[自然科学]如何撰写和发表高水平的科研论文.ppt

2019/4/15,How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper,1,如何撰写和发表高水平的科研论文,1. 选题与创新,2. 构思与撰文,3. 选刊与投稿,4. 修回与退稿,5. 其他内容,2019/4/15,How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper,2,1. 选题与创新,1.1 多想多看最后做,(1) 做研究之前，必须想清楚：结果能不能发表？发表在哪里？,(2) 在未搞清“写什么、发哪里、自己研究与同类研究有何出色之处”之前，就不要动手做！,(3) 继续去看文献，去想；想不清楚就做还不如不做！,(4) 要知道如何把文章架构起来、要知道别人是如何讨论的、要知道自己的数据是不是说明了与别人不同的东西或别人没有做过这个过程就是阅读文献及思考的过程，这些搞清楚了，写就简单了！,2019/4/15,How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper,3,1.2 如何科学选题,(1) 课题选择和国际接轨,(2) 课题要有可发展性,(3) 借助工具选题 查阅有关领域的检索工具 了解SCI收录期刊所反映的科技动态 利用ISI提供的选题工具，如能对正在开展的工作进行分析以保证科学研究同科学发展趋势一致(Essential Science Indicators)，介绍有关最杰出人物研究状况、有关领域研究热点和发展趋向(ISI Highly C) 利用网上数据库了解国际学术研究动态及有关资料,2019/4/15,How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper,4,1.3 如何获得好的idea,(1) 要具备敏锐的科研嗅觉, 大量地、仔细地阅读文献，多听学术报告、多与同行探讨，从中获得启示，不能急于求成；, 总结感兴趣领域内尚未探讨过但很有意义的课题；, 总结争论性很强的问题，反复比较研究方法和结论，从中发现切入点；, 善于抓住科研过程中遇到的难以解释的问题，往往会成为思维的闪光点；, 细致地拟定方案，论证可行性。,2019/4/15,How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper,5,(2) 获得idea的两种途径,A：先阅读大量科研论文，弄清目前的研究现状和要解决的问题等；,B：自己先构思一个idea，再去查文献。这样不会让以往的研究限制你的思维，不失为一个很好的方法。,2019/4/15,How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper,6,(3) 获得良好idea的前提基础,A. 在科研前必须弥补基础知识，这是看懂文献的基础；,B. 广泛阅读文献是支撑，SCI-3.0以上期刊应该耳熟能详！,C. 学会阅读文献，读懂文章； 建议先review再article；看1020篇review后看研究性论文。,D. 持之以恒，需要patience和passion。,2019/4/15,How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper,7,1.4 如何出好文章,(1) 几点忠告：多看paper；多与他人讨论；可以动手的东西容易上手，比如软件等；多参加会议，不发paper，做做volunteer，或者参加phd symposium之类；主动参加seminar，自己讲几次看过的paper，最好自己组织一个topic。,(2) IDEA, 需对研究的领域有一个全局性了解； 需比较全面地阅读本领域文章。读文章要其idea，并用卡片记录好，分类整理； 读了很多文章后，可以写一个special study，将读过的本领域东西系统总结在一起，相当于你的综合理解；,2019/4/15,How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper,8, 用心分析别人的idea，任何一个idea都有weakness；想办法解决它，那就成自己idea。记住：每篇文章几乎都有没有考虑完全的东西。 时不时阅读更广泛领域的东西，扩大范围，对领域外的感兴趣的文章进行copy收藏，这个叫walk around a little bit，很多领域外的东西可以借鉴、学科交叉从而产生new idea。 经常跟老师、同学(最好不是相同专业，而是相关专业或交叉学科)讨论，也容易出idea。再有就是，关注其他专业的书籍、杂志等信息，从中获取交叉创新idea,2019/4/15,How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper,9,2. 构思与撰文,2.1 写作框架和各部分注意事项,Title: Be short, accurate, and unambiguous Give your paper a distinct personality Begin with the subject of the study,Introduction: What is known? What is not known? Why we did this study?,2019/4/15,How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper,10,Methods: Materials, Apparatus Measurements Outcomes and explanatory variables Statistical methods,Results: Sample characteristics Univariate analyses Bivariate analyses Multivariate analyses,2019/4/15,How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper,11,Tables and figures: No more than six tables or figures Use Table 1 for sample characteristics Put most important findings in a figure,Discussion: State what you found Outline the strengths and limitations of the study Discuss the relevance to current literature Outline your implications with a clear “So what?“ and “Where now?