计算机英语___各章重点.docVIP

Lesson 1PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) 外部设备接口AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port) 加速图形接口IEEE (Institute of Electrical & Electronic Engineers) 电器与电子工程协会DVD-ROM (Digital Versatile Disc,Read-Only Memory) 数字视频只读光盘USB (Universal Serial Bus) 通用串行总线CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) 互补金属氧化物半导体LAN (Local Area Network) 局域网Commercial software 商业软件Virtual memory 虚拟内存Parallel 并行接口Motherboard 主板The BIOS looks at the sequence of storage devices identified as boot devices in the CMOS Setup.“Boot ”is short for “bootstrap”, as in the old phrase “Lift yourself up by your bootstraps”.BIOS把指定的存储设备序列课程CMOS Setup中的引导设备，“Boot”是“bootstrap”的缩写，像老短语“自我提升”的意思。Lesson 2TFT (Thin-Film Transistor) 薄膜晶体管LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) 液晶显示屏CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) 阴极射线管DLP (Digital Light Processing) 数字光处理技术PDP (Plasma Display Panel) 等离子显示器Plasma display 等离子显示Distortion 失真Smearing 拖尾效应Arcade machine 游戏机Redraw 刷新屏幕Aspect ratio 纵横比Odd-numbered lines 奇数行 even-numbered lines 偶数行Tube 显像管A visual display unit ,often called simply a monitor or display , is a piece of electrical equipment which displays images generated from the video output of devices such as computers without producing a permanent a permanent record.可视显示单元通常简单地被称为监视器或显示器，它是一个电子设备，用来显示由视频输出设备（如计算机）产生的图像，但不会产生一个持久的记录。The monitor comprises the display device , simple circuitry to generate and format a picture from video sent by the signals source , and usually an enclosure . Within the signal source , either as an integral section or a modular component , there is a display adapter to generate video in a format compatible with the monitor .监视器包含显示设备、产生和格式化由信号源发送的来自视频图像的简单电路，而且通常还有一个外壳。在信号源中，无论是作为集成部分还是模块部件，都有一个显示适配器来产生与监视器格式兼容的视频。The electron gun shoots electrons down the tube and onto a charged screen. The screen is coated with a pattern of phosphor dots that glow when struck by the electron stream. Each cluster of three dots , one of each color , is one pixel.电子枪沿着管子把电子发射到带电的屏幕，屏幕涂了一层磷点，这些磷点在电子束的撞击下可以发光。每个颜色一点，三个点为一组，一组为一个像素。The image on the monitors screen is usually made up of at least tens of thousands of such tiny dots glowing on command from the computer. The closer together the pixels are , the sharper the image on screen can be.监视器上的图像通常由至少数万这样的小点组成，按计算机命令来发光。像素的距离越近，屏幕上的图像越清晰。Lower numbers mean faster transitions and therefore fewer visible image artifacts.值越小，转换越快，因此可视图像的失真越少。Contrast ratio , the contrast ratio is defined as the radio of the luminosity of the brightest color (white) to that of the darkest color (black) that the monitor is capable of producing.对比率，对比率的定义是监视器能够产生的最亮色彩（白色）与最暗色彩（黑色）发光度的比率。Viewing angle , the ability to be seen from an angle without excessive degradation to the image , measured in degrees horizontally and vertically.视角，表示从一个角度来看，图像不严重模糊的能力，按照水平方向和垂直方向的程度来度量。Slow response times , which cause smearing and ghosting artifacts.响应时间低，这可以引起拖尾和重影效果。Lesson 3OS （Operating System） 操作系统API（Application Program Interface） 应用程序接口RTOS (Real-Time Operating System) 实时操作系统BIOS (Basic Input-Output Systems) 基本输入输出系统Laptop PC 笔记本计算机Utility program 应用程序Handhold computer 手提电脑Networked user 网络用户System administrator 系统管理员One of the reasons operating systems are made out of portable code rather than permanent physical circuits is that they can be changed or modified without having to scrap the whole device.操作系统由灵活的代码构成，而不是由固定的物理电路构成的原因之一是它们可以被修改而无需废弃整个设备。Even if a particular computer is unique , an operating system can ensure that applications continue to run when hardware upgrades and updates occur , This is because the operating system and not the application is charged with managing the hardware and the distribution of its resources.即使一个特别的计算机是唯一的，操作系统也能保证当硬件更新和升级时应用程序继续可用。这是因为操作系统而不是应用程序负责管理硬件和资源分配。