Chapter 20 Study Guide - FHS Chemistry：20章研究指南-核化学.doc

Chapter 20 Study GuideName _ Date _ Class _20.1 1. Circle the letters of all the terms that complete the sentence correctly. The properties of acids include _ .a. reacting with metals to produce oxygenb. giving foods a sour tastec. forming solutions that conduct electricityd. causing indicators to change color2. Is the following sentence true or false? Acids react with compounds containing hydroxide ions to form water and a salt. _3. Bases are compounds that react with acids to form _and a(n) _ .4. Circle the letters of all the terms that complete the sentence correctly. The properties of bases include _ .a. tasting bitterb. feeling slipperyc. changing the color of an indicatord. always acting as a strong electrolyte5. What is an acid?6. When the name of an anion in an acid ends in -ide, the acid name begins with the prefix _ .7. Give the general form of the chemical formula of an acid and tell what the letters in the formula stand for. 20 8. Look at Table 20.1 on page 578. Use it to help you complete this table of anions and the acids they form.Formula of AnionName of AcidS2SO3 2SO4 29. Is the following sentence true or false? The rules for naming acids cannot be used in reverse to write the formulas of acids from their names. _10. A base is a compound that produces _ ions when dissolved in water.11. How do you write the formula for bases?Name _ Date _ Class _20.2 1. What does a water molecule that loses a hydrogen ion become?2. What does a water molecule that gains a hydrogen ion become?3. The reaction in which two water molecules produce ions is called the _ of water.4. In water or aqueous solution, _ are always joined to _ as hydronium ions (H3O+).5. Is the following sentence true or false? Any aqueous solution in which H+ and OH are equal is described as a neutral solution. _6. What is the ion-product constant for water (Kw )? Give the definition, the expression, and the value. 7. A(n) _ solution is one in which H + is greater than OH . A(n) _ solution is one in which H + is less than OH .8. Match the type of solution with its hydrogen-ion concentration._ acidic a. less than 1.0x10 7 M_ neutral b. greater than 1.0x10 7 M_ basic c. 1.0x10 7 M9. The _ of a solution is the negative logarithm of the hydrogen-ion concentration.10. Match the type of solution with its pH._ acidic a. pH 7.0_ neutral b. pH =7.0_ basic c. pH 7.011. Look at Table 20.2 on page 584. What is the H + , the OH , and the pH of washing soda? 12. The pOH of a solution is the negative logarithm of the _ concentration.13. What is the pOH of a neutral solution? _14. If you are making pH calculations, how should you express the hydrogen-ion concentration? 15. Is the following sentence true or false? Most pH values are whole numbers._16. If H + is written in scientific notation but its coefficient is not 1, what do you need to calculate pH? 17. Is the following sentence true or false? You can calculate the hydrogen-ion concentration of a solution if you know the pH. _18. When do you use indicators and when do you use a pH meter to measure pH?19. Why is an indicator a valuable tool for measuring pH?20. Why do you need many different indicators to span the entire pH spectrum?Name _ Date _ Class _20.2 (Continued)21. A pH meter uses a combination electrode connected to a millivoltmeter. What two electrodes make up this combination electrode?22. List three characteristics that limit the usefulness of indicators.23. Complete the paragraph with the steps you would use to measure the pH of a solution with a pH meter.First, _ the meter by immersing its _ in a solution of a known pH. Adjust the readout of the _ to this known pH. Then, rinse the electrodes with _ . Finally, dip the electrodes into the solution of unknown _24. Is the following sentence true or false? Measurements of pH obtained with a pH meter are typically accurate to within 0.001 pH unit of the true pH. _20.3 1. Match the number of ionizable hydrogens with the type of acid._ one a. diprotic_ two b. triprotic_ three c. monoprotic2. Is the following sentence true or false? Only the hydrogens in weak polar bonds are ionizable. _3. Hydrogen is joined to a very _ element in a very polar bond.4. Alkali metals react with water to produce _ solutions.5. How do concentrated basic solutions differ from other basic solutions?6. How does the Brnsted-Lowry theory define acids and bases?7. Is the following sentence true or false? Some of the acids and bases included in the Arrhenius theory are not acids and bases according to the Brnsted-Lowry theory. _8. Is the following sentence true or false? A conjugate acid is formed when a base gains a hydrogen ion._9. A conjugate _ is the particle that remains when an acid has donated a hydrogen ion.10. What is a conjugate acid-base pair? _11. A substance that can act as both an acid and a base is said to be_ .12. In a reaction with HCl, is water an acid or a base?13. What is a Lewis acid? _14. A Lewis base is a substance that can _ a pair of electrons to form a covalent bond.15. Is the following sentence true or false? All the acids and bases included in the Brnsted-Lowry theory are also acids and bases according to the Lewis theory._Name _ Date _ Class _20.4 1. What factor is used to classify acids as strong or weak?2. Strong acids are _ ionized in aqueous solution; weak acids ionize _ in aqueous solution.3. Look at Table 20.7 on page 600. Which acid is the weakest acid in the table?Which base is the weakest base?4. What do you use to write the equilibrium-constant expression?5. An acid dissociation constant (Ka ) is the ratio of the concentration of the _ form of an acid to the concentration of the_ form.6. What is another name for dissociation constants?7. Is the following sentence true or false? The stronger an acid is, the smaller its Ka value. _8. A diprotic acid has _ dissociation constants.9. Look at Table 20.8 on page 602. What is the second dissociation constant for the triprotic phosphoric acid? 10. Weak bases react with water to form the hydroxide ion and the _ of the base.11. A base dissociation constant (Kb ) is the ratio of the con