系） （3）Can those seated at the back of the classroom hear me? No problem. （过去分词作定语常表示同被修饰词的关系是“被动、完成” 的关系） 3）不定式和分词作宾语补语时的区别：（1）I was in the kitchen cooking something and I felt the floor move.（句中move是省略了to的动词不定式作felt的宾补，表示“具体且又完成的动作”） （2）When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door reading “Sorry to miss you; will call later.”（现在分词reading做saw的宾补，表示“进行或持续的行为”。请留意pinned修饰a message。）（3）You must make yourselves respected.（过去分词作宾补常表示“被动或被动完成的行为”。）4）动词不定式、动名词在句中作宾语时的区别：若干动词后只接动词不定式，而另一些动词后只接动词的ing形式。前者动词有：decide/determine, learn, want, expect/hope/wish, refuse, manage, care, pretend, offer, promise, choose, plan, agree, ask/beg, help, happen, threaten, cant afford, wait, strive为便于记忆，可记口诀：决心学会要希望，拒绝设法想假装，提供允诺选计划，同意请求帮一帮，发生威胁付不起，等待追求尝一尝。后者动词有：consider, suggest/advise, look forward to, excuse/pardon, admit, delay/put off, fancy, avoid, miss, keep/keep on, practice,deny,finish, cant stand, enjoy/appreciate, forbid, imagine, risk, cant help, mind, allow/permit, escape为便于记忆，可记口诀：考虑建议盼原谅，承认耽搁空猜想。避免错过继续练，否认完成不忍欣赏。禁止想象才冒险，不禁介意可逃亡。当然，还是要在读句通文中自然记忆，形成语感才是正道。例如：（1）I cant stand working with Jane in the same office. She just refuses to stop talking while she works. （2） There is nothing more I can try to persuade you to stay, so I wish you good luck. 请留意，第二句中的try后也可接动词的ing形式，表示“做某事试一试”，而接不定式则表示“试图做某事”，含有不同的意思。这样的动词还有remember, forget, regret, mean, go on等。为切实了解以上三种非谓语动词的用法，学会替换对英语学习大有好处。例如要点提示1）中的分词部分的有*标记的例句（2）可改为：After he was bitten twice, the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we chained our dog. 例句（5）可改为：European football is played in 80 countries, which makes it the most popular sport in the world. 从句中的逻辑主语并非是80 countries 或European，而是前句的内容。句子的后半部分相当于非限制性定语从句，表伴随且是主动的。试题精选：1. With Fathers Day around the corner, I have taken some money out of the bank to buy presents for my dad. With Fathers Day around the corner, I have taken some money out of the bank _ presents for my dad.A. buy B. to buy C. buying D. to have bought2. I have a lot of readings to complete before the end of this term. I have a lot of readings _ before the end of this term. A. completing B. to complete C. completed D. being completed3. Many buildings in the city need repairing, but the one to be repaired first is the library. Many buildings in the city need repairing, but the one _first is the library. ( need + doing )A. repaired B. being repaired C. repairing D. to be repaired4. We were astonished to find the temple still in its original condition.（= It was astonished that we found the temple still in its original condition.能这样替换的动词还有：say, believe, consider, hope, notice, report, suggest, suppose, prove, find, well know, require等） We were astonished _ the temple still in its original condition. A. finding B. to find C. find D. to be found5. The flu is believed to be caused by viruses that like to produce in the cells inside the human nose and throat. （请试着按第4题的方式替换。）The flu is believed _by viruses that like to produce in the cells inside the human nose and throat. A. causing B. being caused C. to be caused D. to have caused6. In many peoples opinion, that company, though relatively small, is pleasant to deal with （参见要点提示1）第4句解释） In many peoples opinion, that company, though relatively small, is pleasant .A. to deal with B. dealing with C. to be dealt with D. dealt with7. There were many talented actors out there just waiting to be discovered. There were many talented actors out there just waiting .A. to discover B. to be discovered C. discovered D. being discovered8. His first book to be published next month is based on a true story. His first book next month is based on a true story. A. published B. to be published C. to publish D. being published9. We are invited to a party to be held in our club next Friday. We are invited to a party _ in our club next Friday. A. to be held B. held C. being held D. holding10. To complete the project in time, the staff were working at weekends. _ the project in time, the staff were working at weekends.