过去分词与现在分词.doc

非谓语动词 非谓语：什么是非谓语？非：不是。非谓语动词即不是谓语的动词，也就是说这个动词不做谓语。为什么？因为在一句话中有且只能有一个谓语，那么如果出现第二个动词在没有连词的情况下就不再是谓语了，所以叫非谓语。试比较：She came in and smile to me. She came in, smiling to me.用法概论：1.done: 表被动和完成 2.doing:表主动和进行 3.to do 表目的和将来 4.adj 表状态 一：过去分词（可以做四种成分）构成： 肯定 动词原形+ed 否定 not +动词原形+ed意义：表示完成和被动 1.Given more time, I could have solved the problem. 2. Not allowed to go in, he had to wait outside.1.作表语 Eg:1. I am very excited at the news. 2. He grew tired of the work.和ing 作表语的区别：“令人.”The news is very exciting. His speech was boring. His work is tiring.2.作定语作定语分为前置定语和后置定语。单个的动词过去分词作定语放在所修饰名词之前，过去分词短语作定语，放在所修饰名词之后。与所修饰的名词构成被动和完成的关系。1. The excited people rushed into the building .2. Lost time can not be found again.3. The meeting, attended by a lot of people, was a success.4. We found the money stolen by Tom. 3.作宾补语可以在 主语+谓语+宾语+宾补语 结构中充当宾补语，与宾语构成逻辑上的 被动关系。 一般跟在使役动词感觉和心理状态的动词后作宾补。Make, get, have, keep, leave, hold.； see,hear,feel,find, think,consider,等。1.I must get my bike repaired. 2.I have my hair cut once a month. 3.He was trying to make himself understood.4.We thought the game lost. 4.作状语动词-ed形式可以做状语，表示时间，原因，条件，让步等。这时，动词-ed形式的逻辑主语是句子的主语，并且与主语形成被动的关系。1.Asked why he did it, the monitor said it was his duty.2.Seen from the hill, the park looks very beautiful.3.Given more time, we could do it better. 动词过去分词形式做状语时，其前可以带有相应的连词when,though,although,as if, as though, if, once, 等表示时间，让步，条件。1. This dictionary will look nice when printed.2. Even if invited, I wont go. 3. Once poured,water cannot be taken back.Eg: We have a teacher called Tim. We have a teacher who is called Tim. Done 与be done 表被动的区别是：done 是非谓语，没有自己的独立主语，be done 是谓语动词，有自己的独立的谓语。注意：横线在前面，主语在后面练习：1.The Olympic Games, _ in 776 B.C., did not include women players until 1912. a. first playing b to be first played c first played d to be first playing 2.The speaker raised his voice but still couldnt make himself_. a. hear b to hear c hearing d heard3._ with the size of the whole earth, the biggest ocean does not seem big at all. A. Compare b When comparing c Comparing d When compared4._ by the beauty of nature, the girl from London decided to spend another two days on the farm. A. Attracting b Attracted c. To be attracted d. Having attracted5.Linda worked for the Minnesota Manufacturing and Mining Company, _ as 3M. a. knowing b known c being known d to be known6._on time, this medicine will be effective. a.Taking b Taken b Being taken7. _time, he will make a first-class player. A. To give b Given c Giving8. _ some officials, Mapoleon inspected his army.9. _, the city looks beautiful. A. Seeing from the hill b Seen from the hill c To see from the hill 10._ not to miss the flight at 15, the manager set out for the airport in a hurry. A Reminding b Reminded c To remind 动词-ing形式构成：主动形式 被动形式一般式：doing being done 完成式：havng done （有先后） having been done 否定式是在前面加not.意义：表示主动和进行的动作功能1. 作表语The dinner looks inviting. Keeping is harder than winning.The football game is very boring.动词-ing 形式用于表示事物的性质，“使人.”, 或 “令人”. 而动词-ed 形式用于表示人的感觉, “感到.”The football game is very boring. We were bored at the football game.2. 作定语作定语分为前置定语和后置定语。单个的动词ing 形式作定语放在所修饰名词之前，动词ing 形式短语作定语，放在所修饰名词之后。与所修饰的名词构成主动和进行的关系。在意义上相当于一个定语从句。This is a smoking room. drinking water, singing competition waiting room Boiling water, barking dog, developing countries, the rising sunThose wishing to join this club should sign here.A novel is a mirror walking along a main road.3. 作宾补语动词-ing形式可以在“主语+谓语+宾语+宾补语”句型中充当宾补语。这时宾语是动词-ing 形式的逻辑主语。往往可以跟在感官动词后作宾补语，有：hear,feel, find, listen to, look at, notice, observe, see, smell,watch等。 He saw the children playing in the yard. I dont like to hear you talking like that.也可以跟在表示“致使”等意义的动词后作宾补。have，get, keep, set, leave等Im sorry to have kept you waiting for me for so long.The joke set everybody laughing. What she has told left us thinking that she experienced much when she was young.4. 作状语动词-ing 形式作状语，表示时间，原因，结果，条件，让步，伴随等。注意：动词-ing 形式的逻辑主语是句子的主语。1.While reading the book, he nodded from time to time.2.The fire lasted nearly a month, leaving nothing valuable.3.Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage.4.I stood by the door, not daring to say a word.为了使动词-ing形式作状语所表达的时间，条件，让步等意思更加明确，可以在动词-ing形式前加上适当的连词（as, because, though, while, once, even if,when等） Dont talk while having dinner. When crossing the street, do be careful. Once losing this chance, you cant easily find it. Even if coming by taxi, I will arrive in at least 45minutes.5. 动词-ing 形式作主语Seeing is believing. Playing with fire is dangerous. Sitting around doing nothing doesnt agree with me.为了保持句子的平衡，避免头重脚轻，有时可以用it 作形式主语，而把真正的主语动词-ing 形式后置。常见的用于it is no use doing sth. it is no good doing sth, it is a waste of time doing sthIt is no use trying to persuade him It is no good doing what you like, you have got to like that you do. It is a waste of time arguing about it.6. 动词-ing 形式作宾语 动词-ing 形式作及物动词的宾语，也可以作介词的宾语。 You had better avoid going there. The teacher suggested doing the experiment in another way. A parrot learns new words by copying what people say. What prevented you from joining us last night? 常接动词-ing 形式作宾语的动词有：admit, avoid, advise, appreciate,allow, consider,delay,deny,risk,enjoy，escape, finish, forgive,imagine,keep,include,mind,miss, permit ,put off, practice, resist, recall,suggest,understand, cannot help, feel like, insist on, give up.动词-ed形式和动词-ing 的区别1 动词-ing 形式可以做主语和宾语，动词-ed形式不能。2. 做表语的区别 动词-ed形式做表语译为“令人.”,而动词-ed形式译为“感到.” What he said was encouraging. We were encouraged at what he said.3做定语的区别 动词-ed形式表被动和完成，动词-ing 形式表主动和进行。 Boiling water, boiled water, The changing world , the changed world. The rising sun, the risen sun4. 做宾补的区别 动词-ed形式做宾补与宾语之间是被动关系，动词-ing形式做宾补与宾语之间是主动关系。 I often hear people singing the song. I often hear the song sung in English. We found the trees pla