非谓语动词 -不定式.doc

非谓语动词-不定式原形动词前加to,构成动词不定式。不定式不作谓语，属非谓语动词。 第一节不定式的时态和语态一 不定式的时态1 时态的构成 不定式常用的时态有：一般式，完成市和进行式：时态构成一般式完成式进行式to do to have doneto be doing2 时态的用法(1) 一般是的使用范围 不定式所示动作或状态与谓语动词所示的动作或状态同时或几乎同时发生或存 在，用一般式： Im glad to see you. I saw her enter the room just now. 不定式所示动作或状态发生在谓语动词所示动作或状态之后，也用一般式： My uncle asked me to see him this summer. Im glad to take my younger sister to the countryside.(2) 完成式的使用范围 不定式所示动作或状态发生在谓语动词所示动作或状态之前，用完成式： Im glad to have seen your mother yesterday. He is said to have written a novel about the Long March(长征).(3) 进行式的使用范围 当谓语动词的动作或状态发生时，不等式动词所示动作正在进行时，用进行时： They seemed to be talking about you. You are said to be writing a paper on pollution.二 不定式的被动语态1 被动语态的两种时态 不定式被动语态常用于两种时态，一种是一般式被动语态，一种是完成时被动语态：被动语态构成一般式完成式to be doneto have been done(1) 一般式举例：The Emperor had ordered the wonderful cloth to be woven. 皇帝下令织这种神奇的布These students want to be sent work in our company.这些学生想要分到我们公司工作(2) 完成式举例： He is said to have been killed. The assistant seemed to have been fired.2 被动语态的用法 在下列情况下不定式要用被动语态：(1) 当句子的主语是这个不定式所示动作的承受者时：The girl is to be taken to the Summer Palace.The book is said to be put into English.(2) 当不定式所修饰的名词是此不等式的逻辑宾语，且句中又无它的逻辑主语时： He wanted the letter to be typed at once. Are you going to the meeting to be held this afternoon?(3) 当句子的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语，且不定式本身又带有一个宾语时： She is too nervous to be told such bad news. Im glad to be given a gold ring.(4) 当句子的主语和表语是指同一人（物），不定式修饰这个表语名词，且与这个名词有动宾关系时：He is a man to be trusted. 但也可用主动式：This is a nice place to visit.(5) 不定式作定语，且与所修饰的名词有动宾关系时：The plan to be made is a five-year plan.注意：不定式动作是相关名词的执行者还是承受者，对这个不定式用主动还是被动语态关系很大，试比较下列各组句子:Its a good thing to be elected a model worker.被选为模范工人是好事Its a good thing to elect him a model worker.选他当模范工人是好事Have you anything to be done this afternoon?今天下午你有什么事要人做？Have you anything to do this afternoon?今天下午你有什么事情要自己做？三 不定式的主动态代替被动态在下列情况下，不定式可用主动态代替被动态：1 当不定式与最近的名词（代词）有动宾关系，且与句中另一名词（代词）有主谓关系时： He has nothing to eat . Ill give you a book to read. I have a lot of papers to type. Would you bring me a bench to sit down?2 当不定式在“主语+表语（形容词）”结构中作状语，且句中主语是这个不定式的逻辑宾语时： This test is easy to recite. The washing machine is too expensive for me to buy.3 当不定式修饰there(here) be 引导的句子中的主语时：There are two tractors to repair. Here is a baby to take care of.当然也可用被动态：There is nothing to fear(to be feared).句中不定式如有逻辑主语，则只用主动语态：There is nothing for us to fear.4 to let, to blame,等不定式一般只用主动语态：The house is to let.房子要出租 Im to blame. 我要受责备的第二节 不定式的语法功能一 作主语 1 直接用作主语： To get to the palace with just a flower is to say “Im poor.” How to get rid of (清除)these things is a big problem. 2 用it代替不定式作形式主语： Its bad manners to be rude to people. It made us very happy to hear from him. How would it be to start tomorrow? It was decided to bring the matter up at the meeting.已决定把这件事提交会议讨论 1， 2 两种形式可以互换：It made us very excited to hear of his success.=To hear of his success made us very excited. 但如果不定式短语在疑问句或感叹句中作主语，则只能用it作形式主语： To watch the TV play is very interesting.(改为一般问句) Is it very interesting to watch the TV play? To get to the station took me two hours.(特殊问句) How long did it take you to the station? To lose this necklace was a pity.(感叹句) What a pity it was to lose this necklace!