课件：英语语法课件.ppt

简单句的五种基本句型,主语 谓语 （ S + Vi ） 主语 谓语 宾语 ( S + Vt + O) 主语 系动词 表 (S + LV + predicative) 主语谓语间宾直宾(S +Vt +O.indir+O. dir) 主语 谓语 宾语 宾语补语 (S + Vt. + O + O. compl) There + be / stand/ lie / live/seem.,一个句子，先找主语（动词做主语，用动词ing，句子做主语，主语从句） 再找谓语，时态，语态，主谓一致。 主语谓语都米有，很可能为特殊句型和there be 句型。 _ made me very happy. 被北大录取使我非常开心。(admit) _ Shenzhou 9 spaceship is a manned spaceflight . (doubt),_is very happy. (go) 上大学是非常开心的。,Being admitted to Beijing university,Going to the university,There is no doubt that,时态： 时：,现在,过去,将来,态：,一般,进行,完成,完成进行,过去将来,一般现在时：do/does is/am/are 表示现存的一件事、客观情况 一般过去时：did was/were 陈述过去的一件事 一般将来时：,will do 一般形式,be going to do 主观上按计划安排好的事,be to do 客观上按计划安排好的事,be about to do 立刻、马上要做的事,be doing 现在进行时表将来,do 一般现在时表将来,1. I will play basketball tomorrow. 2. I am going to go to America next week. 3. The Queen is to visit Japan in a weeks time. 4. I was about to take off my school uniform when the head teacher came in. 5. Im coming. 6. “主将从现” after, until, before, once, when, even if, in case, as long as, as soon as， the moment, if, unless 等时间状语从句或条件状语从句中 The plane leaves at 8:00. (按规定预计发生的事，go, come, leave, start, stay, return, begin等),现在进行时： be doing 表示现在正在进行的动作，表示现阶段经常发生的动作， 常与always，continually，forever，constantly等连用。 He is always telling lies. 过去进行时：was/were doing 表示过去某个点时间/段时间正在发生的动作。 We were discussing the matter when the headmaster entered. 将来进行时： will be doing 表示将来某一时刻正在进行的动作 We will be playing basketball at 8:00 tomorrow morning.,现在完成时： have/has done 动作发生在过去，强调对现在造成的影响。常见标志词：yet，already，just, since, before, lately, recently, so far, up to now, many times, by now, for (in)+过去的一段时间, （延续性动词）“已经，尚且”。（时态一致性，现在的时态） This is the first (second) time +主语+现在完成时 过去完成时：had done（过去的过去） 1.一个动作是过去式。2另一个动作在此之前发生。 This was the first time +主语+过去完成时 将来完成时： will have done 表示在将来某一时刻已经完成的动作.,By the time of last term, we had learned 6 English books. By now, we have learned 8 English books. By the time of next term, we will have learned 11 English books. By the time he arrives home, his son will have graduated from university. 现在完成进行时：have/has been doing 强调动作发生在过去，一直持续到现在并可能还要继续下去。“一直” Ive been reading this book for two hours. 比较： Ive read this book.,表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose, plan等，用过去完成时表示“原本，未能“。例如 We had hoped that you would come, but you didnt. 那时我们希望你能来，但是你没有来。,过去将来时：would do was/were to do 过去的动作将来才发生。 He said he would meet me at the school gate.,语态：主动还是被动,do,be done,did,was/were done,have/has/had done,have/has/had been done,doing,being done,注意1：不及物动词、不及物动词词组没有被动。如appear， rise， happen，take place, belong to, consist of, fade out等。 注意2：主动表被动的情况： 1. 感官动词和系动词，如look, smell, feel, prove, sound, taste等。 e.g. The cloth feels very soft./The idea proves to be true. 2. 某些表示物品内在物质的动词，可用主动表被动。 如wash, write, sell, need, open, shut, keep等。 e.g. This pen writes well. 这支笔很好写。 3. want, need, require, take, worth等后可接v-ing表被动。(以物做主语时) e.g. All the windows in the meeting room need washing. =need to be washed,注意3：使役动词have, make, let, get 以及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面接不带to的不定式，但变为被动时要加to. Some one saw a stranger walk into the building. =A stranger was seen to walk into the building. Get sb to do sth (表结果) 辨析： Some one saw a stranger walking into the building. A stranger was seen walking into the building. （表动作，表进行）,主谓一致： 一般情况下，名词复数做主语，谓语动词用复数；单数可数名词和不可数名词做主语，谓语动词用单数。 