“,2019/4/15,How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper,12,References: All citations must be accurate Include only the most important, most rigorous, and most recent literature Quote only published journal articles or books Never quote “second hand“,Formatting: Include the title, author, page numbers, etc. in headers and footers Start each section on a new page Format titles and subtitles consistently Comply with “Instructions to authors“,2019/4/15,How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper,13,2.2 英文写作的语言技巧,A. 如何指出当前研究的不足以及有目的地引导出自己的研究的重要性,通常在叙述了前人成果之后，用However 来引导不足，例如,However, little information little attention. little work. little data little research or few studies few investigations. few researchers. few attempts. or no none of these studies,2019/4/15,How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper,14,has (have) been less done on . focused on attempted to conducted investigated studied (with respect to),Previous research (studies, records) has (have) failed to consider ignored misinterpreted neglected to overestimated, underestimated misleaded,2019/4/15,How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper,15,thus, these previous results are inconclusive, misleading, unsatisfactory, questionable, controversial,Uncertainties (discrepancies) still exist .,这种引导一般提出一种新方法，或者一种新方向。如果研究的方法以及方向和前人一样，可以通过下面的方式强调自己工作的作用：,However, data is still scarce rare less accurate there is still dearth of,2019/4/15,How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper,16,We need to aim to have to provide more documents data records studies Further studies are still necessary. essential.,2019/4/15,How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper,17,为了强调自己研究的重要性，一般还要在However 之前介绍自己研究问题的反方面，另一方面等等。例如：,(1) 时间问题 如果你研究的问题时间上比较新，你就可以大量提及对时间较老的问题的研究及重要性，然后说(However)，对时间尺度比较新的问题研究不足。,(2) 物性及研究手段问题 如果你要应用一种新手段或者研究方向，你可以提出当前比较流行的方法以及物质性质，然后说对你所研究的方向和方法，研究甚少。,(3) 研究区域问题 首先总结相邻区域或者其它区域的研究，然后强调这一区域研究不足。,2019/4/15,How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper,18,(4) 不确定性 虽然前人对这一问题研究很多，但是目前有两种或者更多种的观点，这种uncertainties, ambiguities，值得进一步澄清。,(5) 提出自己的假设来验证 如果自己的研究完全是新的，没有前人的工作进行对比，在这种情况下，你可以自信地说，根据提出的过程，存在这种可能的结果，本文就是要证实这种结果。 We aim to test the feasibility (reliability) of the . It is hoped that the question will be resolved with our proposed method (approach).,How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper,19,B. 提出自己的观点,We aim to This paper reports on provides results extends the method focus on,The purpose of this paper is to,Furthermore, Moreover, In addition, we will also discuss.,2019/4/15,How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper,20,C. 圈定自己的研究范围,前言(Introduction)告诉读者包括(reviewer)你的文章主要研究内容。在前言的结尾要明确提出本文研究的范围：,(1) 时间尺度问题 如果你的问题涉及比较长的时序，你可以明确地提出本文只关心这一时间范围的问题。 We preliminarily focus on the older (younger). 或者有两种时间尺度的问题 (long-term and short term)，你可以说两者都重要，但是本文只涉及其中一种。,(2) 研究区域的问题 和时间问题一样，明确提出你只关心这一地区。,2019/4/15,How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper,21,D. 最后的圆场 在前言的最后，还可以总结性地提出，这一研究对其它研究的帮助。 或者说，further studies on . will be summarized in our next study (or elsewhere),2019/4/15,How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper,22, 怎样提出观点,(1) 如果观点不是这篇文章最新提出的，通常要用 We confirm that.,(2) 对于自己很自信的观点,可用 We believe that.,(3) 在更通常的情况下，由数据推断出一定的结论，可用 Results indicate, infer, suggest, imply that.,2019/4/15,How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper,23,(4) 在及其特别的情况才可以用 We put forward (discover, observe) “for the first time“. 