二 作宾语 1 可用不定式直接作宾语的动词want, like, wish, hate, prefer, continue, refuse, mange, try, ask, offer, start, forget, promise, mean, pretend, begin, decide, learn, agree, care, choose, determine,expect, afford等2 需用it代不等式作宾语的动词: find, make, think, consider, feel等： He found it important to study the situation in Russia.This has made it necessary for agriculture and industry工农业 to develop very quickly. I thought it impossible to arrive there in half an hour. Do you consider it better not to go. I feel my duty to say that you are wrong. 3 不能直接用不定式作宾语的动词：单词know需在不定式前加连接代词或副词：They knew how to weave cloth. I know when to start. We dont know where to go. They dont know whether to stay or not.Nobody knew what to do next. Does he know which to take?但why不能用于此句型，不说： I dont know why to do it.有些动词根据意思的需要，也可在不等式前加连接代词或连接副词：The computer will then tell what to do. Ive forgot which way to takeThe students of today will have to decide how to use the computers of tomorrow.Everyone wanted to learn how to make silk. You must remember when to begin. 4 不能接不定式作宾语的动词：enjoy, finish, suggest, excuse, pardon, give up, avoid, advise, cant help, delay, escape, miss, imagine, mind, keep, practice, consider等三 作宾补 1 可接不定式作宾补的动词：（1）love, teach, ask, get, tell, invite, force, oblige, beg, allow, wish, want, like, hate, prefer, expect, encourage, advise, persuade, forbid, lead, trouble, summon, 等。（2）wait for, call on（号召，拜访）, send for（派人去请）, ask for, depend on （靠）, long for（渴望）, care for（照顾）等词组。（3）tell, advise, show, teach动词还可接代词或连接副词再加不等式作其宾语 的补足语： But the dictionary didnt tell him how to pronounce the word. He taught Edison how to send messages by railway telegram.(铁路电报) I hope youll advise me what to do. The old driver showed me how to drive a car.但不能接why引导的不定式作宾语。（4）make, have, late 等使役动词以及see, watch, notice, observe, look at, feel, hear, listen to 等感官动词可接不定式作其宾语的补语，但在主动语态中，表达式 中的to应省略： I can let you have one ticket. It made her feel better. A young lady was watching the silkworm from cocoons.不过let是个例外，后面不定式的to可省略： They were let (to) go.注意：如不定式在句中作目的状语，这个to是不能省的，比较：He made the girl light the candles.他要女孩点燃蜡烛（宾补）He made the some candles to give light.他制了蜡烛供照明（目的）下列几句中的不等式都是作目的状语: A student began to make faces to the other students laugh. They made laws to separate the blacks from the whites. We made a big fire to keep off the wield animals. Crusoe（克鲁斯）made another fence round his cave to keep out savages(野人).（5）help, know(have known, never knew, have never known)，fine可接不定式作其宾语的补语，这个不定式的to, 可有可无：Will you help me (to) repair my bike? You have never known her(to) behave so badly.We have found the farm crops (to) do so well.但： 作宾语的不定式如是to be,这个to 不能省： I have found him to be friendly. 如help的主语不是不定式动作的直接执行者，这个不定式的to也不能省： Will you help me (to) clean the table? The book helped me to see the truth. 在被动语态中，作宾补的这些不定式中的to不能省： You will be helped to review your lessons. He was never known to do this before. (6) think, consider, believe, suppose, know, feel, find, understand, declare, imagine, take等动词能接不定式作宾补，但这个不定式多为to be+形容词(副词)或名 词：We thought him to be a naughty boy. He doesnt consider that to be important. I believe him to be fit for the job. Many people supposed him to be abroad. I found him to be sad. He felt the plan to be practical. 以上各句省去to be ,直接用形容词（副词）或名词作宾补亦可。2 容易误用不定式作宾补的动词：hope, propose, suggest等容易误用不等式作宾补： 误用：I hope you to see him again. 改为：I hope that youll see him again.