注意1： a great/good amount of和a large/great quantity of修饰不可数名词时，谓语动词用单数。 large amounts of和large quantities of 修饰不可数名词时，谓语动词用复数。 Eg. A great quantity of water was polluted. Large quantities of water were polluted.,注意2 引导词、句子、-ing, to do 做主语，谓语动词用单数。What 引导的主语从句，谓语动词和后面的宾语(表语)保持一致。 What I need is water. What I need are books. 注意3 就近一致： not only but also, notbut, eitheror, neithernor, there be, or e.g: Not only you but also he lives in Shiyan. 注意4 就远一致： As well as, along with, together with, rather than, except, besides, but, including, accompany. e.g：He as well as his parents is going to go to America.,注意5 each, every 修饰的名词，谓语动词用单数。 More than one(超过一个，不止一个), many a(许多) 等表示复数意义的词后接单数名词，谓语动词用单数。 e.g. Many a student likes the teacher. 注意6 family, class, team, committee等表示整体时用单数，表示个体或成员时用复数。,非谓语动词四步走,1：看关系 2：完成的变化 (强调动作的先后) 判断标志：一是两个动作有明显的先后，二是有标志词for +一段时间，many/several times 等，或者汉语意思“已经”等。(非谓语动词发生在谓语动词之前),doing 表主动，进行,done 表被动，完成,to do 表将来，目的,having done,having been done,to have done,3. 被动的变化 The building _ (正在建的)is our teaching building. (build) 4.否定的变化：否定词not等放在非谓语动词各种形式的最前面。 _(不知道) his telephone number, I have some difficulty in finding him. (know),being done,done (having been done),to be done (to have been done),Not knowing,being built,注意1：be+v-ed/adj+介词 做非谓语把be 直接去掉。 be interested in, be worried about, be compared with, be seated in, be dressed in, be devoted to _(对你感兴趣), I want to make friends with you. (interest) E.G. 暴露于阳光下，他得了皮肤癌。 （be exposed to） Exposed to the sunlight, he got skin cancer. 辨析：Being exposed to the sunlight does harm to our health. (暴露于阳光下对我们的健康有害),Interested in you,注意2(同注意1) 注意使动用法的动词，和逻辑主语构成被动关系，很多为表示人的情感的动词。excite(使兴奋), frighten(使害怕), disappoint(使失望), move(使感动), surprise(使吃惊), amaze(使惊异) 这类词的ing形式和ed形式都为形容词，ing修饰物(令人的)， ed修饰人（表示人） E.g. We are excited at the news.（我们对这个消息很兴奋） The news is exciting. （这个消息令人兴奋）,注意3 With的复合结构不看完成的变化 With+名词 With _ (完成了工作)， we went to the seaside to have a rest. (do) With the boy _(带路), we found his house easily. (lead),动词（非谓语）表动作,形容词，介词 表状态,the work done,leading the road,With the light on, we left the classroom. We left the classroom with the door open/closed. 注意4 做主语不看完成的变化 Being laid off made his family poorer. 下岗了使他的家庭更贫穷了。 注意5 不及物动词和词组没有被动，主动表被动,With the book _(出版), he earned a lot of money. (come) The team _(由组成)8 doctors and 16 nurses, is to be sent to the flood areas. (consist) The team, _(由组成)8 doctors and 16nurses, is to be sent to the flood areas. (make) _(习惯于) the weather of Shiyan, I enjoy my life here. (accustom) 不及物动词和不及物动词词组没有被动，主动表被动。 Be+v-ed +介词做非谓语，be 直接去掉。,coming out,consisting of,made up of,Accustomed to,定语从句：修饰名词、代词的从句。（先行词） 关系词 This is the reason _ you give me. This is the reason _he is late.,关系代词：that, which, who, whom, whose, as (从句结构不完整) 缺,关系副词：when, where, why(从句结构完整) 不缺,that,why,先行词 在从句中的成分 whose：人，物； 作定语 所属关系，“的” As 人，物； 作主语，宾语 “就像一样”, 正如，如 the same as, suchas,不能用that的情形： 1、前面有逗号，（逗号后选which 可以指代前面名词或者整个一句话的意思）翻译成“这” 2、前面有介词 介词+which 指物 介词+whom 指人,注意1：一定先判断后面从句的结构是否完整（拿1来试验它），再决定选关系代词还是关系副词。 