来强调自己的创新。,(5) 如果自己对所提出的观点不完全肯定，可用 We tentatively put forward (interpret this to) Or The results may be due to (caused by) attributed to, resulted from Or This is probably a consequence of It seems that can account for (interpret) this Or It is possible that it stem from.,2019/4/15,How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper,24, 连接词与逻辑,(1) 句子上下要有连贯，不能让句子之间独立,常见的连接词语有: However, also, in addition, consequently, afterwards, moreover, Furthermore, further, although, unlike, in contrast, Similarly, Unfortunately, alternatively, parallel results, In order to, despite, For example, Compared with other results, thus, therefore.,2019/4/15,How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper,25,例如，如果叙述有时间顺序的事件或者文献， 最早的文献可用 AA advocated it for the first time.,接下来，可用 Then BB further demonstrated that,再接下来，可用 Afterwards, CC,如果还有，可用 More recent studies by DD,2019/4/15,How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper,26,如果叙述两种观点，要把它们截然分开 AA put forward that. In contrast, BB believe,or Unlike AA, BB suggest or On the contrary (表明前面的观点错误，如果只是表明两种对立的观点，用in contrast)， BB,如果两种观点相近,可用 AA suggest Similarly, alternatively, BB Or Also, BB or BB also does ,2019/4/15,How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper,27,表示因果或者前后关系，可用 Consequently therefore as a result,表明递进关系，可用 furthermore further moreover in addition,2019/4/15,How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper,28,(2) 段落的整体逻辑,经常我们要叙述一个问题的几个方面。这种情况下，一定要注意逻辑结构。 首先第一段要明确告诉读者你要讨论几个部份,.Therefore, there are three aspects of this problen have to be addressed. The first questuon involves. The second problem relates to The thrid aspect deals with.,或者, 可以直接用First, Second, Third.Finally,当然, Furthermore, in addition 等可以用来补充说明。,2019/4/15,How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper,29,(3) 讨论部分的整体结构,小标题是比较好的方法把要讨论的问题分为几个片段。 一般第一个片段指出文章最为重要的数据与结论。补充说明的部分可以放在最后一个片段。,可以把讨论部分分为两部分，一部分提出观点，另一部分详细介绍过程以及论述的依据。,为了使文章清楚，第一次提出概念时，最好加以个括弧，给出较为详细的解释。,2019/4/15,How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper,30,如果文章用了很多的Abbreviation, 两种方法加以解决 (1) 在文章后最好加上个Appendix，把所有Abbreviation 列表 (2) 在不同的页面上，不时地给出Abbreviation 的含义，用来 提醒读者。,2019/4/15,How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper,31,一定要注意绝对不能全面否定前人的成果，所以文章不要出现非常negative 的评价，例如 Their results are wrong, very questionable, have no commonsense, etc.,遇到这类情况，可以婉转地提出： Their studies may be more reasonable if they had considered this situation. Their results could be better convinced if they . Or Their conclusion may remain some uncertainties.,2019/4/15,How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper,32, 讨论部份还包括什么内容?,(1) 主要数据特征的总结,(2) 主要结论以及与前人观点的对比,(3) 本文的不足,所谓不足，包括以下内容: (i) 研究的问题有点片面，讨论时可以说 It should be noted that this study has examined only We concentrate (focus) on only. We have to point out that we do not Some limitations of this study are.,2019/4/15,How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper,33,(ii) 结论有些不足 The results do not imply, The results can not be used to determine be taken as evidence of Unfortunately, we can not determien this from this data Our results are lack of .,但是，在指出这些不足之后，随后一定要再一次加强本文的重要性以及可能采取的手段来解决这些不足，为别人或者自己的下一步研究打下伏笔。 