四 作状语1 作动词的状语 作动词的目的状语： She did all she could to save him To master a language, words and grammatical rules are not enough. 作动词的结果状语： He struck the snake so as to break its back They lifted a rock only to drop it on their feet.搬石头砸自己的脚作动词的原因状语： The children laughed to see such a wonderful thing.To hear him speak English with an American accent, you would think him an American.2 作形容词的状语：happy, lucky, fortunate, unfortunate, surprised, frightened, afraid, sorry, glad, free, able, willing, worthy, eager, proud, disappointed, angry, right, anxious, patient, fit, ready, wise, clever, quick, slow, foolish, rude, cruel, wrong, easy, difficult, hard, comfortable 等作表语用的形容词可接不定式作状语: She is sure to win. The pupil is willing to do anything for his teacher. I dont think hard to get along with. I was anxious to know the result. We are proud to be young people of New China. They were eager to know how wise or foolish their friends might be.3 关于不定式作状语的若干重要点：(1) 形容词busy和worth后接不定式，而接动名词：Im busy reviewing my lessons. The film is well worth seeing.(2)easy, hard, difficult 等形容词一般不以指认的名词或代词作主语： 不说;Im easy to spell the word. 应说: Its easy for me to spell the world.但如主语可作不定式的逻辑宾语时，又当别论：She is easy to get along with. (3) 不定式作形容词的状语时，与主语有如下关系： 1 动宾关系：主语是不等式的逻辑宾语：The medicine isnt nice to eat. 2 主谓关系：主语同时又是不定式的逻辑主语：Were too excited to keep quiet.五 作表语：不定式作表语很普遍，很多情况下，不等式作表语可换为作主语： His job is to raise pigs.=To raise pigs is his job.六 作定语： 不定式作定语与它所修饰的名词存在下列3种关系： 1 动宾关系: 不定式所修饰的名词是这个不定式的逻辑宾语：Has the visitor had anything to eat.注意：如果这个不定式是不及物动词，它后面应有必要的介词：Is this the child for us to take care of. My cousin hired a room to live in. 不过现代英语中，介词常省去。 2 主谓关系：不定式所修饰的名词是这个不定式的逻辑主语：The hunter isnt a man to bow before difficulties.(向困难低头)Her younger sister was the first girl to work out the problem. 3 所属关系：不定式与所修饰的名词存在一种所属关系。可形成这种关系的名词有way, need, time, plan, right, chance, opportunity, movement, promise, wise, effort, struggle等： Liu Mei is on her way to see a film.The farmer began to think of ways to kill hawks(秃鹰).七 作同位语： 不定式作同位语，说明前面名词的具体内容:An order only to teach German in our school has come from Berlin. 第三节 关于不定式的若干注意点 1 不定式的逻辑主语 该句的主语：The guard got up early in order to catch the 3:30 train. 该句的宾语： The lady asked him to bring her a cup of tea. 介词of或for的宾语：Its kind of you to lend me such a wonderful necklace. 有的隐没在句子中没有出现：Its easy (for us) to say. 值得注意的是: 有些与不定式连用的词组，如suchas to, in order to, so as to要求不定式的逻辑主语就是该句的主语：The boy saved money in order to buy a kite The scientist did it in such a way as to get a correct. The girl worked carefully so as to avoid mistakes.2 关于作目的主状语的不定式 不及物动词后面的不定式，很多是作目的状语： We live to save the people heart and soul.我们活的目的是全心全意为人民服务 但：在口语中come, go, run, stay,动词后面有时不用不定式作状语，而用and连接两个动词：Come and have a drink.Lets go and play basketball. Stay and have a dinner.try 后面也常用and连接另一个动词，这时try只能呈原形状态：Ill try and remember it.hurry up 后面根本不用不定式作状语：Hurry up and go downstairs.3 不定式作状语，宾语，宾补的区别：He went to see a doctor.(目的状语)He wanted to see a doctor yesterday.(宾语) He allowed his daughter to swim.(宾语)He promised his daughter to swim with her.(宾语)He did this to show his thanks.(状语)4不定式与介词：介词后面一般不结不定式，但下列介词（词组）在特定意义下 可接不定式：but: The prisoner囚徒 has no choice but to obey服从. except: Nothing remains for us to do, except to clean dishes.besides: What has he done besides (to) read newspaper?Instead of: The lawyer tried to speak instead of (to) keep silent.