注意2：虚指的地点：position, point, situation, case, stage, job, race, scene （09福建）Its helpful to put children in a situation they can see themselves differently. A. that B. when C. which D. where 注意3：虚指的时间：occasion(时机，场合) 做“场合”讲也可以是虚指的地点,D,This is not an occasion for laughter, _. (take) 这不是一个可以玩笑的场合。你必须认真对待一切。,where you must take everything seriously,名词性从句：,主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,同位语从句,what(ever), who(ever) (从句结构不完整) 缺成分,2. when, why, where, how, which, because, if, whether, as if, whose (从句结构完整,意思不完整，缺啥补啥) 缺意思,3. that (从句结构完整,意思也完整) 什么也不缺,That Zijian is a boy is clear. Whether Zijian is a boy is unknown. What I want to know is when Zijian became a boy. I want to eat what can provide me with energy. Word came that our class won the first prize. I dont know where you are.,注意1：it is +adj. that sb. (should) do= It is +adj. for sb. to do sth. It is necessary that we should learn English. =it is necessary for us to learn English. 注意2： it is +过去分词+ that+主语+谓语 =主语 is +过去分词+ to do It is said that Zhuangzhuang is a boy. =Zhuangzhuang is said to be a boy. 注意3：(The reason) whyis that(因为) Why he was late was that it rained heavily.,其后常用同位语从句的名词,可以跟同位语从句的名词主要是抽象名词，通常有news，idea，fact，promise，question，proposal, order, doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，word（消息），possibility， rule等。如： Ive come from Mr. Wang with a message that he wont be able to see you this afternoon 我从王先生那里来，他让我告诉你他今天下午不能来看你了。,注意：定语从句与同位语从句的区别 同位语从句对其前的名词的内容解释说明。 定语从句对其前的名词（先行词）修饰限制。 The news that we have won the first prize makes us very excited. (消息的内容就是我们赢得了第一名，解释说明) 消息的内容显示出来了 The news that you told me made us very excited. (消息是你告诉我的，而不是其他人，修饰限制) 消息的内容没有显示出来,状语从句(主将从现),只需要记住引导词的意思，按部就班翻译。 时间状语：常用引导词：when(ever), as, while, before, after, since , until，till, as soon as(一就), every/ each time, the first time, next time 特殊引导词：the minute, the moment, the second, the instant（一就） immediately , directly, no sooner than, hardly when, scarcely when(一就),It is/ has been +时间段+ since sb. did sth. It is ( has been ) 5 years since his father died. It has been three years since I smoked.(怎么翻译？) It was + 时间段+ since sb. had done sth. It was three years since he had left home.,It will be+ 时间段+before +一般现在时 (要过一段时间才会) It will be half a year before you graduate from the school. It was (not ) + 时间段+before +一般过去时 (过了一段时间就) It was not long before he sensed the danger of the position. 不久他就意识到他处境危险,原因状语： 常用引导词：because, since, as, 特殊引导词：now that( 既然) in that（因为）, Considering that, seeing that （考虑到） 条件状语： 常用引导词：if, unless, 特殊引导词：in case(以防，万一), so/as long as (只要) on condition that(只要) once 一旦 given that, suppose/supposing(that) , assuming that, provided/providing (that) ( 假如).,目的状语 常用引导词：so that, in order that 特殊引导词：lest（以免）, in case(以防), for fear that（以防）that sb should do in the hope that（对怀有希望）, for the purpose that（出于目的） 结果状语 常用引导词：that, so that , such that,比较状语 常用引导词：as/soas (同级比较), than(不同程度的比较) 特殊引导词：the more the more ; A is to B what C is to D(A对B正如C对D); 方式状语 常用引导词：as, as if/though(似乎，仿佛) 特殊引导词：the way,让步状语 常用引导词： though, although（虽然） ；even if, even though(即使) 特殊引导词： as(用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装)，while ( 一般用在句首 ) no matter;whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever; in spite of the fact that,状语从句的省略 1.