Not withstanding its limitation, this study does suggest However, these problems could be solved if we consider Despite its preliminary character, this study can clearly indicate,2019/4/15,How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper,34,2.3 撰写外刊论文的体会,五个基本要求(5C)：正确(correctness)、清楚(clarity)、简洁(concision)、完整(completion)和一致性(consistency) 。,2.3.1 Title,题名应“以最少数量的单词来充分表述论文的内容”。题名的作用主要有二方面：（1）吸引读者；（2）帮助文献追踪或检索。,(1) 基本要求 Accuracy Brevity Clarity,2019/4/15,How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper,35,(2) 句法结构 题名的构成 题名通常由名词性短语构成, 如果出现动词, 多为分词或动名词形式。, 题名的句法规则 题名最好由最能反映论文核心内容的主题词来扩展, 要注意采用正确的单词顺序（如形容词应与其所修饰的名词紧密相邻）。, 题名中介词的用法 “with + 名词”短语,For examples: New types of machines with the Chinese characteristics rolling wheel with noncircular section,2019/4/15,How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper,36,“of”, “for”和“in”的比较使用,“of”主要表示所有关系 “for”主要表示目的、(方法的)用途, 系列题名问题 对于读者来说, 每篇论文都应展示相对独立的研究成果。因此作者应尽可能将系列成果的文章独立成文, 分别发表。, 单词的大小写 题名中字母主要有全大写、首字母大写、每个实词首字母大写等三种形式。对于专有名词首字母、首字母缩略词、德语名词首字母、句点(.)后任何单词的首字母等在任何情况下均应大写。,2019/4/15,How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper,37,(3) 实例介绍 根据科学引文索引（SCI）统计, 1993 2002 年所发表的论文在同期被引用超过3000 次的论文共有12 篇, 其中部分论文的题名如下：, Thompson J D, et al l. CLUSTAL-W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice（CLUSTAL-W通过序列加权、位点特异性空位罚分和加权矩阵选择来提高渐进的多序列对比的灵敏度）Nucleic Acid Research, 1994, 22(22): 4673-4680,被引9081 次。作者用20 个词（计163 个字符）准确地表达了论文的多层意思：以最重要的词CLUSTAL-W(在摘要中可知其为a new program)作为题名的开头,紧接着在冒号后解释CLUSTAL-W的目的是improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment, 达到该目的的手段是through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice。该题名重点突出、准确清楚, 但似欠简洁。,2019/4/15,How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper,38, Otwinowski Z. Processing of X-ray diffraction data collected in oscillation mode (震荡模式中X 射线衍射数据的分析方法). Methods in Enzymology, 1997, 276: 307-326,被引4836 次。该题名准确、简洁、清楚, 即用7 个实词和2 个虚词清晰地说明了论文的研究主题内容为“Processing”，对象是“X-ray diffraction data collected in oscillation mode” 。, Berridge M J. Inositol Trisphosphate and calcium signaling (三磷酸肌醇和钙信号表达). Nature, 1993, 361(6410): 315-325,被引4377次。作者用5个词简洁、清楚地表达了论文的主题：Inositol Trisphosphate与calcium signaling. 作者使用signal的分词形式(signaling)较准确地表述了论文内容：Inositol trisphosphate is a second messenger that controls many cellular processes by generating internal calcium signals(该文摘要的首句)。,2019/4/15,How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper,39, Eldeiry W S, et al. WAF1, a potential mediator of p53 tumor suppression (WAF1: p53 肿瘤抑制作用的一个可能介导因子). Cell, 1993, 75(4): 817-825,被引4173 次。作者采用主副题名相结合的方式在题名的开头给出了论文最重要的主题词：WAF1, 并在副题名中解释了论文的内容：WAF1 is a potential mediator of P53 tumor suppression。 该文的眉题为“WAF1 as a mediator of p53 function”, “function”代替“tumor suppression”, 简洁且切题。,(Ref: 任胜利, 国家自然科学基金委员会科学基金杂志社）,2019/4/15,How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper,40,2.3.2 Abstract,以提供文献内容梗概为目的, 不加评论和补充解释, 简明、确切地记叙文献重要内容的短文。