介词of, on还可接一个有连接代词（副词）的不定式作定语，修饰前面的名词：Everyone has his own idea of how to do it.The villagers changed views on the question of whom to elect.Marx gave us some advice on how to master a foreign language.The players did research on how to keep the world record.少数动词+介词短语，也可接带有连接代词（副词）的不定式:The hosewife was thinking of how to pay off all the debts(债). 5 关于不定式的小品词to(1) 不定式中的动词如上文已出现过，下文中往往将此动词省去，只保留to: -Will you go fishing with me? -Certainly. Ill be glad to. -Would you like to stay with me? -No, thank you. Im not supposed to. -Give the pen to me. -No, I refuse to. -Dont do that again! I cant swim, you know. -I know, but I have to. -Are you and Alice getting married? -We hope to. -Will you go to the theatre, Miss Brown? -Sorry, I dont want to. -Would you like to have some coffee? -Yes, Id like to. -Do you like to go boating now? -Yes, I like to very much. You wanted to do so, but I told you not to. You may come if you hope to. He did what I asked him to. Probably I wont go, if I have no reasons to. I dont dance much now, but I used to a lot.(2)在下列情况下，不但动词不定式中的动词可胜，整个不定式都可省： 在下句中try后面的不等式可省：Can you start the car? OK, Ill try(to). 当like, choose, want, prefer, please等动词用在以if, as, when, as long as 等引导的从句中时，其后面的不定式可省：You may sit here if you like. You can ask for my help at any time you choose. Go when you want. Do just what you prefer. Eat what you please. 如果不定式是to be 结构，则to be 不能省，后面的表语可省： My father wanted me to be a player, but I didnt want to be (a player). Are you monitor of our class? No, but Id like to be (monitor of our class). 在意思明了的前提下，名词或形容词的不定式可省：He says hell come as soon as he gets a chance (to come). 但Ill be glad to这样的答语中，to 习惯上不能省：Lets go swimming, shall we? OK. Ill be glad to.6 关于不定式的to的省略: 在下列情况下，不定式中的to可省：(1)与下列词或词组连用的不定式中的to可省： 情态动词（ought to, used to例外）后的不定式不带to: I must be off now. had better, had best, had rather, had sooner, would better, would rather, would sooner以及would as soonas等表示“宁愿，宁可”之意的固定词组的不定式的to省去，与它们连用的than(as)后面的不定式的to也常省去：I would rather not go.You had better stay inside today. We would sooner lie on the ground.I would as soon copy words as recite texts.我宁愿抄单词也不愿背课文preferthan和rather than中的不定式也省去to:We prefer to labour than (to) read books. They are determined to die rather than (to) surround.他们宁死不降 前面有表示强调的do, does或did时，不定式也不带to: Do come tomorrow. Do be careful. I did tell you about it. can but, cannot but, can(could)not help but, can(could)not choose but等固定词组中，but之后的不定式不带to: I can but walk slowly.我只能慢慢走We cannot but speak.我们不得不说I cannot help but take the medicine.我只好吃药I cannot choose but stay at home.我只得呆在家里 在do nothing else than, do more than, do less than, do no more than等固定用法 中than后面不定式的to应省去：I could do nothing else than wait.我只能等待 I could hardly do less than lie in bed.我只好躺在床上 I did no more than finish the work.我仅仅做完了这项工作(2)不定式作表语时，在下列情况下可省： 当含do的定语从句或含do的不定式修饰all, all that, thing, the only(first, last) thing,且它们是该（主）句的主语时，作表语的不定式的to可省： All we do is(to) work. All that I want to do is (to) drink some water. The only thing to do is (to) run away. The first thing to do is (to) have breakfast. 当主语是含do的主语从句时，作表语的不定式的to可省：What I want to do is (to) take a holiday. What you do now is(to) bring me a cup of tea. 