Its important to differentiate here between multi-user operating systems and single-user operating systems that support networking. Windows 2000 and Novell Netware can each support hundreds or thousands of networked users , but the operating systems themselves arent true multiuser operating systems. The system administrator is the only “user” for Windows 2000 or Netware. The network support and all of the remote user logins the network enables are , in the overall plan of the operating system , a program being run by the administrative user.区分多用户操作系统和支持网络的单用户操作系统很重要。Windows 2000和Novell Netware 可以支持成百上千的网络用户，但这些操作系统本身并非真正的多用户操作系统。系统管理员是Windows 2000或Novell Netware 的唯一“用户”。在该操作系统的整体方案中，网络支持和网络可以接受的远程用户登录是一个可以由管理用户使用的程序。Lesson 4APL (A Programming Language) APL语言（用于远程终端的一种语言，具有处理数组的特别功能）Proper subtree 真子树Register 寄存器Buffer 缓冲器Template 模板Routing table 路由表Object-oriented programming languages 面向对象的编程语言Binary tree 二叉树Linked list 链表A well-designed data structure allows a variety of critical operations to be performed , using asfewResources , both execution time and memory space , as possible. Data structures are implementedby a programming language as data types and the references and operations they provide.一个设计优良的数据结构允许执行多种严格的操作，而使用尽可能少的资源(包括执行时间和内存空间)。数据结构由编程语言以数据类型、引用及它们所提供的操作来实现。In computer science , a stack is an abstract data type and data structure based on the principle of Last In First Out (LIFO). Stacks are used extensively at every level of a modern computer system.在计算机科学中，堆栈是一个抽象数据类型和基于后进先出原则的数据结构。堆栈广泛使用在各级现代计算机系统中。A stack-based computer system is one that stores temporary information primarily in stacks , rather than hardware CPU registers (a register-based computer system).基于堆栈的计算机系统主要把临时信息存储在堆栈中，而不是存储在硬件CPU的寄存器中（一个基于存储器的计算机系统）。A queue is a particular kind of collection in which the entities in the collection are kept in order and the principal (or only) operations on the collection are the addition of entities to the rear terminal position and removal of entities from the front terminal position. This makes the queue a First In First Out (FIFO) data structure.队列是一种特殊的集合，该集合中的实体有一定的顺序，并且对集合的主要（或唯一）操作是给后端增加实体及从前端删除实体。这就使队列成为先进先出（FIFO）数据结构。Lesson 5BASIC（Beginners All-purpose Symbolic） BASIC语言（初学者通用指令码）Discipline 学科Compiler 编译程序Software engineering 软件工程Visual language 可视化语言Integrated Development Environment 集成开发环境Utility program 实用程序Non-local variables 非局部变量Software development 软件开发The sometimes lengthy process of computer programming is usually referred to as software development. The term software engineering is becoming popular as the process is seen as an engineering discipline.有时漫长的计算机编程过程通常称为软件开发。因为这个过程被看成一个工程学科，所以，术语软件工程开始流行。One criticism of imperative languages is the side-effect of an assignment statement on a class of variable called non-local variables.对命令式语言的一条批判性意见是一个赋值语句对一类叫做非本地变量的变量的副效应。Generative programming is a style of computer programming that creates source code through generic classes , prototypes ,templates ,aspects, and code generators to improve programmer productivity.生成编程是一种计算机编程，它通过一般类、原型、模板、外形和代码生成器产生源代码，以提高程序员的生产率。Many operating systems support multitasking which enables many computer programs to appear to be running simultaneously on a single computer . Operating systems may run multiple programs through process scheduling-a software mechanism to switch the CPU among processes frequently so that users can interact with each program while it is running.许多操作系统支持多任务，它可以使多个计算机程序好像同时运行在一个计算机上一样。操作系统也可以通过进程调度来运行多个程序一个在多个进程间频繁切换CPU的软件机制，这样用户可以在运行中与每个程序交互。The purpose of the operating system is to provide an environment in which application software executes in a convenient and efficient manner. In addition to the operating system , system software includes utility programs that help manage and tune the computer.操作系统的目的是提供一个应用软件方便和高效运行的环境。除了操作系统外，系统软件还包括帮助人们管理和调整计算机的实用程序。