,(1) 摘要的类型, 报道性摘要(informative abstract)：也称信息型摘要或资料性摘要。其特点是全面、简要地概括论文的目的、方法、主要数据和结论。通常, 这种摘要可部分地取代阅读全文。, 指示性摘要(indicative abstract)：也称为说明性摘要、描述性摘要（descriptive abstract）或论点摘要（topic abstract）。一般只用二、三句话概括论文的主题, 而不涉及论据和结论, 多用于综述、会议报告等。此类摘要可用于帮助读者决定是否需要阅读全文。,2019/4/15,How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper,41, 报道-指示性摘要(informative-indicative abstract)：以报道性摘要的形式表述一次文献中信息价值较高的部分, 以指示性摘要的形式表述其余部分。,传统的摘要多为一段式，在内容上大致包括引言(Introduction)、材料与方法(Materials and Methods)、结果(Results)和讨论(Discussion)等主要方面, 即IMRAD（Introduction, Methods, Results and Discussion）结构的写作模式。,1980年代出现了另一种摘要文体, 即“结构式摘要” (structured abstract), 它是报道性摘要的结构化表达，强调论文摘要应含有较多的信息量。结构式摘要与传统摘要的差别在于，前者便于读者了解论文的内容, 行文中用醒目的字体（黑体、全部大写或斜体等）直接标出目的、方法、结果和结论等标题。,2019/4/15,How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper,42,(2) 摘要的基本结构和内容, 目的：研究工作的前提、目的和任务, 所涉及的主题范围, 方法：所用的理论、条件、材料、手段、装备、程序等, 结果：观察、实验的结果、 数据、性能等, 结果的分析、比较、评价、应用, 提出的问题, 今后的课题, 假设、启发、建议、预测等, 其它：不属于研究、研制、调查的主要目的, 但具有重要的信息价值,2019/4/15,How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper,43,(3) 摘要的撰写技巧, 一般技巧, 摘要写作的时态 (i) 介绍背景资料,如果句子的内容是不受时间影响的普遍事实, 应使用现在式；如果句子的内容是对某种研究趋势的概述, 则使用现在完成式。 如： The authors review risk and protective factors for drug abuse, assess a number of approaches for drug abuse prevention potential with high-risk groups, and make recommendations for research and practice. Previous research has confirmed four dimensions of temperament: .,2019/4/15,How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper,44,(ii) 叙述研究目的或主要研究活动,如采用“论文导向”, 多使用现在式（如：This paper presents）; 如采用“研究导向”, 则使用过去式（如：This study investigated）. This article summarizes research on self-initiated and professionally facilitated change of addictive behaviors using the key transtheoretical constructs of stages and processes of change. We investigated whether captopril could reduce morbidity and mortality in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after a myocardial infarction.,2019/4/15,How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper,45,(iii) 概述实验程序、方法和主要结果，通常用现在式,We describe a new molecular approach to analyzing the genetic diversity of complex microbial populations. Our results indicate that p21 may be a universal inhibitor of cyclin kinases.,(iv) 叙述结论或建议,可使用现在式、臆测动词或may, should, could 等助动词。 We suggest that climate instability in the early part of the last interglacial may have delayed the melting of the Saalean ice sheets in America and Eurasia, perhaps accounting for this discrepancy.,2019/4/15,How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper,46, 摘要写作的人称和语态,有相当数量的作者和审稿人认为, 科技论文的撰写应使用第三人称、过去时和被动语态。但调查表明, 科技论文中被动语态的使用在19201970 年曾比较流行, 但由于主动语态的表达更为准确, 且更易阅读, 因而目前大多数期刊都提倡使用主动态。国际知名科技期刊“Nature”, “Cell”等尤其如此, 其中第一人称和主动语态的使用十分普遍。 为了解专业期刊对写作风格的规定, 有人随机抽查了500 份医学和生物学英文期刊的“读者须知”。统计表明, 82%的期刊没有文风方面的规定。 可见, 为简洁、清楚地表达研究成果, 在论文摘要的撰写中不应刻意回避第一人称和主动语态。,2019/4/15,How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper,47,(4) 摘要的常用表达方法, 引言部分(Introduction) (i) 回顾研究背景，常用词汇有：review, summarize, present, outline, describe 等。 