主句和从句主语一致 2. 从句中含有be动词 When (I was) playing computer games, I picked up 100 yuan. 当从句中主语为it is ,there be 时，常常省略 The doctor will operate on him when(it is) necessary. Correct the mistakes if（there is）any.,He is so clever a boy that everyone likes him. He is such a clever boy that everyone likes him. So+形容词+冠词+名词(可数)+that Such +名词（词组）+that He has made such great progress that everyone likes him.,与感叹句的比较： What 用法相当于such, how 用法相当于so. How clever a boy he is! What a clever boy he is! What great progress he has made! 注意：so +形容词，such+名词放句首要部分倒装，而what 和how引导的是感叹句不倒装。,So clever a boy is he that everyone likes him. Such a clever boy is he that everyone likes him. Such great progress has he made that everyone likes him.,倍数表达法： 1.倍数+as +形容词+（名词）+as 2. 倍数+比较级+（名词）+than 3. 倍数+the +名词+of The room is three times as big as that one. The room is three times bigger than that one. The room is three times the size of that one.,4. the +n. +of +A+be+倍数+that +of +B The size of this room is three times that of B. 5. 倍数+what从句 He can answer questions three times what you can. Cotton output is three times what it was ten years ago.,倒装和强调,写倒装句，一定先写不倒装的形式，句子写不对就倒不对。“才”不翻译 完全倒装：一般只用于一般现在时和一般过去时 肿么倒装：顾名思义，将主语和谓语完全的颠倒。 什么时候倒装：,1. 介词，副词here, there, now, then放句首 In front of my house stands a tall tree.,2.表语（常为形容词、过去分词或介词短语）+连系动词+主语”。 Present at the meeting were Professor White, Professor Smith and many other guests. Gone are the days when they could do what they liked to the Chinese.,部分倒装： 怎么倒装：和一般疑问句一样变化。只把助动词、系动词或情态动词放在主语之前。 Are you a boy? Can you speak English? Have you finished your homework? Do you know?/ Does he know? Did you know?, 什么时候倒装：在下列情况下一般用部分倒装。 1. Only放句首 Only+从句（不倒装）+ 主句（部分倒装） Only in this way can you hope to improve your English. Only when the war was over in 1949 was he able to get back home.,2. 在以never, seldom, little, hardly, scarcely, few, not, not once, not until, not only, no sooner, nowhere, at no time, by no means, under no circumstances, in no case 等否定词开头的句子中，用部分倒装。 Never have I met him before. Seldom does the boy read the newspaper.,在以so, as, neither, nor开头的句子中，用倒装. The boy can skate and so can she. Mary wont come, neither/nor will she. 3. 当前面的句子中谓语有肯定有否定， 有be动词，也有实义动词时，则用so it is with sb./ it is the same with sb. Tom likes singing, but he doesnt like dancing. So it is with Mary.,4. 当sothat句式的“so+形容词”部分置于句首时，其后习惯上要用倒装语序. Such that So difficult did I find it to work out the problem that I decided to ask Tom for advice.,6. as表 “虽然，尽管” 时的倒装语序为：adj./n.+as+主语+谓语 Tired as they were, they walked on. Child as she is, she is very brave.=Though she is a child, she is very brave.(名词前有冠词者，把冠词去掉),二. 强调句 ：基本结构是It is / was + 被强调的部分 + that (who) 只要 出现it is(was) 或汉语意思“到底，究竟，正是，就是”等字眼，就问问自己是否是强调句型 注意：强调句型可以强调除谓语以外的其他成分，如若强调谓语动词，要用do的各种形式 It was five oclock _I got home. (when) It was at five oclock_ I got home. (that),情态动词和虚拟语气,Should/ought to 应该 Could/can 能，可能，可以 Might/may 或许 Need 需要，必要 Must 肯定，一定，必须 Would/will 会，将，要 Had better最好 May as well不妨，不如,Must 肯定推测，反义词cant /couldnt Mustnt 禁止 考查情态动词，就看是否对过去情况的论述（肯定，否定，推测），如果是，就用情态动词+have done Must have done Could have done Need have done Should have done May/might have done Cant/couldnt have done,Must b