Lesson 6Entire program 整个程序Global warming 全球变暖Remainder 剩下Initial values 初值External variables 外部变量Enumeration 枚举Medium level language 中级语言High level language 高级语言Head of block 块首Macro name 宏名称Source code 源代码Storage class specifier 存储类标识符Assembly language 汇编语言Assignment statement 赋值语句Preprocessor 预处理器* asterisk $ dollar sign # number sign % percent backslash _ underscore (left/right) square bracket (left/right) curly bracket ( ) (left/right) parenthesis , parentheses / slash : colon . ellipsis ; semicolon , comma . full stop ! exclamatory point? question mark / interrogation pointA variable with dynamic duration is created anew each time the block in which it is declared is entered. When the program leaves the block , the variable disappears. Conversely , a variable with fixed duration exists throughout the execution of the entire program.每当程序进行变量说明块时，一个动态持续变量就会重新建立。程序离开该块时，该变量消失，相反，一个固定持续变量在执行整个程序的过程中一直存在。The scope of a variable is the region in the source code over which the variable is active. If a variable is active , it means that you can it in your source code. If a variable is not active , and you attempt to use it in your source code , the compiler issues an error.变量作用域就是变量在源代码中有效的区域。若变量有效，则意味着可在源代码中使用该变量。若变量无效，却试图在源代码中使用该变量，则编译程序报告出错。Storage class specifiers can come before or after the type specification , but by convention , they usually come before. Here are some sample declarations that contain storage class specifiers :存储类标识符可以出现在类型标识之前或之后。但是，按常规它们通常出现在前面。下面是含有存储类标识符的说明范例：Create a variable at the top level with the extern storage class specifier. This produces a variable declaration. Such a declaration cannot contain an initializer. You can access this global variable throughout the remainder of the file.使用存储类标识符“extern”在顶层建立一个变量。这就产生了一个变量说明。一个这样的说明不能包括初始程序。可在文件中的剩余部分访问此变量。If you explicitly initialize a global variable in more than one file , the last initializer read by the binder is the variabless initial value at runtime. Therefore , the order in which you list files in the bind command determines the initial values of external variables.若在多个文件中明确地把变量初始化，则联编程序所读的最后一个初始程序是变量运行期的初始值。因此，赋值命令中文件的排列顺序决定外部变量的初始值。Lesson 7RMI (Remote Method Invocation) 远程方法调用VM (Virtual Machine) 虚拟机GUI (graphical user interface) 图形用户界面URL (Uniform Resource Locator) 统一资源定位符TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) 传输控制协议UDP (User Datagram Protocol) 用户数据报协议SDK (Software Development Kit) 软件开发工具包CGI (Common Gateway Interface) 公共网关接口Programming language 编程语言Portable 可移植性Accessibility 可访问性Native code 本地代码Proxy server 代理服务器Electronic signature 电子签名Surfed the Web 上网Relational database 相关数据库；关系数据库With most programming languages , you either compile or interpret a program so that you can run it on your computer. The Java programming language is unusual in that a program is both compiled and interpreted.应用大多数编程的语言，你可以编译也可以解析一个程序，以便在你的计算机上运行它。Java编程语言与从不同之处在于程序既可以被编译也可以被解释。A platform is the hardware or software environment in which a program runs.平台是程序运行的硬件或软件环境。The Java platform differs from most other platforms in that its a software-only platform that runs on top of other hardware-based platforms.Java平台不同于其他大部分平台，它是一个运行在基于其他硬件平台上的纯软件平台。As a platform-independent environment , the Java platform can be a bit slower than native code. However , smart compilers , well-tuned interpreters , and just-in-time bytecode compilers can bring performance close to that of native code without threatening portability.作为平台独立的环境，Java平台可能比本地代码运行的略慢一些。然而，智能编译器、协调良好的解释程序和即时代码编译器的性能可以接近本地代码，而不损害可移植性。If youve surfed the Web , youre probably already familiar with applets. An applet is a program that adheres to certain conventions that allow it to run within a Java-enabled browser. At the beginning of this trail is an applet that displays an animation of the Java technologys mascot , Duke , waving at you.如果你已经在Web上冲过浪，你或许已经熟悉了applet。Applet是符合一定约定的程序，这些约定使它可以运行于可用Java的浏览器内。在片头显示用Java技术制作的向你招手的吉祥物（Duke）动画。Another specialized program is a servlet. A serve