DERIVATIVES OF HYDROCARBONS：碳氢化合物的衍生物.doc

NAMING ORGANIC COMPOUNDSImportant prefixes:met-et-prop-but-pent-hex-hept-oct-non-dec-monoditritetrapentahexaheptaoctanonadeca12345678910undec-dodec-tridec-icosa-11121320Valence of elements in organic compounds CARBONalways tetravalent NITROGENtrivalent OXYGENbivalent SULPHURbivalent HYDROGENmonovalent HALOGENSmonovalentTypes of bonds:1) single (-ane) saturated hydrocarbons 2) double (-ene) or triple (-yne) unsaturated 3) conjugated (planar cycle: arens)DERIVATIVES OF HYDROCARBONS- the name of the compound is derived from the name of the basic unbranched hydrocarbon ALCOHOLSROH(R = alkyl) suffix: -ol (ethanol) suffix: - diol (ethane-1,2-diol, ethylene glycol) alkyl + alcohol (ethyl alcohol) primary, secondary, tertiary alcohols monofunctional / polyfunctional alcoholsPHENOLSArOH(Ar = aryl) common (trivial) namesTHIOLS (MERCAPTANS)RSH suffix: -thiol (methanethiol) / -dithiol alkyl mercaptan (methyl mercaptan) alkyl hydrosulfide (methyl hydrosulfide) phenol thiophenolETHERSR1OR2(R = alkyl or aryl) alkyl ether (ethyl methyl ether) alkoxyhydrocarbon (methoxyethane)SULFIDESR1SR2(R = alkyl or aryl) alkyl sulfide (ethyl methyl sulfide)ALDEHYDESRCHO (R = H, alkyl or aryl) suffix: -al (methanal) carboxylic acid (trivial name) + aldehyde(formic acid formaldehyde) cycloalkane carbaldehydeKETONESR1COR2 (R = alkyl or aryl) suffix: -one (propanone) alkyl ketone (dimethyl ketone) trivial names (acetone) diketones derived from arens: -quinoneAMINES- derived from ammonia: H(s) replaced by alkyl(s) primary: RNH2* alkylamine (methylamine)* hydrocarbonamine (methanamine) secondary: R1NHR2* alkyl1(alkyl2)amine ethyl(methyl)amine* N-alkylhydrocarbonamine N-methylethanamine tertiary: R1NR2R3* alkyl1(alkyl2)alkyl3amine* alkyl1(alkyl2)hydrocarbonamine quarternary ammonium base: 4 alkyls-N+* (multiple)alkylammonium (= cation) e.g. tetramethylammonium-chlorideCATION ANION- trivial names (aniline)AZO DYESAr1NNAr2 hydrocarbon(larger one)azohydrocarbon azohydrocarbon (Ar1 = Ar2) (azobenzene)NITROCOMPOUNDSRNO2 prefix: nitro-(nitromethane)SULFONIC ACIDSRSO3H hydrocarbonsulfonic acid (benzenesulfonic a.)CARBOXYLIC ACIDSRCOOH suffix: -oic / -dioic acid trivial names! saturated / unsaturated mono-, di-, tri-carboxylic acids alpha (a) / omega (w) carbon acyl / anionDerivatives of carboxylic acids:1. substitutional derivatives substitution in the chain of an acid1.1. HALOGEN DERIVATIVES R(X)COOH prefix: chloro-, bromo-, iodo-, fluoro-1.2. HYDROXY DERIVATIVES R(OH)COOH prefix: hydroxy- trivial names!1.3. OXO DERIVATIVESR(CO)COOH prefix: oxo- / keto- trivial names!1.4. AMINO DERIVATIVESR(NH2)COOH prefix: amino- trivial names!2. functional derivatives of RC(O)OH functional (carboxyl) group is changed2.1. SALTSRCOO- M+ (M+ = metal cation) suffix: -ate / -oate-ic -ate/-oic -oate RCOO- = carboxylate (anion of c.a.) full name: cation carboxylate (sodium acetate)2.2. ESTERSR1OC(O)R2 suffix: -ate R1O = rest of alcohol R1 = alkyl full name: alkyl carboxylate (methyl acetate)2.3. ANHYDRIDES R1C(O)OC(O)R2 acid anhydride(acetic acid acetic anhydride)2.4. AMIDESRC(O)NH2 suffix: -amide (ethanamide)-ic or oic acid -amide (acetamide) substituted NH2 group: N-alkylamide