如： We review evidence for this view of addiction and discuss its implications for understanding the psychology and neurobiology of addiction. This paper outlines some of the basic methods and strategies and discusses some related theoretical and practical issues.,2019/4/15,How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper,48,(ii) 阐明写作或研究目的，常用词汇有：purpose, attempt, aim 等。另外还可以用动词不定式充当目的状语来表达。如： We attempt to recover a function of unknown smoothness from noisy sampled data. To investigate the mechanism of Bcl-2s effect, we examined whether Bcl-2 interacted with other proteins.,(iii) 介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围，常用的词汇有：study, present, include, focus, emphasize, emphasis, attention 等。 Here we study the dependence of apoptosis on p53 expression in cells from the thymus cortex. This article includes a brief review of the physics underlying HERWIG, followed by a description of the program itself.,2019/4/15,How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper,49, 方法部分(Methods) (i) 介绍研究或试验过程，常用词汇有：test, study, investigate, examine, experiment, discuss, consider, analyze, analysis 等。 We use N-body simulations to investigate the structure of dark halos in the standard cold dark matter cosmogony. We present an analysis of atmospheric neutrino data from a 33. 0 kton yr (535-day) exposure of the Super-Kamiokande detector.,(ii)说明研究或试验方法，常用词汇有：measure, estimate, calculate 等。 We have developed a global model to estimate emissions of volatile organic compounds from natural sources (NVOC). This study presents estimates of lifetime and 12-month prevalence of 14 DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders from the National Comorbidity Survey, ,2019/4/15,How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper,50,(iii) 介绍应用、用途，常用词汇有：use, apply, application 等。 Our program uses a maximum likelihood approach and is based on version 3. 3 of Felsensteins dnaml program. As an application, we implement a compact image coding algorithm that selects important edges and compresses the image data by factors over 30., 结果部分(Results) (i) 展示研究结果，常用词汇有：show, result, present 等。 We show this cell death to be dependent upon expression of c-myc protein and to occur by apoptosis. Our results suggest a widespread role for the nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate system in the nervous system.,2019/4/15,How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper,51,(ii) 介绍结论，常用词汇有：summary, introduce, conclude 等。 We introduce a procedure, SureShrink, that suppresses noise by thresholding the empirical wavelet coefficients. By means of informal mathematical arguments, simulations and a series of worked examples, we conclude that PQL is of practical value for approximate inference on parameters and realizations of random effects in the hierarchical model., 讨论部分(Discussion) (i) 陈述论文的论点和作者的观点，常用词汇有：suggest, report, present, explain, expect, describe 等。 The results suggest that abnormalities in male sex development induced by p, p-DDE and related environmental chemicals may be mediated at the level of the androgen receptor. In this study, we describe a psychobiological model of the structure and development of personality that accounts for dimensions