当主语是以动词say作谓语的定语从句所修饰的all时，作表语的不定式的to可省： All they said is hurry up.(3) 作主语的不定式位于句首，且是说明下文的内容时，这个不定式的to可省：(To) Turn off the tap was all I did. (To) Read books is what his child does all day long.(4)与why连用的不定式不用to: Why stop here? Why agree with him? Why not do some shopping?7 与不定式相关的常用词语的用法：（1）tooto太以致不 The boy was too frightened to move. 但 如too接ready(易于), easy(易于)，willing, eager, anxious等形容词 其后的不定式不再是否定的，这时的too相当于very: The woman is too ready to speak.这女人太多嘴多舌 The problem is too easy to work out.这道题很容易解 The president is too willing to promise.这总统太乐于许愿了 The leader is too anxious to receive her reply.领导急于得到她的回答 当把too ready 这类形容词+不定式视为一个不可分割的整体，后面再接不定 式时，这就回到了tooto的原义，比较： He is too ready to criticize others.他好批评别人 He is too ready to criticize others to criticize himself.他好批评别人不批评自己 She is too anxious to please.她一心要讨好别人 She is too anxious to please to please.她一心讨好别人却适得其反 too在not，never, only, all, but等后面，不定式的意思是肯定的：It is not too much to say that he is a fool.说他是傻瓜一点儿不过分It is never too late to learn. You are all too satisfied to follow others.Were only too delighted to accept your invitation.我们很高兴接受你的邀请We knew but too well to hold our tongue.我们清楚地知道少说为妙 toonot to形成双重否定，实际为肯定，意为“太不会不”或“非常 一 定能”: He was too angry not to say it.他气急了说出了这样的话 The manager is too clever not to have understood what you meant. 这位经理太聪明，不会不明白你所指的是什么 She is too smart not to jump at the chance.她太聪明决不会错过这个机会（2）in order to(以便)，so as to, soas to(如此以致)： in order to 和so as to 用作目的状语，可互换： Scientists are working hard to turn(in order to turn or: so as to turn) them into realities. 位于句首多用in order to: To be (In order to be) a teacher of the people, one must first be their pupil. 要当人民的先生，必先当人们的先生 但在现代英语中，也可见so as to 置于句首： So as to improve the railway service, they are electrifying the main lines. 为了改进铁路服务，他们正在使主要干线电气化 so as to还可引导结果状语： The boy studied hard so as to pass the entrance examination, which made his parents very happy.2 soas to只引导结果状语： The boy studied so hard as to pass the entrance examination, which made his parents very happy.3 不定式的否定式作目的状语,一般不太用not to 而用in order not to或 so as not to,特别是表示强调时： The nurse works hard in order not to(or: so as not to)be dismissed(开除). 如作结果状语，可用not to:They must be blind not to see all our achievements.他们想必是瞎子看不到我们的成绩(3) seem 与不定式：seem 后可接不定式： The captain seemed to hesitate(犹豫) for a moment.但seem 后面的不定式如是to be+形容词或名词（作表语），这个to be可省： The enemy seems (to be) powerful but in fact it is weak.如果这个形容词是afraid, asleep, alive, awake等只作表语的形容词，则to be不能省：The patient seemed to be asleep. The girl seemed to be afraid. seem 后面如接否定的不定式时，not既可置于不定式前，也可转移到seem 前：He seemed not to be silly. or: He didnt seem to be silly.不定式专项练习( )1 The policeman told the little boy _ football in the street. Its dangerous. A not play B not playing C not to play D to play( )2 Could you give me a hand, please. Sure. What would you like me_?A doing B does C do D to do( )3 My grandparents live in a village nearby. I usually go _ them once a week. A sees B seeing C saw D to see( )4 At last, the baby was made _ and began to laugh. A stop crying B to stop to cry C to stop crying D stop to cry( )5 What do you think we should do with the bag? Stop the traffic, move the bag away, and then let the traffic _ again. A going B goes C to go D go( )6 Be careful! The water is too hot. Youd better _ it right now. A do not drink B not to