(C表该行为在句中谓语之先) A. Completing B. Having completed C. To have completed D. To complete11. David threatened to report his neighbour to the police if the damages were not paid. David threatened _ his neighbour to the police if the damages were not paid. A. to be reported B. reporting C. to report D. having reported12. Mr. Green stood up in defence of the 16-year-old boy, saying that he was not the one to blame Mr. Green stood up in defence of the 16-year-old boy, saying that he was not the one _. A. blamed B. blaming C. to blame D. to be blamed13. They are quiet, arent they? Yes. They are accustomed to not talking at meals.(be accustomed to doing = be/get used to) They are quiet, arent they? Yes. They are accustomed _ at meals. A. to talk B. to not talk C. to talking D. to not talking14. The news shocked the public, leading to great concern about students safety at school. The news shocked the public, _ to great concern about students safety at school.A. having led B. led C. leading D. to lead15. The lawyer listened with full attention, trying not to miss any point. The lawyer listened with full attention, _ to miss any pointA. not trying B. trying not C. to try not D. not to try16. The lady walked around the shops, keeping an eye out for bargains.(keep an eye out for注意) The lady walked around the shops, _ an eye out for bargains.A. keep B. kept C. keepingD. to keep17. Looking at my classmates faces, I read the same excitement in their eyes.（read = understand） _ at my classmates faces, I read the same excitement in their eyes.A. Looking B. Look C. To look D. Looked18. The traffic rule says young children under the age of four and weighing less than 40 pounds must be in a child safety seat. The traffic rule says young children under the age of four and _ less than 40 pounds must be in a child safety seat. A. being weighed B. to weigh C. weighed D. weighing19. Dina, having struggled for months to find a job as a waitress, finally took a position at a local advertising agency.来源: (having struggled该分词完成式表延续且先于谓语动词行为之前发生) Dina, _ for months to find a job as a waitress, finally took a position at a local advertising agency.来源: （分词完成式同不定式完成式在时间先后上是一致的，参见第10题。） A. struggling B. struggled C. having struggled D. to struggle20. Listen! Do you hear someone calling for help? Listen! Do you hear someone _ for help?A. calling B. call C. to call D. called21. Lots of rescue workers were working around the clock, sending supplies to Yushu, Oinghai province after the earthquake. (around the clock意思是“夜以继日”) Lots of rescue workers were working around the clock, supplies to Yushu, Oinghai province after the earthquake.A. sending B. to send C. having sent D. to have sent22. It rained heavily in the south, causing serious flooding in several provinces. It rained heavily in the south, serious flooding in several provinces.A. caused B. having caused C. causing D. to cause 23. Distinguished guests and friends, welcome to our school. Attending the ceremony of the 50th Anniversary this morning are our alumni (校友) from home and abroad. Distinguished guests and friends, welcome to our school. the ceremony of the 50th Anniversary this morning are our alumni (校友) from home and abroad.A. Attend B. To attend C. Attending D. Having attended24. At the age of 29, Dave was a worker, living in a small apartment near Boston and wondering what to do about his future. At the age of 29, Dave was a worker, in a small apartment near Boston and _ what to do about his future.A. living; wondering B. lived; wondering C. lived; wondered D. living; wondered25. I still remember being taken to tothe Famen Temple and what I saw there. I still remember _ to the Famen Temple and what I saw there. A. to take B. to be taken C. taking D. being taken 26. A great number of students questioned said they were forced to practise the piano. A great number of students said they were forced to practise the piano. A. to question B. to be questioned C. questioned D. questioning27. Though surprised to see us，the professor gave us a warm welcome. Though _ to see us，the professor gave us a warm welcome.A. surprise B was surprised C. surprised D